Accord de cessez-le-feu

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Country/entity: Mali
Azawad
Region: Africa (excl MENA)
Agreement name: Accord de cessez-le-feu
Date: 23 May 2014
Agreement status: Multiparty signed/agreed
Interim arrangement: Yes
Agreement/conflict level: Intrastate/intrastate conflict
Tuareg Wars (1962 - )
Mali-Azawad
The nomadic Tuareg in the north of Mali maintained a long-standing revolt against a government traditionally dominated by southern politicians shortly after Mali became independent from France in 1960. The uprisings focused in and around the Azawad region, north of Timbuktu. After several outbreaks of violence during the 1980s, violence peaked with the 1990 outbreak of the Tuareg Rebellion. Following an initial defeat by the Malian Armed Forces, reparations by the government of Alpha Konare included the creation of the self-governing Kidal region. Violence in 1994 died down following peace between moderates on both sides in 1995 and a negotiated peace agreement. Violence continued due to a lack of integration by combatants, but it was not until 2011 that the situation again escalated in the aftermath of the Arab Spring and the disintegration of Libya, which resulted in a heavy inflow of small arms, and the increased involvement by Algeria. In January 2012, the National Movement for the Liberation of Azawad (MNLA) together with several other groups took full control of the region. Disputes on how to handle the situation led to a military coup against President Touré in March 2012 that, in turn, resulted in further turmoil. The MNLA declared the independence of Azawad, but soon lost control of most of the territory to radical Islamist militias including Ansar Dine. A French intervention in January 2013 paved the way for a UN mission, which was established in April of that year. In June 2015 multiple declarations culminated in a final agreement between several Azawad-affiliated groups, including MNLA, and the government of Mali to end hostilities. However, inadequate implementation of the agreement results in continual armed confrontations between pro-government militias, Azawad-affiliated groups, dissidents of Azawad-affiliated groups, ethnically oriented groups, and increasingly since 2017, radical Islamist militias.

Niger-Aïr-Azawad
In 1990 the nomadic Tuareg in northern Niger explicitly sought greater political autonomy following decades of grievances on local political exclusion. With the first armed group Aïr and Azawad Liberation Front (FLAA) to be established in 1991, fighting between 1990 to 1995 took place largely in the Air Mountains. A short-lived truce was agreed in 1994 between the Niger Government and the Tuareg umbrella organisation Coordination of Armed Resistance (CRA), later called Organisation of Armed Resistance (ORA). Another accord was signed in April 1995 in Ouagadougou with various other Tuareg groups and some Toubou, the last signing in 1998. After ten years of relative peace, Movement of Nigeriens for Justice (MNJ) reinvigorated conflicts in 2007 following little follow up by the Nigeriene government on the signed peace agreements.
Stage: Ceasefire/related
Conflict nature: Government/territory
Peace process: Mali-Azawad Inter-Azawad peace process
Parties: (Signed)
For the Government of the Republic of Mali

(Signed)
For the Azawad National Liberation Movement
Mohamed Najim

(Signed)
High Authority for the Unity of Azawad
Cheick Ag Awsa

(Signed)
Arab movement of Azawad
Ibrahim Ould Hamda
Third parties: -
Description: -

Agreement document: ML_140523_Accord_cessez_ le_ feu_EN.pdf (opens in new tab) | Download PDF
Agreement document (original language): ML_140523_Accord_cessez_le_feu__FR.pdf (opens in new tab)| Download PDF

Groups

Children/youth: No specific mention.
Disabled persons: No specific mention.
Elderly/age: No specific mention.
Migrant workers: No specific mention.
Racial/ethnic/national group: No specific mention.
Religious groups: No specific mention.
Indigenous people: No specific mention.
Other groups: No specific mention.
Refugees/displaced persons: No specific mention.
Social class: No specific mention.

Gender

Women, girls and gender: No specific mention.
Men and boys: No specific mention.
LGBTI: No specific mention.
Family: No specific mention.

State definition

Nature of state (general): No specific mention.
State configuration: No specific mention.
Self determination: No specific mention.
Referendum: No specific mention.
State symbols: No specific mention.
Independence/secession: No specific mention.
Accession/unification: No specific mention.
Border delimitation: No specific mention.
Cross-border provision: No specific mention.

Governance

Political institutions (new or reformed): No specific mention.
Elections: No specific mention.
Electoral commission: No specific mention.
Political parties reform: No specific mention.
Civil society: Page 1, 2. THE CEASEFIRE:
[...]
• The parties agree to facilitate the humanitarian operations of the United Nations and other humanitarian partners and to respect the principles of humanitarian law in force;
[...]
Traditional/religious leaders: No specific mention.
Public administration: No specific mention.
Constitution: No specific mention.

Power sharing

Political power sharing: No specific mention.
Territorial power sharing: No specific mention.
Economic power sharing: No specific mention.
Military power sharing: No specific mention.

Human rights and equality

Human rights/RoL general: Page 1, 2. THE CEASEFIRE:
[...]
• The parties agree to facilitate the humanitarian operations of the United Nations and other humanitarian partners and to respect the principles of humanitarian law in force;
[...]
Bill of rights/similar: No specific mention.
Treaty incorporation: No specific mention.
Civil and political rights: No specific mention.
Socio-economic rights: No specific mention.

Rights related issues

Citizenship: No specific mention.
Democracy: No specific mention.
Detention procedures: No specific mention.
Media and communication: No specific mention.
Mobility/access: Page 1, 2. THE CEASEFIRE:
[...]
• The parties agree to facilitate the humanitarian operations of the United Nations and other humanitarian partners and to respect the principles of humanitarian law in force;
[...]
Protection measures: No specific mention.
Other: No specific mention.

Rights institutions

NHRI: No specific mention.
Regional or international human rights institutions: No specific mention.

Justice sector reform

Criminal justice and emergency law: No specific mention.
State of emergency provisions: No specific mention.
Judiciary and courts: No specific mention.
Prisons and detention: No specific mention.
Traditional Laws: No specific mention.

Socio-economic reconstruction

Development or socio-economic reconstruction: No specific mention.
National economic plan: No specific mention.
Natural resources: No specific mention.
International funds: No specific mention.
Business: No specific mention.
Taxation: No specific mention.
Banks: No specific mention.

Land, property and environment

Land reform/rights: No specific mention.
Pastoralist/nomadism rights: No specific mention.
Cultural heritage: No specific mention.
Environment: No specific mention.
Water or riparian rights or access: No specific mention.

Security sector

Security Guarantees: No specific mention.
Ceasefire: Security sector→Ceasefire→Ceasefire provision
[Summary: The whole agreement provides for a ceasefire and its modalities, the starting date is upon signature of the agreement - 23 May 2014, it is not indicated whether it is permanent or temporary]
Police: No specific mention.
Armed forces: No specific mention.
DDR: No specific mention.
Intelligence services: No specific mention.
Parastatal/rebel and opposition group forces: No specific mention.
Withdrawal of foreign forces: No specific mention.
Corruption: No specific mention.
Crime/organised crime: No specific mention.
Drugs: No specific mention.
Terrorism: No specific mention.

Transitional justice

Transitional justice general: No specific mention.
Amnesty/pardon: No specific mention.
Courts: No specific mention.
Mechanism: Page 1, 2. THE CEASEFIRE:
[...]
• In accordance with the preliminary Agreement, the parties agree to set up an International Commission of Inquiry into the events which have taken place, beginning with Kidal.
Prisoner release: Page 1, 2. THE CEASEFIRE:
[...]
• The parties agree to release all prisoners as soon as possible;
[...]
Vetting: No specific mention.
Victims: No specific mention.
Missing persons: No specific mention.
Reparations: No specific mention.
Reconciliation: No specific mention.

Implementation

UN signatory: Original document:
Page 2, Accord signé sous la supervision de:
[...]
Représentant Spécial du Secrétaire général des Nations Unies
Other international signatory: Original document:
Page 2, Accord signé sous la supervision de:
Son Excellence Président de la République Islamique de Mauritanie (Président en excercise de l'Union Africaine)
[...]
Referendum for agreement: No specific mention.
International mission/force/similar: No specific mention.
Enforcement mechanism: No specific mention.
Related cases: No specific mention.
Source: UN Peacemaker:

http://peacemaker.un.org/

Bamako, May 23, 2014

CEASEFIRE AGREEMENT

1. THE PARTIES:

A ceasefire agreement has been reached between the entities hereinafter referred to as the parties.

They are:

The Government of the Republic of Mali, on one hand;

The Azawad National Liberation Movement, the High Authority for the Unity of Azawad (le Haut Conseil pour l’Unité de l’Azawad, HCUA) and the Arab movement of Azawad (Mouvement Arabe de l’Azawad, MAA), on the other.

2. THE CEASEFIRE

The parties agree to cease hostilities throughout the national territory, upon signature of the Agreement by all parties;

The parties agree to return to the preliminary agreement of Ouagadougou and to immediately restart negotiations with the support of the United Nations and their regional and international partners;

The parties agree to release all prisoners as soon as possible;

The parties agree to facilitate the humanitarian operations of the United Nations and other humanitarian partners and to respect the principles of humanitarian law in force;

In accordance with the preliminary Agreement, the parties agree to set up an International Commission of Inquiry into the events which have taken place, beginning with Kidal.

Signatures