Accord de paix entre le gouvernement du Tchad and les mouvements ci-après: UFDD, RFC, CNT, UFDDF (Accord de Syrte)

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Country/entity: Chad
Region: Africa (excl MENA)
Agreement name: Accord de paix entre le gouvernement du Tchad and les mouvements ci-après: UFDD, RFC, CNT, UFDDF (Accord de Syrte)
Date: 25 Oct 2007
Agreement status: Multiparty signed/agreed
Interim arrangement: Yes
Agreement/conflict level: Intrastate/intrastate conflict
Chadian Conflicts (1966 - )
The political history of Chad has been defined by ethno-religious conflict following independence from France in 1960, particularly between the Islamic north and the Christian and animist south. Although prevalent during the colonial era, this became particularly apparent under Tombalbaye during his 15-year rule (1960-1975), which saw mass discrimination against the Muslim northern and central regions. In 1966, the Islamist National Liberation Front on Chad (FROLINAT) was formed, but the movement was defined by factionalism and in-fighting, often encouraged by Libyan government policies, until the civil war ended in 1993. In 1975 Tombalbaye was killed during a coup, and the country reverted to military rule. Constant pressure from the various FROLINAT factions, however, caused then-ruler General Felix Malloum to align himself with Hissene Habre, a rebel leader formerly-aligned with FROLINAT, but then-commander of the Forces Armées du Nord (FAN). In 1978, Libyan troops also occupied the Aouzou Strip (See Libyan-Chadian Conflict). Meanwhile, Habre’s FROLINAT competitor, Goukouni Oueddei, gathered the majority of the northern insurgent factions, and the ensuing civil war between 11 factions eroded the capabilities of the state. In 1979, the Lagos Accords created a unity government (GUNT) that briefly convened the factions, but infighting between Habre and Goukouni’s forces broke out soon after.

Habre finally gained control of N’Djamena in 1982, but faced continuing insurgent pressure from GUNT. This changed in the mid-1980s when all forces in Chad aligned themselves against the Libyan occupation and expelled them from Chad. Infighting in Habre’s regime, meanwhile, saw the defection of General Idriss Deby to Sudan, where he launched a Zaghawa campaign against the President and took the capital in December 1990 with Libyan-backing. Deby was announced President in early 1991, and to ease fighting he announced elections, which he won, in 1996. A number of short-lived peace deals were signed with several rebel factions in 1997, but fighting continued. In 2003, an influx of over 200,000 refugees from Darfur complicated the matter further, and in 2005 Chad declared war on Sudan, which was backing the Chadian rebel group, Rally for Democracy and Liberty. A series of battles ensued across Chad culminating in the Battle of N’Djamena in 2008. The latest war ended in 2010 with a peace accord signed between Sudan and Chad.

In 2021, the FACT (Front pour l’Alternance et la Concorde au Tchad: Front for Change and Concord in Chad) attacked the Chadian military on the eve of presidential elections. President Idriss Déby was killed in the attack, and the army formed a Transitional Military Council (TMC).
Stage: Framework/substantive - partial
Conflict nature: Government
Peace process: Chad: Fourth War Process
Parties: - The Chadian government
- Union of Forces for Development and Democracy (Union des Forces pour le Développement et la Démocratie, UFDD)
- Rally of Forces for Change (Rassemblement des Forces pour le Changement, RFC)
- National Chadian Concord (Concorde Nationale Tchadienne, CNT)
- Union of Forces for Democracy and Basic Development (Union des Forces pour le la Démocratie et le Développement Fondamentale, UFDDF)

Signatories:
- For the Republic of Chad: Addam Younismi
- For the Union of Forces for Democracy and Development: Mahamat Nouri
- For the Rally of Forces for Change: Tidjani Erdimi
- For the National Chadian Concord: Hassan Saleh Al-Djinédi
- For the Union of Forces for Democracy and Basic Development: Abdelwahed Aboud
Third parties: Sudan, Libya and the Community of Cen-Sad States

- For the Great Socialist People’s Libyan Arab Jamahiriya: Mouammar Kadhafi,
- For the Republic of Sudan: Omar Hassan El-Bachir,
- For the Community of Cen-Sad States
Description: This short agreement signed in between the Chadian government and 4 armed movements provides for the respect for the constitution, an immediate ceasefire, a general amnesty, the participation of the signatory parties in the management of the state at all levels of the executive power, the transformation of the signatory parties into political parties if they so wish, the integration into the defence and security forces, the rehabilitation of militaries and functionaries, and the establishment of a consultation committee.

Agreement document: TD_071025_Accord de paix entre le gouv de Chad et les mouvements UFDD RFC CNT UFDPF_tr.pdf (opens in new tab) | Download PDF

Groups

Children/youth: No specific mention.
Disabled persons: No specific mention.
Elderly/age: No specific mention.
Migrant workers: No specific mention.
Racial/ethnic/national group: No specific mention.
Religious groups: No specific mention.
Indigenous people: No specific mention.
Other groups: No specific mention.
Refugees/displaced persons: No specific mention.
Social class: No specific mention.

Gender

Women, girls and gender: No specific mention.
Men and boys: No specific mention.
LGBTI: No specific mention.
Family: No specific mention.

State definition

Nature of state (general): No specific mention.
State configuration: No specific mention.
Self determination: No specific mention.
Referendum: No specific mention.
State symbols: No specific mention.
Independence/secession: No specific mention.
Accession/unification: No specific mention.
Border delimitation: No specific mention.
Cross-border provision: No specific mention.

Governance

Political institutions (new or reformed): No specific mention.
Elections: No specific mention.
Electoral commission: No specific mention.
Political parties reform: Governance→Political parties reform→Rebels transitioning to political parties
Page 2, Article (5):
The Movements signatory to the present agreement may if they so wish form one or several political parties in accordance with the provisions and texts which govern political life in the Republic of Chad.

Page 2, Article (9):
The establishment of a Consultative Committee between the Government of Chad and the Movements signatory to the present agreement to determine the participation of these Movements at all levels of executive power.

Page 3, Article (12):
A national Chadian meeting will take place in Tripoli (Libyan Arab Jamahirya) in the presence of representatives of the Chadian Government and the Movements signatory to the present agreement and all political parties and institutions of civil society, with a view to supporting this agreement under the auspices of the Guide of the Revolution, the President of the Republic of Chad and the President of the Republic of Sudan.
Civil society: Page 3, Article (12):
A national Chadian meeting will take place in Tripoli (Libyan Arab Jamahirya) in the presence of representatives of the Chadian Government and the Movements signatory to the present agreement and all political parties and institutions of civil society, with a view to supporting this agreement under the auspices of the Guide of the Revolution, the President of the Republic of Chad and the President of the Republic of Sudan.
Traditional/religious leaders: No specific mention.
Public administration: Page 2, Article (8):
The restoration of the rights of expelled soldiers and the return of civil servants to their former posts, or to other posts depending on their skills.
Constitution: Governance→Constitution→Constitution affirmation/renewal
Page 2, Article 1:
- Total respect for the Constitution of the Republic of Chad.

Power sharing

Political power sharing: Power sharing→Political power sharing→Executive coalition
State level
Page 2, Article (4):
The participation of the Movements signatory to the present agreement in the management of State business. They will be represented at all levels of executive power in line with the agreement concluded between the two parties.
Power sharing→Political power sharing→Other
State level
Page 2, Article (9):
The establishment of a Consultative Committee between the Government of Chad and the Movements signatory to the present agreement to determine the participation of these Movements at all levels of executive power.
Territorial power sharing: No specific mention.
Economic power sharing: No specific mention.
Military power sharing: Power sharing→Military power sharing→Merger of forces
Page 2, Article (6):
The integration of the Forces of the Movements signatory to the present agreement in the ranks of the Defence and Security Forces and paramilitary groups, in accordance with current statutes and regulations. This measure will be applied at the same time as the collection of arms.

Human rights and equality

Human rights/RoL general: Page 1, Untitled Preamble:
...
Determined to establish the Rule of Law, to develop economically and progress socially, and to ensure fundamental liberties and equality for its citizens;
Bill of rights/similar: No specific mention.
Treaty incorporation: No specific mention.
Civil and political rights: No specific mention.
Socio-economic rights: No specific mention.

Rights related issues

Citizenship: No specific mention.
Democracy: No specific mention.
Detention procedures: No specific mention.
Media and communication: No specific mention.
Mobility/access: No specific mention.
Protection measures: No specific mention.
Other: No specific mention.

Rights institutions

NHRI: No specific mention.
Regional or international human rights institutions: No specific mention.

Justice sector reform

Criminal justice and emergency law: No specific mention.
State of emergency provisions: No specific mention.
Judiciary and courts: No specific mention.
Prisons and detention: No specific mention.
Traditional Laws: No specific mention.

Socio-economic reconstruction

Development or socio-economic reconstruction: Socio-economic reconstruction→Development or socio-economic reconstruction→Socio-economic development
Page 1, Untitled Preamble:
...
Determined to establish the Rule of Law, to develop economically and progress socially, and to ensure fundamental liberties and equality for its citizens;
National economic plan: No specific mention.
Natural resources: No specific mention.
International funds: Page 2, Article (7):
The stationing of the Movements’ Forces in their current positions while waiting to integrate them in the Chadian army. Libyan Arab Jamahirya, Chad and Sudan will collaborate to ensure any necessary expenditure until their re-insertion in the Chadian Forces, or their demobilisation and disarmament during a period of three months from the date of signature of the agreement.
Business: No specific mention.
Taxation: No specific mention.
Banks: No specific mention.

Land, property and environment

Land reform/rights: No specific mention.
Pastoralist/nomadism rights: No specific mention.
Cultural heritage: No specific mention.
Environment: No specific mention.
Water or riparian rights or access: No specific mention.

Security sector

Security Guarantees: No specific mention.
Ceasefire: Security sector→Ceasefire→Ceasefire provision
Page 2, Article 2:
An immediate ceasefire from the date of signing this agreement.
Police: No specific mention.
Armed forces: Page 2, Article (6):
The integration of the Forces of the Movements signatory to the present agreement in the ranks of the Defence and Security Forces and paramilitary groups, in accordance with current statutes and regulations. This measure will be applied at the same time as the collection of arms.

Page 2, Article (7):
The stationing of the Movements’ Forces in their current positions while waiting to integrate them in the Chadian army. Libyan Arab Jamahirya, Chad and Sudan will collaborate to ensure any necessary expenditure until their re-insertion in the Chadian Forces, or their demobilisation and disarmament during a period of three months from the date of signature of the agreement.

Page 2, Article (8):
The restoration of the rights of expelled soldiers and the return of civil servants to their former posts, or to other posts depending on their skills.

Page 2, Article (9):
The establishment of a Consultative Committee between the Government of Chad and the Movements signatory to the present agreement to determine the participation of these Movements at all levels of executive power.
DDR: Security sector→DDR→DDR programmes
Page 2, Article (7):
The stationing of the Movements’ Forces in their current positions while waiting to integrate them in the Chadian army. Libyan Arab Jamahirya, Chad and Sudan will collaborate to ensure any necessary expenditure until their re-insertion in the Chadian Forces, or their demobilisation and disarmament during a period of three months from the date of signature of the agreement.
Intelligence services: No specific mention.
Parastatal/rebel and opposition group forces: Page 2, Article (6):
The integration of the Forces of the Movements signatory to the present agreement in the ranks of the Defence and Security Forces and paramilitary groups, in accordance with current statutes and regulations. This measure will be applied at the same time as the collection of arms.

Page 2, Article (7):
The stationing of the Movements’ Forces in their current positions while waiting to integrate them in the Chadian army. Libyan Arab Jamahirya, Chad and Sudan will collaborate to ensure any necessary expenditure until their re-insertion in the Chadian Forces, or their demobilisation and disarmament during a period of three months from the date of signature of the agreement.

Page 2, Article (8):
The restoration of the rights of expelled soldiers and the return of civil servants to their former posts, or to other posts depending on their skills.
Withdrawal of foreign forces: No specific mention.
Corruption: No specific mention.
Crime/organised crime: No specific mention.
Drugs: No specific mention.
Terrorism: No specific mention.

Transitional justice

Transitional justice general: No specific mention.
Amnesty/pardon: Transitional justice→Amnesty/pardon→Amnesty/pardon proper
Page 2, Article (3):
A General Amnesty for civil and military members of the Movements which are signatories to this agreement, and the liberation of the prisoners of the two parties
Courts: No specific mention.
Mechanism: No specific mention.
Prisoner release: Page 2, Article (3):
A General Amnesty for civil and military members of the Movements which are signatories to this agreement, and the liberation of the prisoners of the two parties
Vetting: No specific mention.
Victims: No specific mention.
Missing persons: No specific mention.
Reparations: No specific mention.
Reconciliation: No specific mention.

Implementation

UN signatory: No specific mention.
Other international signatory: No specific mention.
Referendum for agreement: No specific mention.
International mission/force/similar: No specific mention.
Enforcement mechanism: Page 3, Article (10):
The mediators are guarantors of the implementation of the present agreement.

Page 3, Article (11):
A Committee presided over by Libyan Arab Jamahiriya and made up of Sudan, representatives of the Government of Chad and the Movements signatory to the present agreement, shall be established under the auspices of Guide Mohammad Al Ghaddafi, to supervise and ensure the implementation of this agreement.
Related cases: No specific mention.
Source: http://www.peacemaker.un.org/

PEACE AGREEMENT BETWEEN THE GOVERNMENT OF THE REPUBLIC OF CHAD AND THE FOLLOWING MOVEMENTS:

- Union of Forces for Development and Democracy (Union des Forces pour le Développement et la Démocratie, UFDD)

- Rally of Forces for Change (Rassemblement des Forces pour le Changement, RFC)

- National Chadian Concord (Concorde Nationale Tchadienne, CNT)

- Union of Forces for Democracy and Basic Development (Union des Forces pour le la Démocratie et le Développement Fondamentale, UFDDF)

- In accordance with the relevant provisions of the United Nations Charter, the treaties of the African Union and the Community of Sahel-Saharan States on the regulation of conflicts by peaceful means,

- Responding to the appeal by the Brotherly Leader and Guide of the Great Fateh Revolution, MOHAMMAR AL GHADDAFI, High Peace Mediator in the CEN-SAD space, and the commendable mediation of His Excellency Omar Hassan Al Bashir, President of the republic of Sudan,

- Conscious of the need to establish a just and durable peace throughout Chadian national territory, and convinced by the obvious desire of the Government of the Republic of Chad and the following movements:

- Union of Forces for Development and Democracy (UFDD)

- Rally of Forces for Change (RFC)

- National Chadian Concord (CNT)

- Union of Forces for Democracy and Basic Development (UFDDF)

to favour dialogue in resolving the country’s problems.

- Determined to establish the Rule of Law, to develop economically and progress socially, and to ensure fundamental liberties and equality for its citizens;

- The Government of the Republic of Chad and the following politico-military movements:

Union of Forces for Development and Democracy (UFDD), Rally of Forces for Change (RFC), National Chadian Concord (CNT), Union of Forces for Democracy and Basic Development (UFDDF) agree the following:

Article (1)

Total respect for the Constitution of the Republic of Chad.

Article (2)

An immediate ceasefire from the date of signing this agreement.

Article (3)

A General Amnesty for civil and military members of the Movements which are signatories to this agreement, and the liberation of the prisoners of the two parties.

Article (4)

The participation of the Movements signatory to the present agreement in the management of State business.

They will be represented at all levels of executive power in line with the agreement concluded between the two parties.

Article (5)

The Movements signatory to the present agreement may if they so wish form one or several political parties in accordance with the provisions and texts which govern political life in the Republic of Chad.

Article (6)

The integration of the Forces of the Movements signatory to the present agreement in the ranks of the Defence and Security Forces and paramilitary groups, in accordance with current statutes and regulations.

This measure will be applied at the same time as the collection of arms.

Article (7)

The stationing of the Movements’ Forces in their current positions while waiting to integrate them in the Chadian army.

Libyan Arab Jamahirya, Chad and Sudan will collaborate to ensure any necessary expenditure until their re-insertion in the Chadian Forces, or their demobilisation and disarmament during a period of three months from the date of signature of the agreement.

Article (8)

The restoration of the rights of expelled soldiers and the return of civil servants to their former posts, or to other posts depending on their skills.

Article (9)

The establishment of a Consultative Committee between the Government of Chad and the Movements signatory to the present agreement to determine the participation of these Movements at all levels of executive power.

Article (10)

The mediators are guarantors of the implementation of the present agreement.

Article (11)

A Committee presided over by Libyan Arab Jamahiriya and made up of Sudan, representatives of the Government of Chad and the Movements signatory to the present agreement, shall be established under the auspices of Guide Mohammad Al Ghaddafi, to supervise and ensure the implementation of this agreement.

Article (12)

A national Chadian meeting will take place in Tripoli (Libyan Arab Jamahirya) in the presence of representatives of the Chadian Government and the Movements signatory to the present agreement and all political parties and institutions of civil society, with a view to supporting this agreement under the auspices of the Guide of the Revolution, the President of the Republic of Chad and the President of the Republic of Sudan.

Signatures

- For the Republic of Chad:

Addam Younismi

- For the Union of Forces for Democracy and Development:

Mahamat Nouri

- For the Rally of Forces for Change:

Tidjani Erdimi

- For the National Chadian Concord:

Hassan Saleh Al-Djinédi

- For the Union of Forces for Democracy and Basic Development:

Abdelwahed Aboud

- For the Great Socialist People’s Libyan Arab Jamahiriya:

Mouammar Kadhafi,

- For the Republic of Sudan:

Omar Hassan El-Bachir,

- For the Community of Cen-Sad States