Peace Agreement between the Government of Chad and the Movement pur la démocratie et la justice au Tchad (MDJT)

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Country/entity: Chad
Region: Africa (excl MENA)
Agreement name: Peace Agreement between the Government of Chad and the Movement pur la démocratie et la justice au Tchad (MDJT)
Date: 14 Dec 2003
Agreement status: Multiparty signed/agreed
Interim arrangement: Yes
Agreement/conflict level: Intrastate/intrastate conflict
Chadian Conflicts (1966 - )
The political history of Chad has been defined by ethno-religious conflict following independence from France in 1960, particularly between the Islamic north and the Christian and animist south. Although prevalent during the colonial era, this became particularly apparent under Tombalbaye during his 15-year rule (1960-1975), which saw mass discrimination against the Muslim northern and central regions. In 1966, the Islamist National Liberation Front on Chad (FROLINAT) was formed, but the movement was defined by factionalism and in-fighting, often encouraged by Libyan government policies, until the civil war ended in 1993. In 1975 Tombalbaye was killed during a coup, and the country reverted to military rule. Constant pressure from the various FROLINAT factions, however, caused then-ruler General Felix Malloum to align himself with Hissene Habre, a rebel leader formerly-aligned with FROLINAT, but then-commander of the Forces Armées du Nord (FAN). In 1978, Libyan troops also occupied the Aouzou Strip (See Libyan-Chadian Conflict). Meanwhile, Habre’s FROLINAT competitor, Goukouni Oueddei, gathered the majority of the northern insurgent factions, and the ensuing civil war between 11 factions eroded the capabilities of the state. In 1979, the Lagos Accords created a unity government (GUNT) that briefly convened the factions, but infighting between Habre and Goukouni’s forces broke out soon after.

Habre finally gained control of N’Djamena in 1982, but faced continuing insurgent pressure from GUNT. This changed in the mid-1980s when all forces in Chad aligned themselves against the Libyan occupation and expelled them from Chad. Infighting in Habre’s regime, meanwhile, saw the defection of General Idriss Deby to Sudan, where he launched a Zaghawa campaign against the President and took the capital in December 1990 with Libyan-backing. Deby was announced President in early 1991, and to ease fighting he announced elections, which he won, in 1996. A number of short-lived peace deals were signed with several rebel factions in 1997, but fighting continued. In 2003, an influx of over 200,000 refugees from Darfur complicated the matter further, and in 2005 Chad declared war on Sudan, which was backing the Chadian rebel group, Rally for Democracy and Liberty. A series of battles ensued across Chad culminating in the Battle of N’Djamena in 2008. The latest war ended in 2010 with a peace accord signed between Sudan and Chad.

In 2021, the FACT (Front pour l’Alternance et la Concorde au Tchad: Front for Change and Concord in Chad) attacked the Chadian military on the eve of presidential elections. President Idriss Déby was killed in the attack, and the army formed a Transitional Military Council (TMC).
Stage: Framework/substantive - partial
Conflict nature: Government
Peace process: Chad: 'third war' process
Parties: The Government of the Republic of Chad and the Mouvement pour la démocratie et la justice au Tchad (MDJT)

Signatories:
For the Government of the Republic of Chad: (Signed) Abderahman Moussa Minister for Public Security and Immigration
For the Mouvement pour la démocratie et la justice au Tchad (MDJT): (Signed) General Adoum Togoï Abbo Chairman of the MDJT
Third parties: Signatories:
For Burkina Faso: (Signed) Youssouf Ouedraogo Minister of State, Minister for Foreign Affairs and Regional Cooperation
Description: This short agreement provides for an immediate ceasefire, amnesty for MDJT militants and supporters, prisoners release, the MDJT participation in the management of affairs of State, the integration of MDJT combatants into the national armed forces, the rehabilitation of Civilian MDJT militants in their previous positions, an emergency plan promoting social and economic development in areas affected by war, and the establishment of MDJT as a political party.

Agreement document: TD_031214_PeaceAgreementChadMDJT.pdf (opens in new tab) | Download PDF

Groups

Children/youth: No specific mention.
Disabled persons: No specific mention.
Elderly/age: No specific mention.
Migrant workers: No specific mention.
Racial/ethnic/national group: No specific mention.
Religious groups: No specific mention.
Indigenous people: No specific mention.
Other groups: No specific mention.
Refugees/displaced persons: No specific mention.
Social class: No specific mention.

Gender

Women, girls and gender: No specific mention.
Men and boys: No specific mention.
LGBTI: No specific mention.
Family: No specific mention.

State definition

Nature of state (general): No specific mention.
State configuration: No specific mention.
Self determination: No specific mention.
Referendum: No specific mention.
State symbols: No specific mention.
Independence/secession: No specific mention.
Accession/unification: No specific mention.
Border delimitation: No specific mention.
Cross-border provision: No specific mention.

Governance

Political institutions (new or reformed): No specific mention.
Elections: No specific mention.
Electoral commission: No specific mention.
Political parties reform: Governance→Political parties reform→Rebels transitioning to political parties
Page 2, Article 6:
The MDJT shall, as a matter of urgency, be established as a political party in accordance with the legal provisions governing the political life of the country.
Civil society: No specific mention.
Traditional/religious leaders: No specific mention.
Public administration: No specific mention.
Constitution: No specific mention.

Power sharing

Political power sharing: Power sharing→Political power sharing→General
State level
Page 1, Article 3:
The Mouvement pour la démocratie et la justice au Tchad (MDJT) shall participate in the management of affairs of State in a spirit of cooperation and in accordance with the provisions of the Constitution.
Territorial power sharing: No specific mention.
Economic power sharing: No specific mention.
Military power sharing: Power sharing→Military power sharing→Merger of forces
Page 1, Article 4:
As a matter of urgency and priority, a programme shall be implemented as follows:
– MDJT combatants shall be introduced into and integrated into the Chadian national armed forces (ANT) and paramilitary forces and be rehabilitated, in keeping with their military status;
–The necessary steps shall be taken to ensure conditions conducive to integration of MDJT combatants into the national armed forces within no more than three months;

Human rights and equality

Human rights/RoL general: Page 1, Untitled Preamble:
...
Resolved to consolidate the rule of law and, as a consequence, to ensure social progress and full enjoyment of fundamental freedoms,
Bill of rights/similar: No specific mention.
Treaty incorporation: No specific mention.
Civil and political rights: No specific mention.
Socio-economic rights: No specific mention.

Rights related issues

Citizenship: No specific mention.
Democracy: No specific mention.
Detention procedures: No specific mention.
Media and communication: Rights related issues→Media and communication→Media roles
Page 1, Article 1:
A ceasefire shall be introduced immediately, no military action of any kind may be taken, no other form of direct or indirect violence may be perpetrated and any media campaign by either party against the other must be terminated.
Mobility/access: No specific mention.
Protection measures: No specific mention.
Other: No specific mention.

Rights institutions

NHRI: No specific mention.
Regional or international human rights institutions: No specific mention.

Justice sector reform

Criminal justice and emergency law: No specific mention.
State of emergency provisions: No specific mention.
Judiciary and courts: No specific mention.
Prisons and detention: No specific mention.
Traditional Laws: No specific mention.

Socio-economic reconstruction

Development or socio-economic reconstruction: Socio-economic reconstruction→Development or socio-economic reconstruction→Socio-economic development
Page 2, Article 5:
An emergency plan shall be prepared with a view to restoring peace, stability and security so as to promote social and economic development in the areas affected by the war.
National economic plan: No specific mention.
Natural resources: No specific mention.
International funds: No specific mention.
Business: No specific mention.
Taxation: No specific mention.
Banks: No specific mention.

Land, property and environment

Land reform/rights: No specific mention.
Pastoralist/nomadism rights: No specific mention.
Cultural heritage: No specific mention.
Environment: No specific mention.
Water or riparian rights or access: No specific mention.

Security sector

Security Guarantees: Page 1, Untitled Preamble:
...
Aware of the need for dialogue in order to bring about complete and lasting peace and security in the national territory as a whole, which are prerequisites for reconstruction of the country and the consolidation of democracy,

Page 2, Article 5:
An emergency plan shall be prepared with a view to restoring peace, stability and security so as to promote social and economic development in the areas affected by the war.
Ceasefire: Security sector→Ceasefire→Ceasefire provision
Page 1, Article 1:
A ceasefire shall be introduced immediately, no military action of any kind may be taken, no other form of direct or indirect violence may be perpetrated and any media campaign by either party against the other must be terminated.
Police: No specific mention.
Armed forces: Page 2, Article 4:
As a matter of urgency and priority, a programme shall be implemented as follows:
– MDJT combatants shall be introduced into and integrated into the Chadian national armed forces (ANT) and paramilitary forces and be rehabilitated, in keeping with their military status;
–The necessary steps shall be taken to ensure conditions conducive to integration of MDJT combatants into the national armed forces within no more than three months;
DDR: No specific mention.
Intelligence services: No specific mention.
Parastatal/rebel and opposition group forces: Page 2, Article 4:
As a matter of urgency and priority, a programme shall be implemented as follows:
– MDJT combatants shall be introduced into and integrated into the Chadian national armed forces (ANT) and paramilitary forces and be rehabilitated, in keeping with their military status;
–The necessary steps shall be taken to ensure conditions conducive to integration of MDJT combatants into the national armed forces within no more than three months;
– Civilian MDJT militants shall be rehabilitated in their former setting.

Page 2, Article 6:
The MDJT shall, as a matter of urgency, be established as a political party in accordance with the legal provisions governing the political life of the country.
Withdrawal of foreign forces: No specific mention.
Corruption: No specific mention.
Crime/organised crime: No specific mention.
Drugs: No specific mention.
Terrorism: No specific mention.

Transitional justice

Transitional justice general: No specific mention.
Amnesty/pardon: Transitional justice→Amnesty/pardon→Amnesty/pardon proper
Page 1, Article 2:
A general amnesty is proclaimed for the benefit of MDJT militants and supporters, and prisoners held by the parties must be released.
Courts: No specific mention.
Mechanism: No specific mention.
Prisoner release: Page 1, Article 2:
A general amnesty is proclaimed for the benefit of MDJT militants and supporters, and prisoners held by the parties must be released.
Vetting: No specific mention.
Victims: No specific mention.
Missing persons: No specific mention.
Reparations: No specific mention.
Reconciliation: Page 1, Untitled Preamble:
...
Recognizing the continuing efforts of His Excellency Mr. Blaise Compaoré, President of Burkina Faso, to contribute actively to peace and national reconciliation in Chad,

Implementation

UN signatory: No specific mention.
Other international signatory: Signatories:
For Burkina Faso: (Signed) Youssouf Ouedraogo Minister of State, Minister for Foreign Affairs and Regional Cooperation
Referendum for agreement: No specific mention.
International mission/force/similar: No specific mention.
Enforcement mechanism: Page 2, Article 7:
A bipartite structure for consultation and follow-up of the implementation of this Agreement shall be set up.
In the case of any violation or disagreement, the two parties shall refer the matter to the mediator country.
Related cases: No specific mention.
Source: http://www.peacemaker.un.org/

Peace agreement between the Government of Chad and the Mouvement pour la

démocratie et la justice au Tchad (MDJT)

Preamble

The Government of the Republic of Chad and the Mouvement pour la

démocratie et la justice au Tchad (MDJT),

Recalling the relevant provisions of the Charter of the United Nations and the

treaties of the African Union and the Economic Community of Sahelo-Saharan

States concerning the peaceful settlement of disputes,

Aware of the need for dialogue in order to bring about complete and lasting peace and security in the national territory as a whole, which are prerequisites for reconstruction of the country and the consolidation of democracy,

Taking account of clear will of the Government of the Republic of Chad and the Mouvement pour la démocratie et la justice au Tchad (MDJT) to solve the country’s problems through dialogue,

Resolved to consolidate the rule of law and, as a consequence, to ensure social progress and full enjoyment of fundamental freedoms,

Confident of the determination and sincerity of His Excellency Mr. Idriss Deby, President of the Republic of Chad, in bringing to a successful conclusion the peace process advocated by the Government,

Recognizing the continuing efforts of His Excellency Mr. Blaise Compaoré, President of Burkina Faso, to contribute actively to peace and national reconciliation in Chad,

Have agreed as follows,

Article 1

A ceasefire shall be introduced immediately, no military action of any kind may be taken, no other form of direct or indirect violence may be perpetrated and any media campaign by either party against the other must be terminated.

Article 2

A general amnesty is proclaimed for the benefit of MDJT militants and supporters, and prisoners held by the parties must be released.

Article 3

The Mouvement pour la démocratie et la justice au Tchad (MDJT) shall participate in the management of affairs of State in a spirit of cooperation and in accordance with the provisions of the Constitution.

Article 4

As a matter of urgency and priority, a programme shall be implemented as follows:

– MDJT combatants shall be introduced into and integrated into the Chadian national armed forces (ANT) and paramilitary forces and be rehabilitated, in keeping with their military status;

– The necessary steps shall be taken to ensure conditions conducive to integration of MDJT combatants into the national armed forces within no more than three months;

– Civilian MDJT militants shall be rehabilitated in their former setting.

Article 5

An emergency plan shall be prepared with a view to restoring peace, stability and security so as to promote social and economic development in the areas affected by the war.

Article 6

The MDJT shall, as a matter of urgency, be established as a political party in accordance with the legal provisions governing the political life of the country.

Article 7

A bipartite structure for consultation and follow-up of the implementation of this Agreement shall be set up.

In the case of any violation or disagreement, the two parties shall refer the matter to the mediator country.

Article 8

This peace agreement shall enter into force immediately on the day on which it is signed.

DONE at Ouagadougou on 14 December 2003.

For the Government of the Republic of Chad:

(Signed) Abderahman Moussa

Minister for Public Security and Immigration

For the Mouvement pour la démocratie et la justice au Tchad (MDJT):

(Signed) General Adoum Togoï Abbo

Chairman of the MDJT

For Burkina Faso:

(Signed) Youssouf Ouedraogo

Minister of State, Minister for Foreign Affairs

and Regional Cooperation