Agreement between Jaysh al-Islam and Jabhat al-Nusra, Ghouta

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Country/entity: Syria
Region: Middle East and North Africa
Agreement name: Agreement between Jaysh al-Islam and Jabhat al-Nusra, Ghouta
Date: 19 Jul 2015
Agreement status: Multiparty signed/agreed
Interim arrangement: Yes
Agreement/conflict level: Intrastate/local conflict
Syrian Conflicts (1948 - ) (1976 - 2005) (2011 - )
The agreements relate to three different conflict contexts. Israel-Syria and Syria-Lebanon. The Syrian-Israeli conflict was a key factor for the Syrian intervention during the Lebanese Civil War, with Syrian-backed Palestinian Liberation Army units intervened in 1976 against the Palestinian/Leftist militias. Following a massacre at Tel al-Zaatar that year, Syria was forced to accept a ceasefire at a meeting of the Arab League. However, the Arab League also mandated an Arab Deterrence Force, consisting of mostly Syrian soldiers with token contributions from other Arab League states, thus further legitimizing the Syrian presence in Lebanon. During a second bout of fighting that began in 1989, caused by the formation of rival Lebanese regimes in East and West Beirut, the Syrian-backed regime won and in 1991 the ‘Treaty of Brotherhood, Cooperation and Coordination’ was signed to legalize the Syrian occupation as a means to ensure the security of Syria. Syrian forces were forced to withdraw in 2005 following possible involvement in the assassination of Lebanon’s President Hariri.

Syria-internal. In 2011, domestic upheaval following a wave of protests across the Arab World soon led to violent repression of protestors by Syrian government troops. The violence progressed steadily and by July 2011 the Free Syrian Army (FSA) was formed consisting of defected military units and new recruits. The FSA and rebel umbrella group known as the Syrian National Council represented the first attempt at coordinating rebel factions in late 2011. However, a steady influx of foreign fighters and increased sectarianism radicalised opposition groups, which relied on foreign funding. The nature of the conflict changed drastically in late 2013 as infighting among the opposition groups increased. One of the more significant developments was the split between the al-Qaeda outfits the Islamic State in Iraq and the Levant (ISIL, ISIS), and Jabhat al-Nusra in early 2014 in addition to the intensified targeting of other rebel factions by ISIS fighters in particular, including the Kurdish Peshmerga, the FSA and other jihadist outfits. Since the summer of 2014, the conflict was further internationalized when ISIS announced the formation of an Islamic state eroding the state line between Iraq and Syria and also in mid-2015 when Russian forces intervened on behalf of the Bashar al-Assad government in Damascus.
Stage: Pre-negotiation/process
Conflict nature: Inter-group
Peace process: Syrian Local Agreements
Parties: Jaysh al-Islam, Sheikh Zahran Aloush;
Jabhat al-Nusra, Sheikh Abu Essam.
Third parties: -
Description: 5 point agreement providing for an end to defamation campaigns, the removal of checkpoints in Ghouta, the creation of a joint military command and the re-opening of courts for dispute resolution.

Agreement document: SY_150719_Agreement between Jaysh al-Islam and Nursa Front_EN.pdf (opens in new tab) | Download PDF
Agreement document (original language): SY_150719_Agreement between Jaysh al-Islam and Nursa Front_AR.pdf (opens in new tab)| Download PDF

Local agreement properties

Process type: Informal but persistent process
Rationale: -> Link to national level; no external support mechanism; culture of signing There is no formally established mechanism to support the negotiation between Salafi armed groups. Moreover, this agreement cannot be linked to the national peace process. Indeed, both groups have a Salafist ideology; they oppose the rule of Bashar al-Assad in Syria and reject the idea of a national negotiation to solve the conflict. Yet, it seems that both signing parties choose to solve daily pragmatic issues related to their armed struggle through agreements. Although one cannot speak of a “culture” of singing peace agreements, the parties are involved (in a non-proactive and non-conscious way) in a persistent practice of signing local agreements.
Is there a documented link to a national peace process?: No
Link to national process: articulated rationale: No link to the national peace process in Syria is mentioned in the agreement, neither it can be inferred from further research. First, the agreement does not involve local governance actors; and the signing parties themselves are not official state representative. Second, all parties to the agreement reject the national peace process, as it would maintain Bashar al-Assad and the Syrian government in power.
Name of Locale: Ghouta
Nature of Locale: Region
GPS Lat/Long (DD): 33.570422, 36.405134
Participant type: Local armed group
Mediator, facilitator or similar: No mention of mediator or similar

Local issues

Ritual/prayer and process (including use of scripture): Page 1, In the Name of Allah, Most Gracious, Most Merciful
Grievance List: Although the agreement does not refer to specific causes of the conflict, it seems that the confrontation between Jaysh al-Islam and Jahbat al-Nusra in Ghouta lies at the centre of the dispute. The agreement lists five provisions to address local grievances.

Page 1,
1. Stopping all campaigns that accuse others of betrayal to the cause, defame them, or incite against them by both sides, and pledging to ensure that violators of this agreement from both sides are dealt with.
2. [illegible]
3. Jaysh Al Islam pledges to remove the barriers/checkpoints between [illegible] and that it will
man all of the barriers/checkpoints in Ghouta in future operations
4. Establishing a military operations command room to guard military sites in Ghouta and
creating a joint vision between all of the different groups in Ghouta.
5. Both sides pledge to reopen the issue of the courts in order to reach a joint vision
Cattle rustling/banditry: No specific mention.
Social cover: No specific mention.

In the Name of Allah, Most Gracious, Most Merciful

On [illegible], the leadership of Jaysh Al Islam represented by Sheikh Zahran Aloush and the leadership of Jabhat Al Nusra, represented by Sheikh Abu Essam.

They agreed on the following:

1. Stopping all campaigns that accuse others of betrayal to the cause, defame them, or incite against them by both sides, and pledging to ensure that violators of this agreement from both sides are dealt with.

2. [ illegible]

3. Jaysh Al Islam pledges to remove the barriers/checkpoints between [illegible] and that it will man all of the barriers/checkpoints in Ghouta in future operations

4. Establishing a military operations command room to guard military sites in Ghouta and creating a joint vision between all of the different groups in Ghouta.

5. Both sides pledge to reopen the issue of the courts in order to reach a joint vision

Commander of Jabhat Al Nusrah

Sheikh Abu Essam

[Signed]

Commander of Jaysh Al Islam

Sheikh Zahran Aloush

[Signed]