Pacte de non agresssion avec arret immediat des hositilites

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Country/entity: Mali
Azawad
Region: Africa (excl MENA)
Agreement name: Pacte de non agresssion avec arret immediat des hositilites
Date: 27 Aug 2014
Agreement status: Multiparty signed/agreed
Interim arrangement: Yes
Agreement/conflict level: Intrastate/intrastate conflict
Tuareg Wars (1962 - )
Mali-Azawad
The nomadic Tuareg in the north of Mali maintained a long-standing revolt against a government traditionally dominated by southern politicians shortly after Mali became independent from France in 1960. The uprisings focused in and around the Azawad region, north of Timbuktu. After several outbreaks of violence during the 1980s, violence peaked with the 1990 outbreak of the Tuareg Rebellion. Following an initial defeat by the Malian Armed Forces, reparations by the government of Alpha Konare included the creation of the self-governing Kidal region. Violence in 1994 died down following peace between moderates on both sides in 1995 and a negotiated peace agreement. Violence continued due to a lack of integration by combatants, but it was not until 2011 that the situation again escalated in the aftermath of the Arab Spring and the disintegration of Libya, which resulted in a heavy inflow of small arms, and the increased involvement by Algeria. In January 2012, the National Movement for the Liberation of Azawad (MNLA) together with several other groups took full control of the region. Disputes on how to handle the situation led to a military coup against President Touré in March 2012 that, in turn, resulted in further turmoil. The MNLA declared the independence of Azawad, but soon lost control of most of the territory to radical Islamist militias including Ansar Dine. A French intervention in January 2013 paved the way for a UN mission, which was established in April of that year. In June 2015 multiple declarations culminated in a final agreement between several Azawad-affiliated groups, including MNLA, and the government of Mali to end hostilities. However, inadequate implementation of the agreement results in continual armed confrontations between pro-government militias, Azawad-affiliated groups, dissidents of Azawad-affiliated groups, ethnically oriented groups, and increasingly since 2017, radical Islamist militias.

Niger-Aïr-Azawad
In 1990 the nomadic Tuareg in northern Niger explicitly sought greater political autonomy following decades of grievances on local political exclusion. With the first armed group Aïr and Azawad Liberation Front (FLAA) to be established in 1991, fighting between 1990 to 1995 took place largely in the Air Mountains. A short-lived truce was agreed in 1994 between the Niger Government and the Tuareg umbrella organisation Coordination of Armed Resistance (CRA), later called Organisation of Armed Resistance (ORA). Another accord was signed in April 1995 in Ouagadougou with various other Tuareg groups and some Toubou, the last signing in 1998. After ten years of relative peace, Movement of Nigeriens for Justice (MNJ) reinvigorated conflicts in 2007 following little follow up by the Nigeriene government on the signed peace agreements.
Stage: Pre-negotiation/process
Conflict nature: Inter-group
Peace process: Mali-Azawad Inter-Azawad peace process
Parties: Le Haut Conseil pour l’Unité l’Azawad (HCUA)
Alghabass Ag Intalla
Secretaire General

Le Mouvement Arabe de l’Azawad (MAA)
de la plateforme d’Alger du 14 juin 2014
Mohamed Lamine Ould Sidatti
Secrétaire General

La Coordination des Mouvements et Forces Patriotiques de Resistances II (CMFPR2)
Ibrahim Kantao
President

Le Mouvement National de Libération de l’Azawad (MNLA)
Bilal Ag Acharif
Secretaire General

Le Mouvement Arabe de l’Azawad (MAA)
de la Déclaration d’Alger du 9 juin 2014
Ahmed Ould Sidi Mohamed
Secrétaire General

La Coalition du Peuple pour l’Azawad (CPA) Ibrahim Ag Mohamed Assaleh President
Third parties: -
Description: -

Agreement document: ML_140827_PactedeNon-agression_EN.pdf (opens in new tab) | Download PDF
Agreement document (original language): ML_140827_Non-agression_Pact.pdf (opens in new tab)| Download PDF

Groups

Children/youth: No specific mention.
Disabled persons: No specific mention.
Elderly/age: No specific mention.
Migrant workers: No specific mention.
Racial/ethnic/national group: Groups→Racial/ethnic/national group→Rhetorical
Page 1, Article 2:
To pursue together the fight for the defence of the legitimate rights of the people of Azawad/North Mali, including by armed conflict if necessary,...
Religious groups: No specific mention.
Indigenous people: No specific mention.
Other groups: No specific mention.
Refugees/displaced persons: No specific mention.
Social class: No specific mention.

Gender

Women, girls and gender: No specific mention.
Men and boys: No specific mention.
LGBTI: No specific mention.
Family: No specific mention.

State definition

Nature of state (general): No specific mention.
State configuration: No specific mention.
Self determination: No specific mention.
Referendum: No specific mention.
State symbols: No specific mention.
Independence/secession: No specific mention.
Accession/unification: No specific mention.
Border delimitation: No specific mention.
Cross-border provision: No specific mention.

Governance

Political institutions (new or reformed): No specific mention.
Elections: No specific mention.
Electoral commission: No specific mention.
Political parties reform: No specific mention.
Civil society: No specific mention.
Traditional/religious leaders: No specific mention.
Public administration: No specific mention.
Constitution: No specific mention.

Power sharing

Political power sharing: No specific mention.
Territorial power sharing: No specific mention.
Economic power sharing: No specific mention.
Military power sharing: No specific mention.

Human rights and equality

Human rights/RoL general: No specific mention.
Bill of rights/similar: No specific mention.
Treaty incorporation: No specific mention.
Civil and political rights: No specific mention.
Socio-economic rights: No specific mention.

Rights related issues

Citizenship: No specific mention.
Democracy: No specific mention.
Detention procedures: No specific mention.
Media and communication: No specific mention.
Mobility/access: No specific mention.
Protection measures: Rights related issues→Protection measures→Protection of civilians
Page 1, Article 7:
To facilitate everywhere in Azawad/North Mali the free movement of persons and goods throughout the territory and to ensure their protection,
Other: No specific mention.

Rights institutions

NHRI: No specific mention.
Regional or international human rights institutions: No specific mention.

Justice sector reform

Criminal justice and emergency law: No specific mention.
State of emergency provisions: No specific mention.
Judiciary and courts: No specific mention.
Prisons and detention: No specific mention.
Traditional Laws: No specific mention.

Socio-economic reconstruction

Development or socio-economic reconstruction: No specific mention.
National economic plan: No specific mention.
Natural resources: No specific mention.
International funds: No specific mention.
Business: No specific mention.
Taxation: No specific mention.
Banks: No specific mention.

Land, property and environment

Land reform/rights: No specific mention.
Pastoralist/nomadism rights: No specific mention.
Cultural heritage: No specific mention.
Environment: No specific mention.
Water or riparian rights or access: No specific mention.

Security sector

Security Guarantees: Page 1, Article 7:
To facilitate everywhere in Azawad/North Mali the free movement of persons and goods throughout the territory and to ensure their protection,
Ceasefire: No specific mention.
Police: No specific mention.
Armed forces: No specific mention.
DDR: No specific mention.
Intelligence services: No specific mention.
Parastatal/rebel and opposition group forces: Page 1, Article 3:
To refrain from participation in any harmful political and/or military actions against the movements and populations of Azawad/North Mali regardless of the person behind or origin of the actions,

Page 1, Article 4:
The establishment of a management committee in the event of a dispute, the composition of which will be left to the discretion of the movements’ leaders. The work of the management committee shall end with the resolution of the dispute which constitutes the subject of their establishment.

Page 1, Article 5:
In the event of the violation of this current pact by one of the undersigned members, that member will face the opposition of all the other members.

Page 1, Article 8:
To deploy joint high-level missions on the ground for the consolidation of the present pact, henceforth the definitive agreement,

Page 2, Article 9:
The establishment of a monitoring commission composed of two representatives per undersigned movement.

Page 2, Article 10:
In the event of aggression against one or several of the undersigned members by an external actor, the latter will face the opposition of all the undersigned members in a coalition.
Withdrawal of foreign forces: No specific mention.
Corruption: No specific mention.
Crime/organised crime: No specific mention.
Drugs: No specific mention.
Terrorism: No specific mention.

Transitional justice

Transitional justice general: No specific mention.
Amnesty/pardon: No specific mention.
Courts: No specific mention.
Mechanism: No specific mention.
Prisoner release: No specific mention.
Vetting: No specific mention.
Victims: No specific mention.
Missing persons: No specific mention.
Reparations: No specific mention.
Reconciliation: No specific mention.

Implementation

UN signatory: No specific mention.
Other international signatory: No specific mention.
Referendum for agreement: No specific mention.
International mission/force/similar: Page 2, Article 11:
To call on the support of the mediation team, the MINUSMA, BARKHANE and other partners for the implementation of the present pact.
Enforcement mechanism: No specific mention.
Related cases: No specific mention.
Source: Centre for Humanitarian Dialogue:

http://www.hdcentre.org/

Pact of non-aggression with the immediate cessation of hostilities

Between

The National Movement for the Liberation of the Azawad (MNLA), represented by its Secretary General, Mr. Bilal Ag Acharif,

The High Council for the Unity of Azawad (HCUA), represented by its Secretary General, Mr. ALGHABASS AG INTALLA,

The Arab movement of the Azawad (MAA) signatory to the Declaration of Algiers of 9 June 2014, represented by its Secretary General, Mr Mohamed Lamine ould Sidatti,

The Arab movement of the Azawad, a signatory of the Algiers Platform on 14 June 2014, represented by its Secretary General, Mr Ahmed Ould Sidi Mohamed,

The Coalition of the people for Azawad (CPA), represented by its President, Mr Ibrahim Ag Mohamed Assaleh

The Coordination of the Patriotic Resistance Movements and Forces (CMFPR)2, represented by its President, Mr Ibrahim Kantao, designated by the term "the parties"

Agree the following;

To renounce forever all forms of aggression and decide to immediately cease hostilities between azawadiens across the entire territory of Azawad/North Mali.

To pursue together the fight for the defence of the legitimate rights of the people of Azawad/North Mali, including by armed conflict if necessary,

To refrain from participation in any harmful political and/or military actions against the movements and populations of Azawad/North Mali regardless of the person behind or origin of the actions,

The establishment of a management committee in the event of a dispute, the composition of which will be left to the discretion of the movements’ leaders.

The work of the management committee shall end with the resolution of the dispute which constitutes the subject of their establishment.

In the event of the violation of this current pact by one of the undersigned members, that member will face the opposition of all the other members.

To refrain from making any remarks or verbal expressions which would be likely to jeopardise this pact,

To facilitate everywhere in Azawad/North Mali the free movement of persons and goods throughout the territory and to ensure their protection,

To deploy joint high-level missions on the ground for the consolidation of the present pact, henceforth the definitive agreement,

The establishment of a monitoring commission composed of two representatives per undersigned movement.

In the event of aggression against one or several of the undersigned members by an external actor, the latter will face the opposition of all the undersigned members in a coalition.

To call on the support of the mediation team, the MINUSMA, BARKHANE and other partners for the implementation of the present pact.

The present pact for which the operational mechanism will be defined by the parties on the ground takes effect from the date of its signature.

Done at Ouagadougou, 27 August 2014

Le Haut Conseil pour l’Unité l’Azawad (HCUA)

Alghabass Ag Intalla

Secretaire General

Le Mouvement National de Libération de l’Azawad (MNLA)

Bilal Ag Acharif

Secretaire General

Le Mouvement Arabe de l’Azawad (MAA)

de la plateforme d’Alger du 14 juin 2014

Mohamed Lamine Ould Sidatti

Secrétaire General

Le Mouvement Arabe de l’Azawad (MAA)

de la Déclaration d’Alger du 9 juin 2014

Ahmed Ould Sidi Mohamed

Secrétaire General

La Coordination des Mouvements et Forces Patriotiques de Resistances II (CMFPR2)

Ibrahim Kantao

President

La Coalition du Peuple pour l’Azawad (CPA) Ibrahim Ag Mohamed Assaleh President