Central Regions State Formation Agreement (Mudug and Galgadug)

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Country/entity: Somalia
Region: Africa (excl MENA)
Agreement name: Central Regions State Formation Agreement (Mudug and Galgadug)
Date: 30 Jul 2014
Agreement status: Multiparty signed/agreed
Interim arrangement: Yes
Agreement/conflict level: Intrastate/local conflict
Somali Civil War (1991 - )
Originally spurred by centre-peripheral tensions, fighting broke out in 1981 between the regime of President Said Barre and the Somali National Movement, a militia primarily consisting of members from the northern Ishaq clan. Fighting intensified in the late 1980s as more clan-based militias arose. President Barre’s regime collapsed in late 1991 and as a result the UN intervened. However persistent attacks on the UN’s forces forced a withdrawal in 1994. From the mid- to late 1990s, the character of the conflict shifted as warlords fought for access to rents. Also during this period, two different peace agreements arose; the Sodere Declaration, which was mediated by Ethiopia and supported by IGAD, and the Cairo Accord, which was brokered by Egypt. Fighting, already noticeably lessened compared to the early 1990s, decreased and the more amicable environment paved the way for the Transitional Government to be formed in 2000 (replaced in 2004 by the Transitional Federal Government).

Nonetheless, opposition to the TFG arose in the form of the Islamic Courts Union (ICU), which by early 2006 had taken control of most of southern Somalia until they were ousted by an armed intervention by Ethiopia in December 2006. As a result, the ICU splintered. Hard-line ICU members formed the Takfiri organization, Harakat al-Shabaab al-Mujahideen, and launched a guerrilla campaign against the TFG. Another faction of the ICU fled to Djibouti and formed the Alliance for the Re-liberation of Somalia, which was absorbed into the ruling TFG after successful negotiations in 2007.

To deal with the new round of fighting, the UN-mandated AMISOM force was deployed in 2007. Since then, insecurity has fluctuated between the urban and rural areas as the al-Shabaab's territorial gains waver. Local militia leaders maintain de facto governance over communities. From 2009 to 2012, insecurity spilled over into the Gulf of Aden and the Indian Ocean when Somali pirates seized, looted and ransomed ships. In 2014, 'Operation Indian Ocean' was launched and in parallel with infighting among al-Shabaab, the organisation's position in Somalia has diminished slightly. However, as evidenced by large-scale attacks by al-Shabaab in northern Kenya throughout 2013-2015, the lack of security continues to destabilize the region. Al-Shabaab continues to launch surprise attacks with the aim of forcing out foreign military presence in Somalia. Targets include both military forces and civilians. The devastating attack in October 2017 in Mogadishu saw 587 fatalities and resulted in a renewed military offensive by the Somali government and African Union allies. Since 2017, the U.S. has increased its air strikes targeting al-Shabaab militants, and in December 2018 they announced to re-establish a permanent diplomatic mission in the country. Al-Shabaab has been characterized as a spoiler in the Somali peace process and have therefore been placed outside of any negotiations.
Stage: Framework/substantive - partial
Conflict nature: Government/territory
Peace process: Somalia Peace Process
Parties: Galmudug State, Abdi Hassan Awale Qeybdid; Ahlu Sunna wal Jamaa Administration, Sheikh Ibrahim Sheikh Gureye; Himan and Heeb Administration, Abdullahi Mohamed Ali (Barleh); FGS, Mustafa Shiekh Ali Dhuhulow, Duale Adam Mohamed, Ahmed Ali Salad (Tako), Mahad Mohamed Salad.
Guarator: Abdullahi Godah Barre
Third parties: Witnesses
EU Special Envoy for Somalia, Amb. Michele Cervone; IGAD Special Envoy for Somalia, Amb. Muhammed Affey; UNISOM Special Representative to Secretary-General, Amb. Nicholas Kay; African Union, The Acting Special Representative and Deputy Special Representative of the Chairperson of African Union Commission, Hon. Lydia Wanyoto Mutende.
Description: Agreement sets forth principles for forming a new regional administration in the central part of Somalia.

Agreement document: SO_140730_CentralRegionFormation.pdf (opens in new tab) | Download PDF

Groups

Children/youth: No specific mention.
Disabled persons: No specific mention.
Elderly/age: No specific mention.
Migrant workers: No specific mention.
Racial/ethnic/national group: Groups→Racial/ethnic/national group→Substantive
Page 2, 3. They agreed, 2. To include all the Somali clans that live together in Mudug and Galgadud Regions in the formation of the administration.
3. To appoint a 25-member technical committee representing all the clans that live in those regions. The technical committee will be appointed within ten days of signing this agreement.
4. The administration that will be formed, while representing all the clans that reside in those two regions, will work in unity to fight against insurgents and ensure peace and harmony in those regions.
... 6. To hold a conference, where all the clans from the regions of Mudug and Galgadud are represented, to create a regional administration for the two provinces.
Religious groups: No specific mention.
Indigenous people: No specific mention.
Other groups: No specific mention.
Refugees/displaced persons: No specific mention.
Social class: No specific mention.

Gender

Women, girls and gender: No specific mention.
Men and boys: No specific mention.
LGBTI: No specific mention.
Family: No specific mention.

State definition

Nature of state (general): Page 2, 2. The above mentioned parties: Respecting fully, the unity, sovereignty and territorial integrity of the Federal Government of Somalia.
State configuration: No specific mention.
Self determination: No specific mention.
Referendum: No specific mention.
State symbols: No specific mention.
Independence/secession: No specific mention.
Accession/unification: No specific mention.
Border delimitation: No specific mention.
Cross-border provision: No specific mention.

Governance

Political institutions (new or reformed): Governance→Political institutions (new or reformed)→General references
Page 1, 1. Forward: The intention of the FGS in issuing these invitations was to create an opportunity for the residents of Galgadud and Mudug regions to unite and form an inclusive regional administration.

Page 2, 3. They agreed;
3. To appoint a 25-member technical committee representing all the clans that live in those regions. The technical committee will be appointed within ten days of signing this agreement.

Page 2, 3. They agreed, 2. To include all the Somali clans that live together in Mudug and Galgadud Regions in the formation of the administration.
3. To appoint a 25-member technical committee representing all the clans that live in those regions. The technical committee will be appointed within ten days of signing this agreement.
4. The administration that will be formed, while representing all the clans that reside in those two regions, will work in unity to fight against insurgents and ensure peace and harmony in those regions.
... 6. To hold a conference, where all the clans from the regions of Mudug and Galgadud are represented, to create a regional administration for the two provinces.
Elections: No specific mention.
Electoral commission: No specific mention.
Political parties reform: No specific mention.
Civil society: No specific mention.
Traditional/religious leaders: No specific mention.
Public administration: Page 2, 3. they agreed: 1. To form an administration for Mudug and Galgadud Regions.
Constitution: No specific mention.

Power sharing

Political power sharing: Power sharing→Political power sharing→Executive coalition
Sub-state level
Page 2, 3. They agreed,

2. To include all the Somali clans that live together in Mudug and Galgadud Regions in the formation of the administration.
3. To appoint a 25-member technical committee representing all the clans that live in those regions. The technical committee will be appointed within ten days of signing this agreement.
...4. The administration that will be formed, while representing all the clans that reside in those two regions, will work in unity to fight against insurgents and ensure peace and harmony in those regions.

[...]
11. Galmudug State Administration, Ahlu Sunna wal Jamaa Administration, Himan & Heeb Administration, and 4 Cabinet members originating from those regions will jointly sign this agreement.
By their signatures, all signatories acknowledge their support for the formation of an inclusive regional administration for the regions of Galgadug and Mudug.
Territorial power sharing: Power sharing→Territorial power sharing→Federal or similar sub-divided government
Page 1, 1. Forward: The intention of the FGS in issuing these invitations was to create an opportunity for the residents of Galgadud and Mudug regions to unite and form an inclusive regional administration.

Page 2, 3. They agreed: 6. To hold a conference, where all the clans from the regions of Mudug and Galgadud are represented, to create a regional administration for the two provinces.
Economic power sharing: No specific mention.
Military power sharing: No specific mention.

Human rights and equality

Human rights/RoL general: No specific mention.
Bill of rights/similar: No specific mention.
Treaty incorporation: No specific mention.
Civil and political rights: No specific mention.
Socio-economic rights: No specific mention.

Rights related issues

Citizenship: No specific mention.
Democracy: No specific mention.
Detention procedures: No specific mention.
Media and communication: No specific mention.
Mobility/access: No specific mention.
Protection measures: No specific mention.
Other: No specific mention.

Rights institutions

NHRI: No specific mention.
Regional or international human rights institutions: No specific mention.

Justice sector reform

Criminal justice and emergency law: No specific mention.
State of emergency provisions: No specific mention.
Judiciary and courts: No specific mention.
Prisons and detention: No specific mention.
Traditional Laws: No specific mention.

Socio-economic reconstruction

Development or socio-economic reconstruction: No specific mention.
National economic plan: No specific mention.
Natural resources: No specific mention.
International funds: No specific mention.
Business: No specific mention.
Taxation: No specific mention.
Banks: No specific mention.

Land, property and environment

Land reform/rights: No specific mention.
Pastoralist/nomadism rights: No specific mention.
Cultural heritage: No specific mention.
Environment: No specific mention.
Water or riparian rights or access: No specific mention.

Security sector

Security Guarantees: Page 2, 3. They agreed,
4. The administration that will be formed, while representing all the clans that reside in those two regions, will work in unity to fight against insurgents and ensure peace and harmony in those regions.
Ceasefire: No specific mention.
Police: No specific mention.
Armed forces: No specific mention.
DDR: No specific mention.
Intelligence services: No specific mention.
Parastatal/rebel and opposition group forces: Page 3, 3. They agreed,
...
4. The administration that will be formed, while representing all the clans that reside in those two regions, will work in unity to fight against insurgents and ensure peace and harmony in those regions.
...
9. Anyone who sabotages the implementation of this process will be recognized as a rebel and will be dealt with accordingly.
Withdrawal of foreign forces: No specific mention.
Corruption: No specific mention.
Crime/organised crime: No specific mention.
Drugs: No specific mention.
Terrorism: No specific mention.

Transitional justice

Transitional justice general: No specific mention.
Amnesty/pardon: No specific mention.
Courts: No specific mention.
Mechanism: No specific mention.
Prisoner release: No specific mention.
Vetting: No specific mention.
Victims: No specific mention.
Missing persons: No specific mention.
Reparations: No specific mention.
Reconciliation: Page 2, 2. The Above Mentioned Parties: (point 2) Affirming, the importance of promoting all inclusive reconciliation, which leads to law and order, provision of essential services and strengthening of governance at district, state and federal levels.

Page 2, 3. They agreed,
4. The administration that will be formed, while representing all the clans that reside in those two regions, will work in unity to fight against insurgents and ensure peace and harmony in those regions.

Implementation

UN signatory: Special Representative to Secretary General, UN Office for Somalia (UNSOM) signed as witness.
Other international signatory: European Union Special Envoy for Somalia, Intergovernmental Authority on Development Special Envoy for Somalia, and Acting Special Representative/Deputy Special Representative of the Chairperson of the African Union signed as witnesses.
Referendum for agreement: No specific mention.
International mission/force/similar: No specific mention.
Enforcement mechanism: Page 2, 3. They agreed: 7. FGS is responsible for ensuring the implementation and success of this agreement.
... 9. Anyone who sabotages the implementation of this process will be recognized as a rebel and will be dealt with accordingly.
Related cases: No specific mention.
Source: UN Peacemaker - http://peacemaker.un.org/; http://peacemaker.un.org/sites/peacemaker.un.org/files/SO_140730_CentralRegionFormation.pdf

CENTRAL REGIONS STATE FORMATION AGREEMENT (MUDUG AND GALGADUG)

The beginning of July, the Federal Government of Somalia (FGS) invited to Mogadishu delegations from the Regional State of Galmudug, the Administration of Himan & Heeb and the Administration of Ahlu Sunna wal Jamaa.

The intention of the FGS in issuing these invitations was to create an opportunity for the residents of Galgadud and Mudug regions to unite and form an inclusive regional administration.

The government appointed a committee of FGS Cabinet members to lead the formation of this administration.

The members were:

I. Abdullahi Godah Barre,

Minister of Interior Affairs and Federalism.

2. Musfafa Sheikh All Dhuhulow, Minister of Information.

3. Duale Adam Mohamed,

Minister of Culture & Higher Education.

4, Mahad Mohamed Salad,

Deputy Minister of Foreign Affairs & Investment Promotion.

5. Ahrned Ali Salad,

Deputy Minister of Posts & Telecommunication.

The Federal Government began meeting with the above-mentioned parties and the regional ctans on July 2nd, 2014, The government held repeated consultative meetings with each side, and finally all parties agreed on the fundamental principles that will be employed to form an administration for Gafgadud and Mudug Regions,

2. The above menfioned

Recognizing, the need for a clear politica!

strategy to realize the establishment of legitimate governance structures based on the aspiration of the people and in accordance with the Provisional Constitution of the Federal Government of Somalia, which is clearly the people's desire.

• Affirming, the importance of promoting aft inclusive reconciliation, which leads to law and order, provision of essential services and strengthening of governance at district, state and federal levels.

• Respecting fully, the unity, sovereignty and territorial integrity of the Federal Government of Somalia.

• Recognizing the necessary role of FGS in coordinating the process of forming an administration for Mudug and Galgadud Regions.

1. To form an administration for Mudug and Galgadud Regions.

2. To include ait the Somali clans that live together in Mudug and Galgadud Regions in the formation of the administration.

3. To appoint a 25-member technical committee representing all the clans that live in those regions.

The technical committee will be appointed within ten days of signing this agreement.

4. The administration that will be formed, while representing all the clans that reside in those two regions, will work in unity to fight against insurgents and ensure peace and harmony in those regions.

5. The process to create the administration will be completed within 60 days, and wiit be guided and facilitated by FGS.

6. To hold a conference, whereatl the clans from the regions of Mudug and Galgadud are represented, to create a regional administration for the two provinces.

7. FGS is responsible for ensuring the implementation and success of this agreement.

8. FGS will prepare the roles and responsibilities of the technical committee.

9. Anyone who sabotages the implementation of this process will be recognized as a rebel and will be dealt with accordingly.

10. This agreement is effective from the day it is signed,

11. Galmudug State Administration, Ahlu Sunna wal Jamaa Administration, Himan & Heeb Administration, and 4 Cabinet members originating from those regions will jointly sign this agreement.

By their signatures, all signatories acknowledge their support for the formation of an inclusive regional administration for the regions of Gatgadud and Mudug.

4. Names of Signatories:

Abdi Hassan Awale Qeybdid

Sheikh Ibrahim Sheikh Hassan Gureye

Galmudug [...]

Ahlu Sunna wal Jamaÿ Administration

Hfman & Heeb Admlnisfration

FGS

FGSZ

Abdulfahi Mohamed All (Barleh)

Mustafa Sheikh AJi Dhuhuiow

Duale Adam Mohamed

Ahmed All Salad (Tako) Mahad Mohamed Salad

Special Envoy for Somalia Ambassador Michele Cervone

European Union

Guarantor Federal Government of Somalia Abdutlahi Godah Barre

Witnesses

Special Envoy for Somalia Ambassador Muhammed Affey

Ambassador Nicholas Kay

Special Representative to Secretary General

Honorable Lydia Wanyofo Mutende

The Acting Special Representative and Deputy Special Representative of the Chairperson of African Union Commission

30 July, 2014

United Nations Office for Somalia (UNSOM)