Conciliation and Peace Conference of the Regions of Bari Nugal and Mudug, SNA, SNDU, SSDF Peace Agreement (Mudug Peace Agreement)

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Country/entity: Somalia
Puntland
Region: Africa (excl MENA)
Agreement name: Conciliation and Peace Conference of the Regions of Bari Nugal and Mudug, SNA, SNDU, SSDF Peace Agreement (Mudug Peace Agreement)
Date: 4 Jun 1993
Agreement status: Multiparty signed/agreed
Interim arrangement: Yes
Agreement/conflict level: Intrastate/local conflict
Somali Civil War (1991 - )
Originally spurred by centre-peripheral tensions, fighting broke out in 1981 between the regime of President Said Barre and the Somali National Movement, a militia primarily consisting of members from the northern Ishaq clan. Fighting intensified in the late 1980s as more clan-based militias arose. President Barre’s regime collapsed in late 1991 and as a result the UN intervened. However persistent attacks on the UN’s forces forced a withdrawal in 1994. From the mid- to late 1990s, the character of the conflict shifted as warlords fought for access to rents. Also during this period, two different peace agreements arose; the Sodere Declaration, which was mediated by Ethiopia and supported by IGAD, and the Cairo Accord, which was brokered by Egypt. Fighting, already noticeably lessened compared to the early 1990s, decreased and the more amicable environment paved the way for the Transitional Government to be formed in 2000 (replaced in 2004 by the Transitional Federal Government).

Nonetheless, opposition to the TFG arose in the form of the Islamic Courts Union (ICU), which by early 2006 had taken control of most of southern Somalia until they were ousted by an armed intervention by Ethiopia in December 2006. As a result, the ICU splintered. Hard-line ICU members formed the Takfiri organization, Harakat al-Shabaab al-Mujahideen, and launched a guerrilla campaign against the TFG. Another faction of the ICU fled to Djibouti and formed the Alliance for the Re-liberation of Somalia, which was absorbed into the ruling TFG after successful negotiations in 2007.

To deal with the new round of fighting, the UN-mandated AMISOM force was deployed in 2007. Since then, insecurity has fluctuated between the urban and rural areas as the al-Shabaab's territorial gains waver. Local militia leaders maintain de facto governance over communities. From 2009 to 2012, insecurity spilled over into the Gulf of Aden and the Indian Ocean when Somali pirates seized, looted and ransomed ships. In 2014, 'Operation Indian Ocean' was launched and in parallel with infighting among al-Shabaab, the organisation's position in Somalia has diminished slightly. However, as evidenced by large-scale attacks by al-Shabaab in northern Kenya throughout 2013-2015, the lack of security continues to destabilize the region. Al-Shabaab continues to launch surprise attacks with the aim of forcing out foreign military presence in Somalia. Targets include both military forces and civilians. The devastating attack in October 2017 in Mogadishu saw 587 fatalities and resulted in a renewed military offensive by the Somali government and African Union allies. Since 2017, the U.S. has increased its air strikes targeting al-Shabaab militants, and in December 2018 they announced to re-establish a permanent diplomatic mission in the country. Al-Shabaab has been characterized as a spoiler in the Somali peace process and have therefore been placed outside of any negotiations.
Stage: Framework/substantive - partial
Conflict nature: Inter-group
Peace process: Somalia Peace Process
Parties: Signature of Somali Salvation Democratic Front delegate;
Signature of Somali National Alliance delegate;
Signature of Somali National Democratic Union delegate;
Third parties: -
Description: Short agreement between three militias for peace in Mudug, emphasizing past provision for property return, compensation, the disengagement of forces and the creation of a military committee to oversee the various aspects of DDR, past provisions and reconstruction.

Agreement document: SO_930604_Mudug Peace Agreement.pdf (opens in new tab) | Download PDF

Local agreement properties

Process type: Informal but persistent process
Rationale: There are no indications of external or formal support to the signing of this agreement. However, there is a history of holding peace conferences and of signing peace agreements in Puntland (see, for example, other peace agreements from Puntland on this database such as the Ramada Peace Agreement from 2005).
Is there a documented link to a national peace process?: Yes
Link to national process: articulated rationale: The agreement is signed 'in execution of the Peace Agreements signed in Addis Ababa by the Somali factions on January 15th and March 27th 1993' (p. 1) and, while excluding other Somali conflict parties, secondary sources suggest that this agreement played an important role in the wider landscape of Somali peace processes. The agreements helped stabilising the Somali northeast regions in the 1990s (Interpeace 2008).
Name of Locale: Bari - Nugal - Mudug regions in north-central Somalia
Nature of Locale: Region
GPS Lat/Long (DD): 6.779921, 47.428301
Participant type: Local armed group
Domestic religious organisation/leader or other elder
Mediator, facilitator or similar: No mention of mediator or similar

Local issues

Ritual/prayer and process (including use of scripture): Page 1, IN THE NAME OF ALLAH
THE BENEFICIENT
THE MERCIFUL

Page 2, Conference delegates reached this agreement:
...
Art.13: ... These sub-committees will comprise of various community representatives, including religious leaders, local politicians, intellectuals, armed forces ofﬁcers, elders, women and youth members. They will assume responsibilities under the oath of the Holy Qur’aan that they will fulﬁl their duties honestly.
Grievance List: Page 2, Conference delegates reached this agreement:
...
Art.14: All involved parties are to repent of their bad doings, which brought about great suffering in neighbouring communities, in order to avoid such conﬂict from reoccurring.
Cattle rustling/banditry: No specific mention.
Social cover: No specific mention.

IN THE NAME OF ALLAH THE BENEFICIENT THE MERCIFUL

Mogadishu, June 4th 1993

CONCILIATION AND PEACE CONFERENCE OF THE REGIONS OF BARI NUGAL AND MUDUG SNA, SNDU, SSDF PEACE AGREEMENT

In execution of the Peace Agreements signed in Addis Ababa by the Somali factions on January 15th and March 27th 1993

In reference to the advance peace talks among clan representatives of the central regions held in Addis Ababa in March 1993

On the basis of political speeches addressed by leaders of SNA, SSDF and SNDU, and other respected clan leaders and delegates from the central regions

Considering the democratic debates and broad analyses emanating from conﬁdence and fraternity among the peoples of Bari, Nugaal and Mudug, which were held in the capital city of Mogadishu in the period between May 28th and June 3rd 1993, with 227 delegates attending

Considering the views and resolutions passed by the delegates and bearing in mind the immense necessity of peace, co-existence and cooperation at every level

Conference delegates reached this agreement:

Art.1:

Implementation of a complete and lasting peace in the region and denunciation of the use of force and violence.

Art.2:

Resolution of conﬂicts within the concerned communities through peaceful means and avoidance of solving conﬂicts by force and the use of weapons.

Art.3:

The Somali territory belongs to the Somali state and citizens have the right to live, reside and work anywhere in Somalia.

However, clan areas will remain under the jurisdiction of the clans living traditionally in that territory.

Art.4:

Co-existence and cooperation among the communities of the concerned regions shall be achieved gradually and step by step.

Art.5:

The Islamic religion, Somali culture and norms shall be respected, strengthened and adhered to.

Art.6:

Fixed assets and other assets looted shall immediately be handed over, without any condition, upon declaration of the claimant as the rightful owner.

Art.7:

Clan elders of the communities will discuss and decide upon payment of blood money (Diyah) for the non- combatants killed in Mudug region.

Art.8:

A technical committee will be appointed, composed of the signatories of this agreement, with the task of returning looted assets and Diyah blood compensation to the rightful persons.

Art.9:

Fighting armed militias shall be disengaged at a distance of 70km, with Galkayo the capital as the centre point, and deployed in the following locations:

a) SNA Wargalo Dawgaab

b) SSDF Buuryaqab (Xarfo)

c) SNDU Galdogob.

Art.10:

Towns and tarmac roads are restricted to militias, small arms and heavy weapons.

Bandits and thieves should be fought without mercy by the security forces of the region.

Art.11:

A military committee will be appointed to oversee the disengagement of militias and their deployment to new locations with their weapons, which will be completed within 45 days.

For logistics, welfare and training of the militias, the committee will cooperate with UNOSOM II as stated in the Addis Ababa Agreements of January 15th and March 27th 1993.

Art.12:

All heavy and mechanised weapons shall be collected and, in collaboration with UNOSOM II, stored in an appropriate place.

These weapons will be handed over to the Somali state or a central authority.

Art.13:

This agreement will be implemented by a central coordinating committee, comprising the following sub-committees (Giddi-Hoosaad):

• Militias and regional security forces sub-committee;

• Elders and religious leaders peace sub-committee;

• Sub-committee for the return of appropriated physical assets

• Relief, reintegration and reconciliation sub-committee.

These sub-committees will comprise of various community representatives, including religious leaders, local politicians, intellectuals, armed forces ofﬁcers, elders, women and youth members.

They will assume responsibilities under the oath of the Holy Qur’aan that they will fulﬁl their duties honestly.

Art.14:

All involved parties are to repent of their bad doings, which brought about great suffering in neighbouring communities, in order to avoid such conﬂict from reoccurring.

Art.15:

This agreement is signed by the political leaders, clan leaders and various delegates of clans and factions whose signatures appear below.

IN THE NAME OF PEACE, RECONCILIATION, REBUILDING, JUSTICE, DEMOCRACY, UNITY AND PROGRESS

Signature of SSDF delegate Signature of SNA delegate Signature of SNDU delegate