Joint Declaration on Cessation of Hostilities and Peaceful Settlement of Conflict, Mali (Bamako Ceasefire Agreement)

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Country/entity: Liberia
Region: Africa (excl MENA)
Agreement name: Joint Declaration on Cessation of Hostilities and Peaceful Settlement of Conflict, Mali (Bamako Ceasefire Agreement)
Date: 28 Nov 1990
Agreement status: Multiparty signed/agreed
Interim arrangement: Yes
Agreement/conflict level: Intrastate/intrastate conflict
Liberian Civil Wars (1989 - 1997) (1999 - 2005)
In 1989, the National Patriotic Front of Liberia (NPFL) attacked border posts as part of a campaign to oust the dictatorship of Samuel Doe. This triggered a violent civil war that by 1995 had killed around 150,000 and displaced an estimated 850,000 people. The outbreak of war is attributed to the domestic socio-economic and political environment in the country of the 1980s, such as poverty, discrimination and repression. However, its sustenance is also related to past discrimination against indigenous Liberians by ‘Americo-Liberians’, and deep ethnic divisions that resulted.

Peace negotiations began in 1992 and completed by 1997. However, the peace lasted only a short period and in 1999 there was renewed fighting against the elected president, Charles Taylor. The Guinea-backed organisation, Liberians United for Reconciliation and Democracy (LURD), together with the armed Movement for Democracy in Liberia (MODEL) controlled two thirds of the country by 2003 and besieged the capital Monrovia, forcing Charles Taylor into exile in Nigeria. In August that same year, the conflict parties signed the Accra Comprehensive Peace Agreement and in 2005 new general elections were held.
Stage: Ceasefire/related
Conflict nature: Government
Peace process: Liberia peace process
Parties: Col. Wilmot F.R. Diggs
For and on behalf of the ARMED FORCES OF LIBERIA

Charles Ghankay Taylor
For and on behalf of the NATIONAL PATRIOTIC FRONT of LIBERIA

Hon Noah A. Bordolo SR
For and on behalf of the INDEPENDENT NATIONAL PATRIOTIC FRONT OF LIBERIA
Third parties: WITNESSED BY
H. E. ALHAJI SIR DAWDA KAIRABA JAWARA
CHAIRMAN OF THE AUTHORITY OF HEADS OF STATE AND GOVERNMENT OF THE ECONOMIC COMMUNITY OF WEST AFRICAN STATES
Description: This is a short agreement where the parties commit to and immediate ceasefire and to follow the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) Peace Plan.

Agreement document: LR_901128_Bamako Ceasefire.pdf (opens in new tab) | Download PDF

Groups

Children/youth: No specific mention.
Disabled persons: No specific mention.
Elderly/age: No specific mention.
Migrant workers: No specific mention.
Racial/ethnic/national group: No specific mention.
Religious groups: No specific mention.
Indigenous people: No specific mention.
Other groups: No specific mention.
Refugees/displaced persons: No specific mention.
Social class: No specific mention.

Gender

Women, girls and gender: No specific mention.
Men and boys: No specific mention.
LGBTI: No specific mention.
Family: No specific mention.

State definition

Nature of state (general): No specific mention.
State configuration: No specific mention.
Self determination: No specific mention.
Referendum: No specific mention.
State symbols: No specific mention.
Independence/secession: No specific mention.
Accession/unification: No specific mention.
Border delimitation: No specific mention.
Cross-border provision: No specific mention.

Governance

Political institutions (new or reformed): Governance→Political institutions (new or reformed)→General references
Page 1, 2: The Parties further agree to resolve their differences with regard to an interim government for Liberia as envisaged in the ECOWAS Peace Plan.
Elections: No specific mention.
Electoral commission: No specific mention.
Political parties reform: No specific mention.
Civil society: No specific mention.
Traditional/religious leaders: No specific mention.
Public administration: No specific mention.
Constitution: No specific mention.

Power sharing

Political power sharing: No specific mention.
Territorial power sharing: No specific mention.
Economic power sharing: No specific mention.
Military power sharing: No specific mention.

Human rights and equality

Human rights/RoL general: No specific mention.
Bill of rights/similar: No specific mention.
Treaty incorporation: No specific mention.
Civil and political rights: No specific mention.
Socio-economic rights: No specific mention.

Rights related issues

Citizenship: No specific mention.
Democracy: No specific mention.
Detention procedures: No specific mention.
Media and communication: No specific mention.
Mobility/access: No specific mention.
Protection measures: No specific mention.
Other: No specific mention.

Rights institutions

NHRI: No specific mention.
Regional or international human rights institutions: No specific mention.

Justice sector reform

Criminal justice and emergency law: No specific mention.
State of emergency provisions: No specific mention.
Judiciary and courts: No specific mention.
Prisons and detention: No specific mention.
Traditional Laws: No specific mention.

Socio-economic reconstruction

Development or socio-economic reconstruction: No specific mention.
National economic plan: No specific mention.
Natural resources: No specific mention.
International funds: No specific mention.
Business: No specific mention.
Taxation: No specific mention.
Banks: No specific mention.

Land, property and environment

Land reform/rights: No specific mention.
Pastoralist/nomadism rights: No specific mention.
Cultural heritage: No specific mention.
Environment: No specific mention.
Water or riparian rights or access: No specific mention.

Security sector

Security Guarantees: No specific mention.
Ceasefire: Security sector→Ceasefire→Ceasefire provision
Page 1, 1: The Parties to the civil war in Liberia hereby agree to a ceasefire effective immediately and further agree that the ceasefire be monitored by the ECOWAS Ceasefire Monitoring Group (ECOMOG). The modalities for the implementation of the ceasefire will be worked out later.
Police: No specific mention.
Armed forces: No specific mention.
DDR: No specific mention.
Intelligence services: No specific mention.
Parastatal/rebel and opposition group forces: No specific mention.
Withdrawal of foreign forces: No specific mention.
Corruption: No specific mention.
Crime/organised crime: No specific mention.
Drugs: No specific mention.
Terrorism: No specific mention.

Transitional justice

Transitional justice general: No specific mention.
Amnesty/pardon: No specific mention.
Courts: No specific mention.
Mechanism: No specific mention.
Prisoner release: No specific mention.
Vetting: No specific mention.
Victims: No specific mention.
Missing persons: No specific mention.
Reparations: No specific mention.
Reconciliation: No specific mention.

Implementation

UN signatory: No specific mention.
Other international signatory: WITNESSED BY
H. E. ALHAJI SIR DAWDA KAIRABA JAWARA
CHAIRMAN OF THE AUTHORITY OF HEADS OF STATE AND GOVERNMENT OF THE ECONOMIC COMMUNITY OF WEST AFRICAN STATES
Referendum for agreement: No specific mention.
International mission/force/similar: Page 1, 1: The Parties to the civil war in Liberia hereby agree to a ceasefire effective immediately and further agree that the ceasefire be monitored by the ECOWAS Ceasefire Monitoring Group (ECOMOG). The modalities for the implementation of the ceasefire will be worked out later.
Enforcement mechanism: No specific mention.
Related cases: No specific mention.
Source: Official Journal of the ECOWAS, Vol. 21, Nov. 1991.

JOINT DECLARATION ON CESSATION OF HOSTILITIES AND PEACEFUL SETTLEMENT OF CONFLICT

THE ARMED FORCES OF LIBERIA REPRESENTED BY

Col. Wilmot F.R. Diggs AFL

OF THE FIRST PART

AND

THE NATIONAL PATRIOTIC [sic] FRONT of LIBERIA

represented by:

Charles Ghankay Taylor

of the second part

AND

THE INDEPENDENT NATIONAL PATRIOTIC FRONT OF LIBERIA represented by:

Hon Noah A. Bordolo SR of the third part

The Parties to the civil war in Liberia hereby agree to a ceasefire effective immediately and further agree that the ceasefire be monitored by the ECOWAS Ceasefire Monitoring Group (ECOMOG).

The modalities for the implementation of the ceasefire will be worked out later.

The Parties further agree to resolve their differences with regard to an interim government for Liberia as envisaged in the ECOWAS Peace Plan.

This Declaration shall come into effect upon signature by the duly mandated representatives of the Parties hereto.

DONE AT BAMAKO, REPUBLIC OF MALI, THIS 28TH DAY OF NOVEMBER 1990

Col. Wilmot F.R. Diggs

For and on behalf of the ARMED FORCES OF LIBERIA

Charles Ghankay Taylor

For and on behalf of the NATIONAL PATRIOTIC FRONT of LIBERIA

Hon Noah A. Bordolo SR

For and on behalf of the INDEPENDENT NATIONAL PATRIOTIC FRONT OF LIBERIA

WITNESSED BY

H. E. ALHAJI SIR DAWDA KAIRABA JAWARA

CHAIRMAN OF THE AUTHORITY OF HEADS OF STATE AND GOVERNMENT OF THE ECONOMIC COMMUNITY OF WEST AFRICAN STATES