Country/entity

Nigeria
Plateau State

Region

Africa (excl MENA)

Agreement name

Joint Declaration of Commitment to Peace and Cooperation

Date

14 Dec 2014

Agreement status

Multiparty signed/agreed

Interim arrangement

Yes

Agreement/conflict level

Intrastate/local conflict

Nigerian Civil War (1967), Delta Unrest (1990 - ), Communal Conflicts (1978 - ), and Boko Haram Insurgency (2009 - )

Since 1960 when Nigeria became independent, it has seen a number of coup d’etats and instability. In 1967, after confederation plans for the Nigerian regions to gain more independence failed, the Eastern region seceded as the Republic of Biafra and this caused the Nigerian Civil War. The conflict resulted from political, economic, ethnic and religious tensions which had existed since before Britain drew new borders when colonising the area. The discovery of oil in the Niger Delta heightened the intensity of the conflict. With the aid of British forces, the Nigerian military managed to take back the territory in 1970. Since then, ethnic violence has persisted.

Nigerian Delta Unrest (1990 - )
Conflict in the Niger Delta arose in the 1990s between foreign oil companies and ethnic groups which felt exploited after being forced to abandon their land. The Nigerian military caused international consternation in 1995 when members of the Ogoni tribe of the Niger Delta were found hanged without due process. The proliferation of arms in the region has encouraged the rise of armed groups which have targeted oil companies and pipelines. This came to a head in 2004 when Shell withdrew personnel from two oil fields in response to attacks on wells and pipelines by rebels. The military have attempted to clamp down on militant groups in the Niger Delta but it was not until the establishment of the Presidential amnesty program in 2009 which required the surrender of weapons by militants in exchange for amnesty. In 2016 a new militant group called the Niger Delta Avengers has announced its existence in the Niger Delta illustrating the continued instability in that region.

Boko Haram Insurgency (2009 - )
Sectarian violence has also been rife in Nigeria and since 2002, the radical Islamist group Boko Haram have been violently seeking to establish sharia law throughout Nigeria and an Islamic caliphate in the Northern part of the country. In 2009 they began an official insurgency which spread to Cameroon, Chad and Niger. In 2014 the group kidnapped 276 girls from a college in Chibok and bombed the town of Jos. The insurgency is the result of Muslim – Christian tensions in the country which is a constant source of instability and violence. In 2015 the military led a regional coalition of forces on a counter-offensive against Boko Haram and they were successful in taking ground. There are also conflicts between Fulani herdsmen and Christian peasants in the Middle belt. Widespread corruption and lack of state authority exacerbate these many complex tensions.

Central Nigerian communal conflicts (1978 - )
Unrest in Nigeria is a product of socio-economic pressures between migrating herdsmen and settled agriculturists, exacerbated by firearms proliferation, ethnic conflict, sectarianism and banditry. Since 2001, attacks have adopted a more sectarian character involving suicide bombings and shooting at churches by the jihadist group, Boko Haram. Peaks of violence occurred in 2004 and 2011, patoral/farmer conflict has resulted in the deaths of thousands since the Fourth Nigerian Republic was founded in 1999. The Land Use Act of 1978, exacerbated conflict by allowing longtime occupants 'indigeneship' and the ability to apply for a certificate of occupancy, putting migrating communities at a disadvantage.

Close

Nigerian Civil War (1967), Delta Unrest (1990 - ), Communal Conflicts (1978 - ), and Boko Haram Insurgency (2009 - )

Stage

Framework/substantive - comprehensive

Conflict nature

Inter-group

Peace process

Nigeria - Plateau State Process

Parties

Signatories, Chairpersons of the Steering Committees, Signing on Behalf of their Communities:
Afizere: Agwom Nyam Isha [Signed]
Anaguta: Aminu Agwom Zang, signed on his behalf by Shina Musa Agada [Signed]
Berom: Da (Dr.) Jonah Maduga, signed on his behalf by Mr. Sam Godongs [Signed]
Fulani: Salihu Musa Umar [Signed]
Hausa: Alhaji Umaru Sani [Signed]
Igbo: Barr. Zacch O. Nwankpa [Signed]
South-South: Barr. Smart Irabor [Signed]
Yoruba: Chief Barr. Bankole Falade [Signed]
Women: Dr. Sumaye Hamza [Signed]

Third parties

Witnesses:
Government:
Representative of the Federal Government, Ambassador Layiwola Laseinde [Signed]
Representative of the State Government, Hon. Isa Chungwom Song, Special Advisor Legislative Liason [signed]

Centre for Humanitarian Dialogue
HD Senior Advisor: David Lambo, [Signed]
HD Gender Advisor, Alice Nderitu, [Signed]
HD Senior Consultant, Dr. Phil Ostien, [Signed]
HD Local Advisor, Prof. John Dung-Gwom, [Signed]
HD Local Advisor, Khadijah Hawaja, [Signed]
HD Local Advisor, Baba Bala Muhammad, [Signed]
HD Local Advisor, Yakuba Sankey, [Signed]

Description

Communal peace agreement between the communities in Jos, Plateau State, Nigeria attempting to decrease incidents of violence between Hausa and Fulani and other groups. Agreement mediated by HD Centre and contains a list of eight recommendations that are expanded in the Annexes (but these are not attatched). Recommendations touch on; Trust Building and Religious Tolerance; places of worship, burial grounds and youth; governance issues, access to public spaces; traditional rulership; land reform, IDPs and cattle rustling; settlers and migration issues in Jos City; Impunity and transitional justice as well as security of life and property.

Agreement document

NG_141214_Declaration of Committment to Peace by the HD Jos Forum.pdf (opens in new tab) | Download PDF

Local agreement properties

Process type

Formal structured process

Rationale

There is a supporting body in the form of the Centre for Humanitarian Dialogue, supporting this dialogue and other similar inter-communal processes which address the same areas of the Plateau State which were initiated in 2013 and extend to 2014. These are clearly structured with clear aims around community driven resolutions, with representation by Steering committees covering all communities in the areas around Jos. There is an attempt at establishing clear process through encouraging inter-communal dialogue and conflict mediation processes across these various areas in the Middle Belt region of Nigeria, namely Jos and Plateau State in this instance. In addition in this particular example, the agreement is also signed by Government representatives; both Federal and State level. Their involvement as assistance and support is referred to: Page 2, Responsibilities as Community Leaders and Members, ... We are grateful for other assistance and support, including from Federal, State, and Local Government

Is there a documented link to a national peace process?

Yes

Link to national process: articulated rationale

The text refers to the involvement of Nigerian Government officials in the dialogue and they sign as witnesses. The text also refers to the recognition among participants that the substantive issues or challenges discussed in this dialogue were universal issues, faced throughout Nigeria.

Name of Locale

Jos

Nature of Locale

Region

GPS Lat/Long (DD)

9.898415, 8.859590

Participant type

Local community/civilian group(s)/civil society organisations

Mediator, facilitator or similar

Mediator or similar referred to

Mediator (references)

The text refers to the Centre for Humanitarian Dialogue (HD) as being the facilitator and also refers to the HD Jos forum throughout the text with HD also featuring in the name of the agreement.

Type of mediator/facilitator/similar

International or transnational actor

Local issues

Ritual/prayer and process (including use of scripture)

Page 1, Preamble, ... representatives of the communities (with a State Government delegation of nine officials, as well as observers from the security agencies) convened for a series of discussions on issues of mutual concern, ranging from Religious Tolerance to Security Arrangements to Indigene/Settler Identity.

Page 4, Presenting the Recommendations, Beyond the general understanding agreed upon above, the HD Jos Forum developed recommendations after each dialogue session. The recommendations (presented in full in the annex) were developed to guide future action to prevent violence, address grievances, and end impunity.
- Session I: Trust Building and Religious Tolerance.
- Session II: Rebuilding Places of Worship, Burial Grounds and Issues Relating to the Youth.

Page 4, Follow-up Actions, ... The Jos Peace Dialogue Forum will also act on matters of priority in considering ways of implementing the full list of recommendations through the various stakeholders involved; beginning with the issues of the rebuilding of places of worship

Grievance List

Page 1, Acknowledgment of Past Violence, Suffering, and Mistrust, ... the social fabric of communities living in this area has been torn apart. There has been an increase in fear, distrust, destruction of life and property, violence and suffering. We have witnessed a decline in the economy and in all forms of security. Our young people have had fewer opportunities to envision and develop their future. Our businesses have faced hardships and entrepreneurship has been deterred. Every community has been deeply affected by these factors, including by displacement from homes, loss of property, insult, injury and death.

Page 3, Commitment to Peace and Implementation, ... We acknowledge the State and Federal Government Commissions of Inquiry that have been previously established to investigate the causes of violent clashes in Jos and its environs and to recommend solutions. We recognize those reports, and have studied them over the course of the dialogue process. We further recognize that the lack of the full implementation of these commissions’ recommendations may have contributed to the continued crises in Jos.

Page 4, Presenting the Recommendations, Beyond the general understanding agreed upon above, the HD Jos Forum developed recommendations after each dialogue session. The recommendations (presented in full in the annex) were developed to guide future action to prevent violence, address grievances, and end impunity.
- Session I: Trust Building and Religious Tolerance.
- Session II: Rebuilding Places of Worship, Burial Grounds and Issues Relating to the Youth.
- Session III: Governance Issues and Access to Public Services and Public Spaces
- Session IV: Traditional Rulership issues and renaming of places etc.
- Session V: Countryside Problems such as Land Annexations, cattle rustling, and displacement people. Deferred to a grassroots dialogue process conducted in Barkin Ladi, Jos South, and Riyom Local Government Areas.
- Session VI: Jos City Issues such as Ownership, Indigeneship and Settlers.
- Session VII & VIII: Impunity, Reparations and Compensation. Securing Lives and Property and Public Apologies.

Cattle rustling/banditry

Page 4, Presenting the Recommendations, ... Session V: Countryside Problems such as Land Annexations, cattle rustling, and displacement people. Deferred to a grassroots dialogue process conducted in Barkin Ladi, Jos South, and Riyom Local Government Areas.

Social cover

Page 3, Responsibilities as Community Leaders and Members, ... foster a cooperative relationship between our communities and the security forces, where appropriate and possible, in an attempt to root out individual perpetrators of violence and criminality amongst our communities.

HD Jos Forum Inter-communal Dialogue Process Joint Declaration of Commitment to Peace and Cooperation

Preamble

Over the last two decades, communities living Jos, Nigeria and its environs have witnessed a decline in the security, economy, and social fabric of the city and its environs.

We, as representatives of our respective communities (Afizere, Anaguta, Berom, Fulani, Hausa, Igbo, South-South, Yoruba, and Women) in Jos North, Jos South, Barkin Ladi and Riyom Local Government Areas, have decided to halt the decline of our city and its surroundings.

We joined hands in an inter-communal dialogue process facilitated by the Centre for Humanitarian Dialogue with the participation of the Federal Government of Nigeria, the Plateau State Government as well as Traditional and Religious leaders in the area.

Between August 2013 and June 2014, representatives of the communities (with a State Government delegation of nine officials, as well as observers from the security agencies) convened for a series of discussions on issues of mutual concern, ranging from Religious Tolerance to Security Arrangements to Indigene/Settler Identity.

The challenges we discussed are not unique to Jos and are in varying degrees faced throughout Nigeria.

But we believe that the solution to our problems here lies with us:

the people of Jos and this region.

We are determined not only to work together toward our own healing, but to present to other parts of Nigeria this positive example of non-violent conflict resolution.

Together, we present the following Joint Declaration of Commitment to Peace and Cooperation.

Purpose

This declaration represents a public commitment by the signatories to:

- Respect the perspectives and concerns of other communities;

- Sincerely cooperate with other communities in the pursuit of peace;

- Acknowledge the suffering caused by repetitive violence and destruction;

- Assume responsibility for our actions and (so far as possible) the actions of our communities;

- Cooperate with Government, Traditional Authorities, and Religious Leaders to pursue and sustain peace;

- Implement the Jos Forum Recommendations.

Acknowledgment of Past Violence, Suffering, and Mistrust Since colonial times, Jos and its environs in Plateau State was a place of peaceful coexistence.

More recently, the social fabric of communities living in this area has been torn apart.

There has been an increase in fear, distrust, destruction of life and property, violence and suffering.

We have witnessed a decline in the economy and in all forms of security.

Our young people have had fewer opportunities to envision and develop their future.

Our businesses have faced hardships and entrepreneurship has been deterred.

Every community has been deeply affected by these factors, including by displacement from homes, loss of property, insult, injury and death.

As representatives of our communities, we acknowledge the immense suffering and damage caused by recurrent violence and mistrust.

Further, we are deeply sorry for the suffering and damage that our communities may have contributed to and endured.

This recognition of suffering is what led us to undertake the HD Jos Forum dialogue process, and it will continue to guide us in the pursuit of peace.

Understandings Achieved

During the course of the dialogue sessions, we learned much about each other’s fears and desires, and have come to recognize several general truths, including that:

- tolerance and respect serve as the foundation for peaceful living;

- dialogue rather than violence is the preferred means of resolving disputes;

and that

- uniting around common values and ideals can achieve more progress and development than emphasising differences.

Further, we agreed that the actions of individuals should not be attributed to communities as a whole.

Instead, our communities should work together to prevent wicked and criminal minded individuals and small groups from wreaking any more havoc in our city and its environs.

Responsibilities as Community Leaders and Members As far as possible, we accept responsibility for the actions of our communities, and recognize the need as community leaders, to lead by example in the pursuit of peace.

We will cooperate in shaping our collective destiny.

We are grateful for other assistance and support, including from Federal, State, and Local Government, as well as from internal and external partners and organizations, but this does not substitute for the responsibility we should have for one another.

To end the environment of violence and mistrust, we adopt the following points as a code of conduct for all leaders and communities, to be exemplified in all of our activities.

- To respect the peaceful traditions and customs of each other’s communities consistent with the rights and freedoms enshrined in the Nigerian Constitution and other relevant codes of conduct.

- To actively engage and encourage our communities to refrain from violence;

especially youth who are so often mobilized for criminal purposes or2 violence.

- To continue especially to emphasise the inclusion of women and youth in all of our activities.

- To encourage elected Government members and all public officials to act impartially on behalf of all communities in Plateau State.

- To encourage all political candidates and supporters, as well as religious leaders, to show tolerance and respect for all communities and to avoid inflammatory communal based speech, policy and incitement.

- To foster a cooperative relationship between our communities and the security forces, where appropriate and possible, in an attempt to root out individual perpetrators of violence and criminality amongst our communities.

- To work hard to implement the recommendations developed by the HD Jos Forum Inter- communal Dialogue Process Commitment to Peace and Implementation

We acknowledge that challenges remain and that setbacks may occur;

but we pledge our resolve to push forward in the pursuit of peace.

We, as leaders of our communities, pledge our commitment to work with relevant authorities and persons of good will for the implementation of the HD Jos Forum Recommendations and to the spirit with which they were written.

We acknowledge the State and Federal Government Commissions of Inquiry that have been previously established to investigate the causes of violent clashes in Jos and its environs and to recommend solutions.

We recognize those reports, and have studied them over the course of the dialogue process.

We further recognize that the lack of the full implementation of these commissions’ recommendations may have contributed to the continued crises in Jos.

For this reason, we do not submit this declaration of commitment casually, and understand the need for extensive follow-up.

As community representatives, we commend the attendance and active participation in the HD Jos Forum by representatives of the Federal, State, Local Governments and by the Security Agencies.

We also recognize that the various levels of Government, Traditional and Religious leaders, women and youth have a unique role in overseeing the security and prosperity of Jos, of Plateau State, and of Nigeria as a whole.

We therefore request that each level of government, including all services and agencies, join us in actively healing our society and preventing future violence.

Such participation and activity may take many forms, and we request that each level of government continue to engage and respond to the HD Jos Forum.

We welcome the Jos Women Steering Committee’s Declaration, and commend their heroic efforts thus far.

We also commend the ongoing efforts of support groups (Businesses, Inter-faith, Youth, and NGOs) and are determined to involve them in the implementation of the HD Jos Forum Recommendations.

Finally, we also commit ourselves to resolving disputes through dialogue rather than violence, and pledge to continue to use the Jos Forum as a mechanism to handle our disputes, and to bring relevant grievances before the forum.

Should any issue be unresolved by the forum, a special decision can be made by the forum to take appropriate steps alongside appropriate authorities to address the issue at hand.

Presenting the Recommendations

Beyond the general understanding agreed upon above, the HD Jos Forum developed recommendations after each dialogue session.

The recommendations (presented in full in the annex) were developed to guide future action to prevent violence, address grievances, and end impunity.

- Session I:

Trust Building and Religious Tolerance.

- Session II:

Rebuilding Places of Worship, Burial Grounds and Issues Relating to the Youth.

- Session III:

Governance Issues and Access to Public Services and Public Spaces

- Session IV:

Traditional Rulership issues and renaming of places etc.

- Session V:

Countryside Problems such as Land Annexations, cattle rustling, and displacement people.

Deferred to a grassroots dialogue process conducted in Barkin Ladi, Jos South, and Riyom Local Government Areas.

- Session VI:

Jos City Issues such as Ownership, Indigeneship and Settlers.

- Session VII & VIII:

Impunity, Reparations and Compensation.

Securing Lives and Property and Public Apologies.

Follow-up Actions

Implementing the recommendations developed by the HD Jos Forum will require considerable work and resources in the immediate and longer-term.

We pledge our commitment to work with various actors to implement the recommendations;

including:

the Federal, State, and Local Governments;

and civil society organisations (women, youth, business, religious, and non- governmental groups).

To do this, our activities will continue under the banner of the Jos Peace Dialogue Forum, a now registered non-profit organisation, that intends to maintain its status as an impartial dialogue mechanism to be used by the communities to handle disputes in the years to come.

As a matter of urgency, the members of the Jos Peace Dialogue Forum will monitor the situation in Jos through a tension-management working group that seeks to intervene, through dialogue, in situations that can spiral into violence.

The tension-management working group will be especially active ahead of the 2015 elections.

The Jos Peace Dialogue Forum will also act on matters of priority in considering ways of implementing the full list of recommendations through the various stakeholders involved;

beginning with the issues of the rebuilding of places of worship, displaced persons, traditional rulership arrangements, and grassroots dialogue sessions in the countryside adjacent to Jos.

Signatories

Chairpersons of the Steering Committees, Signing on Behalf of their Communities

Afizere:

Agwom Nyam Isha [Signed]

Anaguta:

Aminu Agwom Zang, signed on his behalf by Shina Musa Agada [Signed]

Berom:

Da (Dr.) Jonah Maduga, signed on his behalf by Mr. Sam Godongs [Signed]

Fulani:

Salihu Musa Umar [Signed]

Hausa:

Alhaji Umaru Sani [Signed]

Igbo:

Barr.

Zacch O. Nwankpa [Signed]

South-South:

Barr.

Smart Irabor [Signed]

Yoruba:

Chief Barr.

Bankole Falade [Signed]

Women:

Dr. Sumaye Hamza [Signed]

Witnesses:

Government:

Representative of the Federal Government, Ambassador Layiwola Laseinde [Signed]

Representative of the State Government, Hon.

Isa Chungwom Song, Special Advisor Legislative Liason [signed]

Centre for Humanitarian Dialogue

HD Senior Advisor:

David Lambo, [Signed]

HD Gender Advisor, Alice Nderitu, [Signed]

HD Senior Consultant, Dr. Phil Ostien, [Signed]

HD Local Advisor, Prof. John Dung-Gwom, [Signed]

HD Local Advisor, Khadijah Hawaja, [Signed]

HD Local Advisor, Baba Bala Muhammad, [Signed]

HD Local Advisor, Yakuba Sankey, [Signed]