Agreement between the Government and the Mongla Armed Group

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Country/entity: Myanmar
Region: Asia and Pacific
Agreement name: Agreement between the Government and the Mongla Armed Group
Date: 29 Dec 2011
Agreement status: Multiparty signed/agreed
Interim arrangement: Yes
Agreement/conflict level: Intrastate/intrastate conflict
Myanmar Conflict (1948 - )
Internal conflict, mostly along ethno-political fault lines, has been a constant feature of Myanmar since its independence in 1948. The conflict has two distinct dynamics. First a struggle between an authoritarian government and a pro-democracy opposition which has the characteristics of authoritarian conflicts; and second a stuggle between the government and ethnic armed groups which has the characteristics of an identity conflict. The two oldest and strongest militias fighting the government are the Karen National Union (KNU), which has remained active since the late 1940s, and the Kachin Independence Organisation, which was formed in the early 1960s. In total, here are more than a dozen mostly ethnic-based guerrilla groups active throughout the country. Especially in the period of junta dictatorship that lasted until 2011 the government attempted to crush the rebellions, which led to numerous human rights violations. With the start of democratic reforms in the aftermath of the 2010 elections, peace negotiations have taken place and resulted in the signing of various agreements, although conflicts remain active.
Stage: Pre-negotiation/process
Conflict nature: Government/territory
Peace process: Myanmar ceasefires process with ethnic armed groups
Parties: 1. Government of Myanmar
2. Mongla Armed Group
Third parties: -
Description: Agreement to continue implementing previously signed agreements, to continue negotiations, and to cooperate in specific areas.

Agreement document: MM_111230_Agreement between the Government and Mongla Armed Group.pdf (opens in new tab) | Download PDF

Groups

Children/youth: Groups→Children/youth→Rhetorical
Page 1, (3) The Union government agrees to help increase the opportunities for youths of national races in Special Region (4) to pursue education with the mindset to develop their insights, to equip them with vocational education and to realize human resources development.
Disabled persons: No specific mention.
Elderly/age: No specific mention.
Migrant workers: No specific mention.
Racial/ethnic/national group: Groups→Racial/ethnic/national group→Rhetorical
Page 1, (3) The Union government agrees to help increase the opportunities for youths of national races in Special Region (4) to pursue education with the mindset to develop their insights, to equip them with vocational education and to realize human resources development.

Page 1, (4) The Union government agrees to adopt long-term plans for cooperation of local people in treatment, prevention and education processes of health care to national people in Special Region (4), acquiring health knowledge.
Religious groups: No specific mention.
Indigenous people: No specific mention.
Other groups: No specific mention.
Refugees/displaced persons: No specific mention.
Social class: No specific mention.

Gender

Women, girls and gender: No specific mention.
Men and boys: No specific mention.
LGBTI: No specific mention.
Family: No specific mention.

State definition

Nature of state (general): Page 1, (6) Special Region (4) is an important part of the Republic of the Union of Myanmar. Special Region (4) agrees to continue to hold talk to cooperate with defense forces of the State for security and defense of the State as well as it agrees not to disintegrate the State and secede from the State at all and to devote all the capacities of Special Region (4) to perpetuation of the sovereignty of the State.
State configuration: No specific mention.
Self determination: No specific mention.
Referendum: No specific mention.
State symbols: No specific mention.
Independence/secession: No specific mention.
Accession/unification: No specific mention.
Border delimitation: No specific mention.
Cross-border provision: No specific mention.

Governance

Political institutions (new or reformed): No specific mention.
Elections: No specific mention.
Electoral commission: No specific mention.
Political parties reform: No specific mention.
Civil society: No specific mention.
Traditional/religious leaders: No specific mention.
Public administration: No specific mention.
Constitution: No specific mention.

Power sharing

Political power sharing: Power sharing→Political power sharing→General
Sub-state level
Summary: Modest local power sharing is to be considered, see below.
Power sharing→Political power sharing→Proportionality in legislature
Sub-state level
Page 1, (5) It is agreed to continue negotiating matters related to enable representatives of people in townships of Special Region (4) take seats in each Hluttaw of the Republic of the Union of Myanmar to represent desires of the people in Special Region (4).
Territorial power sharing: Power sharing→Territorial power sharing→Autonomous regions
Page 1, (6) Special Region (4) is an important part of the Republic of the Union of Myanmar. Special Region (4) agrees to continue to hold talk to cooperate with defense forces of the State for security and defense of the State as well as it agrees not to disintegrate the State and secede from the State at all and to devote all the capacities of Special Region (4) to perpetuation of the sovereignty of the State.
Economic power sharing: No specific mention.
Military power sharing: No specific mention.

Human rights and equality

Human rights/RoL general: No specific mention.
Bill of rights/similar: No specific mention.
Treaty incorporation: No specific mention.
Civil and political rights: No specific mention.
Socio-economic rights: No specific mention.

Rights related issues

Citizenship: No specific mention.
Democracy: No specific mention.
Detention procedures: No specific mention.
Media and communication: No specific mention.
Mobility/access: No specific mention.
Protection measures: No specific mention.
Other: No specific mention.

Rights institutions

NHRI: No specific mention.
Regional or international human rights institutions: No specific mention.

Justice sector reform

Criminal justice and emergency law: No specific mention.
State of emergency provisions: No specific mention.
Judiciary and courts: No specific mention.
Prisons and detention: No specific mention.
Traditional Laws: No specific mention.

Socio-economic reconstruction

Development or socio-economic reconstruction: Socio-economic reconstruction→Development or socio-economic reconstruction→Socio-economic development
Page 1, (2) It is agreed to adopt short-term or long-term socio-economic development plans in light of bilateral consultations to enable the Union government to participate in tasks for improvement of living standard of the national people in Special Region (4) and for regional economic development.

Page 1, (3) The Union government agrees to help increase the opportunities for youths of national races in Special Region (4) to pursue education with the mindset to develop their insights, to equip them with vocational education and to realize human resources development.

Page 1, (4) The Union government agrees to adopt long-term plans for cooperation of local people in treatment, prevention and education processes of health care to national people in Special Region (4), acquiring health knowledge.
National economic plan: No specific mention.
Natural resources: No specific mention.
International funds: No specific mention.
Business: No specific mention.
Taxation: No specific mention.
Banks: No specific mention.

Land, property and environment

Land reform/rights: No specific mention.
Pastoralist/nomadism rights: No specific mention.
Cultural heritage: No specific mention.
Environment: No specific mention.
Water or riparian rights or access: No specific mention.

Security sector

Security Guarantees: Page 1, (6) Special Region (4) is an important part of the Republic of the Union of Myanmar. Special Region (4) agrees to continue to hold talk to cooperate with defense forces of the State for security and defense of the State as well as it agrees not to disintegrate the State and secede from the State at all and to devote all the capacities of Special Region (4) to perpetuation of the sovereignty of the State.
Ceasefire: No specific mention.
Police: No specific mention.
Armed forces: No specific mention.
DDR: No specific mention.
Intelligence services: No specific mention.
Parastatal/rebel and opposition group forces: Page 1, (6) Special Region (4) is an important part of the Republic of the Union of Myanmar. Special Region (4) agrees to continue to hold talk to cooperate with defense forces of the State for security and defense of the State as well as it agrees not to disintegrate the State and secede from the State at all and to devote all the capacities of Special Region (4) to perpetuation of the sovereignty of the State.
Withdrawal of foreign forces: No specific mention.
Corruption: No specific mention.
Crime/organised crime: No specific mention.
Drugs: No specific mention.
Terrorism: No specific mention.

Transitional justice

Transitional justice general: No specific mention.
Amnesty/pardon: No specific mention.
Courts: No specific mention.
Mechanism: No specific mention.
Prisoner release: No specific mention.
Vetting: No specific mention.
Victims: No specific mention.
Missing persons: No specific mention.
Reparations: No specific mention.
Reconciliation: No specific mention.

Implementation

UN signatory: No specific mention.
Other international signatory: No specific mention.
Referendum for agreement: No specific mention.
International mission/force/similar: No specific mention.
Enforcement mechanism: No specific mention.
Related cases: No specific mention.
Source: UN Peacemaker; http://peacemaker.un.org/ ; http://peacemaker.un.org/sites/peacemaker.un.org/files/MM_111230_Agreement%20between%20the%20Government%20and%20Mongla%20Armed%20Group.pdf

original source: The New Light of Myanmar, 30 December 2011, Volume XIX, Number 253, p.16 and p.9.

Agreement between the Government and the Mongla Armed Group (Special Region 4 - Northern Shan State)

(1) Both sides have reached agreement to continue implementing agreements signed in Kengtung on 9 October, 2011.

(2) It is agreed to adopt short-term or long-term socio-economic development plans in light of bilateral consultations to enable the Union government to participate in tasks for improvement of living standard of the national people in Special Region (4) and for regional economic development.

(3) The Union government agrees to help increase the opportunities for youths of national races in Special Region (4) to pursue education with the mindset to develop their insights, to equip them with vocational education and to realize human resources development.

(4) The Union government agrees to adopt long-term plans for cooperation of local people in treatment, prevention and education processes of health care to national people in Special Region (4), acquiring health knowledge.

(5) It is agreed to continue negotiating matters related to enable representatives of people in townships of Special Region (4) take seats in each Hluttaw of the Republic of the Union of Myanmar to represent desires of the people in Special Region (4).

(6) Special Region (4) is an important part of the Republic of the Union of Myanmar.

Special Region (4) agrees to continue to hold talk to cooperate with defense forces of the State for security and defense of the State as well as it agrees not to disintegrate the State and secede from the State at all and to devote all the capacities of Special Region (4) to perpetuation of the sovereignty of the State.