Protocol on Detailed Agenda

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Country/entity: Mozambique
Region: Africa (excl MENA)
Agreement name: Protocol on Detailed Agenda
Date: 28 May 1991
Agreement status: Multiparty signed/agreed
Interim arrangement: Yes
Agreement/conflict level: Intrastate/intrastate conflict
Mozambique Civil War (1976 – 1992) and RENAMO Insurgency (2012 – )
The Mozambique conflict has roots in the independence movement launched by the Mozambique Liberation Front (FRELIMO) (est. 1962) against Portuguese colonization. Despite the insurgency, independence only came a year after a military coup d’état in Lisbon overthrew the longstanding ‘Estado Novo’ dictatorship. Nonetheless, FRELIMO installed itself as the ruling party and officially became a Marxist-Leninist party in 1977. Fierce fighting broke out in the Cold War context, between the FRELIMO, supported by the Soviet Bloc, and the anti-Communist Mozambique National Resistance (RENAMO) movement, which received funding from neighbouring ‘white’ regimes in Rhodesia and later on, South Africa. After the death of President Somaro Moises Machel in a plane crash in 1986, the presidency passed to Joaquim Alberto Chissano who encouraged political pluralism, particularly following the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1989. Following the Rome Peace Accords in 1992, FRELIMO won the country’s first multi-party election in 1994.

Political tensions began to rise after the 2002 presidential elections, which RENAMO argued were fraudulent. These continued until a low-level outbreak of violence by RENAMO fighters targeting police and economic infrastructure. A new peace accord was signed between RENAMO and FRELIMO in September 2014, but RENAMO’s later refusal to accept the terms of the 2014 Presidential election, as well as government difficulties in disarming RENAMO fighters led to a breakdown of the accord in August 2015. Since then, clashes have renewed between the two parties.
Stage: Pre-negotiation/process
Conflict nature: Government
Peace process: Mozambique process in the 90s
Parties: For the delegation of the GRM: Armando Emílio Guebuza
For the delegation of RENAMO: Raul Manuel Domingos
Third parties: The mediators: Jaime Goncalves, Archbishop of Beira, Andrea Riccardi and Matteo Zuppi
Description: An agreement setting out the agreed agenda for talks.

Agreement document: MZ_910528_Detailed Agenda.pdf (opens in new tab) | Download PDF

Groups

Children/youth: No specific mention.
Disabled persons: No specific mention.
Elderly/age: No specific mention.
Migrant workers: No specific mention.
Racial/ethnic/national group: No specific mention.
Religious groups: No specific mention.
Indigenous people: No specific mention.
Other groups: No specific mention.
Refugees/displaced persons: Groups→Refugees/displaced persons→Substantive
Page 1
2. Electoral Act
a) Freedom of the press and access to the media.
b) Freedom of association, expression and political communication.
c) Freedom of movement and residence.
d) Return of Mozambican refugees and displaced people and their social reintegration.
e) Electoral Procedures: a democratic, impartial and pluralistic voting system.
f) Guarantees for the electoral process and role of international observers.

Page 2
6. Donors’ conference
a) Organisation of a conference of donor countries to finance the electoral process and
emergency programmes for reintegrating the displaced and refugee population.
Social class: No specific mention.

Gender

Women, girls and gender: No specific mention.
Men and boys: No specific mention.
LGBTI: No specific mention.
Family: No specific mention.

State definition

Nature of state (general): No specific mention.
State configuration: No specific mention.
Self determination: No specific mention.
Referendum: No specific mention.
State symbols: No specific mention.
Independence/secession: No specific mention.
Accession/unification: No specific mention.
Border delimitation: No specific mention.
Cross-border provision: No specific mention.

Governance

Political institutions (new or reformed): No specific mention.
Elections: Page 1
2. Electoral Act
a) Freedom of the press and access to the media.
b) Freedom of association, expression and political communication.
c) Freedom of movement and residence.
d) Return of Mozambican refugees and displaced people and their social reintegration.
e) Electoral Procedures: a democratic, impartial and pluralistic voting system.
f) Guarantees for the electoral process and role of international observers.

Page 2
5. Guarantees
a) Timetable for the conduct of the electoral process.
b) Politico-Military Commission to supervise the cease-fire and monitor respect for and
implementation of the agreements between the parties within the framework of these
negotiations; its compositions and powers.
c) Specific guarantees for the period from the cease-fire to the holding of the elections.
Electoral commission: No specific mention.
Political parties reform: Governance→Political parties reform→Other political parties reform
Page 1
1. Political Parties Act
a) Criteria and arrangements for the formation and recognition of political parties.
Civil society: No specific mention.
Traditional/religious leaders: No specific mention.
Public administration: No specific mention.
Constitution: No specific mention.

Power sharing

Political power sharing: No specific mention.
Territorial power sharing: No specific mention.
Economic power sharing: No specific mention.
Military power sharing: No specific mention.

Human rights and equality

Human rights/RoL general: No specific mention.
Bill of rights/similar: No specific mention.
Treaty incorporation: No specific mention.
Civil and political rights: Human rights and equality→Civil and political rights→Freedom of movement
Page 1
2. Electoral Act
a) Freedom of the press and access to the media.
b) Freedom of association, expression and political communication.
c) Freedom of movement and residence.
d) Return of Mozambican refugees and displaced people and their social reintegration.
e) Electoral Procedures: a democratic, impartial and pluralistic voting system.
f) Guarantees for the electoral process and role of international observers.
Human rights and equality→Civil and political rights→Freedom of association
Page 1
2. Electoral Act
a) Freedom of the press and access to the media.
b) Freedom of association, expression and political communication.
c) Freedom of movement and residence.
d) Return of Mozambican refugees and displaced people and their social reintegration.
e) Electoral Procedures: a democratic, impartial and pluralistic voting system.
f) Guarantees for the electoral process and role of international observers.
Socio-economic rights: No specific mention.

Rights related issues

Citizenship: No specific mention.
Democracy: Page 1
2. Electoral Act
...
e) Electoral Procedures: a democratic, impartial and pluralistic voting system.
Detention procedures: No specific mention.
Media and communication: Rights related issues→Media and communication→Media roles
Page 1
2. Electoral Act
a) Freedom of the press and access to the media.
b) Freedom of association, expression and political communication.
c) Freedom of movement and residence.
d) Return of Mozambican refugees and displaced people and their social reintegration.
e) Electoral Procedures: a democratic, impartial and pluralistic voting system.
f) Guarantees for the electoral process and role of international observers.
Mobility/access: No specific mention.
Protection measures: No specific mention.
Other: No specific mention.

Rights institutions

NHRI: No specific mention.
Regional or international human rights institutions: No specific mention.

Justice sector reform

Criminal justice and emergency law: No specific mention.
State of emergency provisions: No specific mention.
Judiciary and courts: No specific mention.
Prisons and detention: No specific mention.
Traditional Laws: No specific mention.

Socio-economic reconstruction

Development or socio-economic reconstruction: No specific mention.
National economic plan: No specific mention.
Natural resources: No specific mention.
International funds: Page 2
6. Donors’ conference
a) Organisation of a conference of donor countries to finance the electoral process and
emergency programmes for reintegrating the displaced and refugee population.
Business: No specific mention.
Taxation: No specific mention.
Banks: No specific mention.

Land, property and environment

Land reform/rights: No specific mention.
Pastoralist/nomadism rights: No specific mention.
Cultural heritage: No specific mention.
Environment: No specific mention.
Water or riparian rights or access: No specific mention.

Security sector

Security Guarantees: No specific mention.
Ceasefire: Security sector→Ceasefire→Ceasefire provision
Page 1
4. Cease-fire
a) Arrangements for the cease-fire and the freeing of prisoners, except for those being held
for ordinary crimes.
b) Organs and arrangements for observing, supervising and controlling the cease-fire and
international role in the process.
c) Operational timetable for the cease-fire.

Page 2
5. Guarantees
a) Timetable for the conduct of the electoral process.
b) Politico-Military Commission to supervise the cease-fire and monitor respect for and
implementation of the agreements between the parties within the framework of these
negotiations; its compositions and powers.
c) Specific guarantees for the period from the cease-fire to the holding of the elections.
Police: Page 1, 3. Military questions
...e) Depoliticization and restructuring of the police forces.
Armed forces: Page 1
3. Military questions
a) A non-party national army: criteria for its formation, composition and size.
b) Withdrawal of foreign troops from Mozambican territory.
c) Activities of private and irregular armed groups.
d) Functioning of the SNASP.
e) Depoliticization and restructuring of the police forces.
f) Economic and Social reintegration of demobilized soldiers.
DDR: Security sector→DDR→Demilitarisation provisions
Page 1
3. Military questions
a) A non-party national army: criteria for its formation, composition and size.
b) Withdrawal of foreign troops from Mozambican territory.
c) Activities of private and irregular armed groups.
d) Functioning of the SNASP.
e) Depoliticization and restructuring of the police forces.
f) Economic and Social reintegration of demobilized soldiers.
Intelligence services: No specific mention.
Parastatal/rebel and opposition group forces: Page 1, 3. Military questions
...c) Activities of private and irregular armed groups...f) Economic and Social reintegration of demobilized soldiers.
Withdrawal of foreign forces: Page 1, 3. Military questions
...b) Withdrawal of foreign troops from Mozambican territory.
Corruption: No specific mention.
Crime/organised crime: No specific mention.
Drugs: No specific mention.
Terrorism: No specific mention.

Transitional justice

Transitional justice general: No specific mention.
Amnesty/pardon: No specific mention.
Courts: No specific mention.
Mechanism: No specific mention.
Prisoner release: Page 1, 4. Cease-fire
a) Arrangements for the cease-fire and the freeing of prisoners, except for those being held for ordinary crimes.
Vetting: No specific mention.
Victims: No specific mention.
Missing persons: No specific mention.
Reparations: No specific mention.
Reconciliation: No specific mention.

Implementation

UN signatory: No specific mention.
Other international signatory: The mediators: Jaime Goncalves, Archbishop of Beira, Andrea Riccardi and Matteo Zuppi
Referendum for agreement: No specific mention.
International mission/force/similar: Page 1, 2. Electoral Act
...f) Guarantees for the electoral process and role of international observers.
Enforcement mechanism: Page 2, 5. Guarantees
...b) Politico-Military Commission to supervise the cease-fire and monitor respect for and implementation of the agreements between the parties within the framework of these negotiations; its compositions and powers.
Related cases: Page 2
5. Guarantees
a) Timetable for the conduct of the electoral process.
b) Politico-Military Commission to supervise the cease-fire and monitor respect for and
implementation of the agreements between the parties within the framework of these
negotiations; its compositions and powers.
c) Specific guarantees for the period from the cease-fire to the holding of the elections.
Source: Uppsala http://www.ucdp.uu.se/gpdatabase/gpcountry.php?id=111&value=#

Protocol on Detailed Agenda

On 28 May 1991 the delegation of the Government of the Republic of Mozambique, headed by

Armando Emílio Guebuza, Minister of Transport and Communications and composed of

Teodato Hunguana, Minister of Labour, Aguiar Mazula, Minister of State Administration, and

Francisco Madeira, Diplomatic Adviser to the President of the Republic, and the RENAMO

delegation, headed by Raul Manuel Domingos, Chief of Foreign Relations Department and

composed of Vicente Zacarias Ululu, Chief of the Information Department, Anselmo Victor,

Chief of the Political Affairs Department, Agostinho Semende Murrial, Deputy Chief of the

Political Affairs Department, João Francisco Almirante, member of the President’s Office, met at

Rome in the San Egídio Community Headquarters, in the presence of the mediators, Jaime

Goncalves, Archbishop of Beira, Andrea Riccardi and Matteo Zuppi of the Community of San

Egídio.

Based on the proposal presented by the mediators, the two parties agreed on the details of the

agenda approved on 10 November 1990 as follows:

1. Political Parties Act

a) Criteria and arrangements for the formation and recognition of political parties.

2. Electoral Act

a) Freedom of the press and access to the media.

b) Freedom of association, expression and political communication.

c) Freedom of movement and residence.

d) Return of Mozambican refugees and displaced people and their social reintegration.

e) Electoral Procedures:

a democratic, impartial and pluralistic voting system.

f) Guarantees for the electoral process and role of international observers.

3. Military questions

a) A non-party national army:

criteria for its formation, composition and size.

b) Withdrawal of foreign troops from Mozambican territory.

c) Activities of private and irregular armed groups.

d) Functioning of the SNASP.

e) Depoliticization and restructuring of the police forces.

f) Economic and Social reintegration of demobilized soldiers.

4. Cease-fire

a) Arrangements for the cease-fire and the freeing of prisoners, except for those being held

for ordinary crimes.

b) Organs and arrangements for observing, supervising and controlling the cease-fire and

international role in the process.

c) Operational timetable for the cease-fire.

5. Guarantees

a) Timetable for the conduct of the electoral process.

b) Politico-Military Commission to supervise the cease-fire and monitor respect for and

implementation of the agreements between the parties within the framework of these

negotiations;

its compositions and powers.

c) Specific guarantees for the period from the cease-fire to the holding of the elections.

6. Donors’ conference

a) Organisation of a conference of donor countries to finance the electoral process and

emergency programmes for reintegrating the displaced and refugee population.

7. Signature of the agreed documents and the final Protocol.

In witness whereof, the Parties have decided to sign this Protocol.

For the delegation of the GRM:

Armando Emílio Guebuza

For the delegation of RENAMO:

Raul Manuel Domingos

The mediators:

Jaime Goncalves, Archbishop of Beira, Andrea Riccardi and Matteo Zuppi

Dome at San Egídio, Rome, on 28 May 1991