Kosovo Peace Plan

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Country/entity: Kosovo
Serbia
Yugoslavia (former)
Region: Europe and Eurasia
Agreement name: Kosovo Peace Plan
Date: 3 Jun 1999
Agreement status: Unilateral document
Interim arrangement: Yes
Agreement/conflict level: Intrastate/intrastate conflict
Balkan Conflicts (1991 - 1995) (1998 - 2001)
Former Yugoslavia

The disintegration of former Yugoslavia post cold war saw conflicts which became mediated and produced peace agreements in Slovenia (where the brief independence conflict was mediated by the EC Troika in 1991), Croatia (between Croatian and Serb populations 1991-1995), in Bosnia (between Croatian, Serb and Bosniak populations 1992-1995), in Macedonia (where mediation played a key pre-emptive role in preventing large scale conflict in 2001), in Kosovo (between Kosovar Albanians and Serbian population and the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (FRY), but also between FRY and NATO, 1998-1999), and a conflict in the Presevo Valley (between Albanians in South Serbia and FRY, 2000-2001). The continued fall-out of the disintegration of former Yugoslavia also saw mediated agreement and ultimate dissolution of the Union between Serbia and Montenegro.

Bosnia-Herzegovina

In 1991, after nationalist parties won the first multi-party elections in the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, a violent process of disintegration commenced. With its mixed population, Bosnia-Herzegovina became the centre of the following civil war that began in 1992 between the newly formed army of the Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina (mostly Muslim Bosniacs), and the parastatal forces of self-declared Bosnian Croat (Herzeg-Bosnia) and Bosnian Serb (Republika Srpska) entities within Bosnia-Herzegovina, supported by Croatia and Serbia, with various, often short-lived, coalitions. The General Framework Agreement (Dayton Peace Agreement), signed in 1995, split the country into two ethno-federal entities, the Bosniak-Croat Federation and the Republika Srpska, and included continued peacekeeping and institutional administration by international actors.

Kosovo

The conflict between Serbs and Kosovar Albanians has a long history and always involved territorial disputes as well as ethno-political, cultural and linguistic factors. The most recent phase of the conflict began in November 1997 when the Albanian Kosovo Liberation Army (KLA or UCK) began their campaign for the independence of Kosovo from the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (FRY – then Serbia and Montenegro). The subsequent war lasted until the NATO intervention, which undertook bombing campaigns of Belgrade and other places in Serbia during spring 1999. The main agreements solving the conflict were internationally driven and, finally, a UNSC resolution imposed a post-conflict arrangement in the wake of what was essentially a NATO military victory. In February 2008, Kosovo’s parliament declared independence, but independence is still internationally disputed.
Stage: Pre-negotiation/process
Conflict nature: Government/territory
Peace process: Kosovo process
Parties: Copy of agreement unsigned, party believed to be: Slobodan Milosevic, President of Federal Republic of Yugoslavia
Third parties: Agreement negotiated by European Union envoy Martti Ahtisaari and Russian envoy Viktor Chernomyrdin
Description: The plan outlines areas on which agreement should be reached including: the deployment of international civilian and security presence; establishment of an interim administration under which the people of Kosovo would enjoy substantial autonomy within the FRY; return of all refugees and displaced persons under UNHCR supervision, and undisturbed access for humanitarian organisations. It also provides for withdraw of FRY armed personnel, with conditions for limited return.

Agreement document: KV_990603_Peace Plan.pdf (opens in new tab) | Download PDF

Groups

Children/youth: No specific mention.
Disabled persons: No specific mention.
Elderly/age: No specific mention.
Migrant workers: No specific mention.
Racial/ethnic/national group: No specific mention.
Religious groups: No specific mention.
Indigenous people: No specific mention.
Other groups: No specific mention.
Refugees/displaced persons: Groups→Refugees/displaced persons→Rhetorical
Page 1, 4.
In order to move forward toward solving the Kosovo crisis, an agreement should be reached on the following principles: International security presence, with an essential NATO participation, must be deployed under a unified control and command and authorized to secure safe environment for all the residents in Kosovo and enable the safe return of the displaced persons and refugees to their homes.

Page 1, 7.
In order to move forward toward solving the Kosovo crisis, an agreement should be reached on the following principles: Safe and free return of all refugees and the displaced under the supervision of UNHCR and undisturbed access for humanitarian organizations to Kosovo.
Social class: No specific mention.

Gender

Women, girls and gender: No specific mention.
Men and boys: No specific mention.
LGBTI: No specific mention.
Family: No specific mention.

State definition

Nature of state (general): Page 1, 8.
In order to move forward toward solving the Kosovo crisis, an agreement should be reached on the following principles: Political process directed at reaching interim political agreement which would secure essential autonomy for Kosovo, with full taking into consideration of the Rambouillet agreement, the principles of sovereignty and territorial integrity of the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia and other states in the region as well as demilitarization of the Kosovo Liberation Army...
State configuration: No specific mention.
Self determination: No specific mention.
Referendum: No specific mention.
State symbols: No specific mention.
Independence/secession: No specific mention.
Accession/unification: No specific mention.
Border delimitation: No specific mention.
Cross-border provision: No specific mention.

Governance

Political institutions (new or reformed): Governance→Political institutions (new or reformed)→Temporary new institutions
Page 1, 5.
In order to move forward toward solving the Kosovo crisis, an agreement should be reached on the following principles: Establishment of an interim administration for Kosovo ... which the U.N. Security Council will decide and under which the people of Kosovo will enjoy substantial autonomy within the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia. The interim administration [will] secure transitional authority during the time [for the] interim democratic and self-governing institutions, [establish] conditions for peaceful and normal life of all citizens of Kosovo.

Page 1, 8.
In order to move forward toward solving the Kosovo crisis, an agreement should be reached on the following principles:...The talks between the sides about the solution should not delay or disrupt establishment of the democratic self-governing institutions.
Elections: No specific mention.
Electoral commission: No specific mention.
Political parties reform: No specific mention.
Civil society: Page 1, 7.
In order to move forward toward solving the Kosovo crisis, an agreement should be reached on the following principles: Safe and free return of all refugees and the displaced under the supervision of UNHCR and undisturbed access for humanitarian organizations to Kosovo.
Traditional/religious leaders: No specific mention.
Public administration: No specific mention.
Constitution: No specific mention.

Power sharing

Political power sharing: No specific mention.
Territorial power sharing: Power sharing→Territorial power sharing→Autonomous regions
Page 1, 5.
In order to move forward toward solving the Kosovo crisis, an agreement should be reached on the following principles: Establishment of an interim administration for Kosovo ... which the U.N. Security Council will decide and under which the people of Kosovo will enjoy substantial autonomy within the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia. The interim administration [will] secure transitional authority during the time [for the] interim democratic and self-governing institutions, [establish] conditions for peaceful and normal life of all citizens of Kosovo.

Page 1, 8.
In order to move forward toward solving the Kosovo crisis, an agreement should be reached on the following principles: Political process directed at reaching interim political agreement which would secure essential autonomy for Kosovo, with full taking into consideration of the Rambouillet agreement, the principles of sovereignty and territorial integrity of the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia and other states in the region as well as demilitarization of the Kosovo Liberation Army. The talks between the sides about the solution should not delay or disrupt establishment of the democratic self-governing institutions.
Economic power sharing: No specific mention.
Military power sharing: No specific mention.

Human rights and equality

Human rights/RoL general: No specific mention.
Bill of rights/similar: No specific mention.
Treaty incorporation: Page 1, 3.
In order to move forward toward solving the Kosovo crisis, an agreement should be reached on the following principles: Deployment in Kosovo, under U.N. auspices, of efficient international civilian and security presences which would act as can be decided according to Chapter 7 of the U.N. Charter and be capable of guaranteeing fulfilment of joint goals.
Civil and political rights: No specific mention.
Socio-economic rights: No specific mention.

Rights related issues

Citizenship: No specific mention.
Democracy: Page 1, 5.
In order to move forward toward solving the Kosovo crisis, an agreement should be reached on the following principles: Establishment of an interim administration for Kosovo ... which the U.N. Security Council will decide and under which the people of Kosovo will enjoy substantial autonomy within the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia. The interim administration [will] secure transitional authority during the time [for the] interim democratic and self-governing institutions, [establish] conditions for peaceful and normal life of all citizens of Kosovo.

Page 1, 8.
In order to move forward toward solving the Kosovo crisis, an agreement should be reached on the following principles:...The talks between the sides about the solution should not delay or disrupt establishment of the democratic self-governing institutions.

Page 1, 9.
In order to move forward toward solving the Kosovo crisis, an agreement should be reached on the following principles: General approach to the economic development of the crisis region. That would include carrying out a pact of stability for southeastern Europe, wide international participation in order to advance democracy and economic prosperity, and stability and regional cooperation.
Detention procedures: No specific mention.
Media and communication: No specific mention.
Mobility/access: Page 1, 7.
In order to move forward toward solving the Kosovo crisis, an agreement should be reached on the following principles: Safe and free return of all refugees and the displaced under the supervision of UNHCR and undisturbed access for humanitarian organizations to Kosovo.
Protection measures: No specific mention.
Other: No specific mention.

Rights institutions

NHRI: No specific mention.
Regional or international human rights institutions: No specific mention.

Justice sector reform

Criminal justice and emergency law: No specific mention.
State of emergency provisions: No specific mention.
Judiciary and courts: No specific mention.
Prisons and detention: No specific mention.
Traditional Laws: No specific mention.

Socio-economic reconstruction

Development or socio-economic reconstruction: Socio-economic reconstruction→Development or socio-economic reconstruction→Socio-economic development
Page 1, 9.
In order to move forward toward solving the Kosovo crisis, an agreement should be reached on the following principles: General approach to the economic development of the crisis region. That would include carrying out a pact of stability for southeastern Europe, wide international participation in order to advance democracy and economic prosperity, and stability and regional cooperation.
National economic plan: No specific mention.
Natural resources: No specific mention.
International funds: No specific mention.
Business: No specific mention.
Taxation: No specific mention.
Banks: No specific mention.

Land, property and environment

Land reform/rights: No specific mention.
Pastoralist/nomadism rights: No specific mention.
Cultural heritage: Land, property and environment→Cultural heritage→Tangible
Page 1, 6.
In order to move forward toward solving the Kosovo crisis, an agreement should be reached on the following principles: After the withdrawal, an agreed number of Serb personnel will be allowed to return to perform the following duties: liaison with the international civilian mission and international security presence, marking mine fields, maintaining a presence at places of Serb heritage, maintaining a presence at key border crossings.
Environment: No specific mention.
Water or riparian rights or access: No specific mention.

Security sector

Security Guarantees: Page 2, 11.
In order to move forward toward solving the Kosovo crisis, an agreement should be reached on the following principles: The process of withdrawal includes a phased, detailed timetable and the marking of a buffer zone in Serbia behind which the troops will withdraw.
Ceasefire: Security sector→Ceasefire→General commitments
Page 1, 2.
In order to move forward toward solving the Kosovo crisis, an agreement should be reached on the following principles: Verifiable withdrawal from Kosovo of military, police and paramilitary forces according to a quick timetable.

Page 1, 6.
In order to move forward toward solving the Kosovo crisis, an agreement should be reached on the following principles: After the withdrawal, an agreed number of Serb personnel will be allowed to return to perform the following duties: liaison with the international civilian mission and international security presence, marking mine fields, maintaining a presence at places of Serb heritage, maintaining a presence at key border crossings.

Page 2, 10.
In order to move forward toward solving the Kosovo crisis, an agreement should be reached on the following principles: The end of military activities will depend on acceptance of the listed principles and simultaneous agreement with other previously identified elements which are identified in the footnote below. Then a military-technical agreement will be agreed which will among other things specify additional modalities, including the role and function of the Yugoslav, i.e. Serb, personnel in Kosovo.

Page 2, 11.
In order to move forward toward solving the Kosovo crisis, an agreement should be reached on the following principles: The process of withdrawal includes a phased, detailed timetable and the marking of a buffer zone in Serbia behind which the troops will withdraw.

Page 2, 12.
In order to move forward toward solving the Kosovo crisis, an agreement should be reached on the following principles: The returning personnel: The equipment of the returning personnel, the range of their functional responsibilities, the timetable for their return, determination of the geographic zones of their activity, the rules guiding their relations with the international security presence and the international civilian mission.

Page 2, Footnote.
Other required elements: Fast and precise timetable for the withdrawal which means for instance: seven days to end the withdrawal; pulling out of weapons of air defense from the zone of the mutual security of 25 kilometers within 48 hours; return of the personnel to fullfill the four duties will be carried out under the supervision of the international security presence and will be limited to a small agreed number – hundreds, not thousands.
Suspension of military actions will happen after the beginning of the withdrawal which can be verified. Discussion about the military-technical agreement and its reaching will not prolong the agreed period for the withdrawal.
Police: Page 1, 2.
In order to move forward toward solving the Kosovo crisis, an agreement should be reached on the following principles: Verifiable withdrawal from Kosovo of military, police and paramilitary forces according to a quick timetable.
Armed forces: No specific mention.
DDR: Security sector→DDR→Demilitarisation provisions
Page 1, 8.
In order to move forward toward solving the Kosovo crisis, an agreement should be reached on the following principles: Political process directed at reaching interim political agreement which would secure essential autonomy for Kosovo, with full taking into consideration of the Rambouillet agreement, the principles of sovereignty and territorial integrity of the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia and other states in the region as well as demilitarization of the Kosovo Liberation Army. The talks between the sides about the solution should not delay or disrupt establishment of the democratic self-governing institutions.
Intelligence services: No specific mention.
Parastatal/rebel and opposition group forces: Page 1, 2.
In order to move forward toward solving the Kosovo crisis, an agreement should be reached on the following principles: Verifiable withdrawal from Kosovo of military, police and paramilitary forces according to a quick timetable.

Page 1, 8.
In order to move forward toward solving the Kosovo crisis, an agreement should be reached on the following principles: Political process directed at reaching interim political agreement which would secure essential autonomy for Kosovo, with full taking into consideration of the Rambouillet agreement, the principles of sovereignty and territorial integrity of the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia and other states in the region as well as demilitarization of the Kosovo Liberation Army. The talks between the sides about the solution should not delay or disrupt establishment of the democratic self-governing institutions.
Withdrawal of foreign forces: No specific mention.
Corruption: No specific mention.
Crime/organised crime: No specific mention.
Drugs: No specific mention.
Terrorism: No specific mention.

Transitional justice

Transitional justice general: No specific mention.
Amnesty/pardon: No specific mention.
Courts: No specific mention.
Mechanism: No specific mention.
Prisoner release: No specific mention.
Vetting: No specific mention.
Victims: No specific mention.
Missing persons: No specific mention.
Reparations: No specific mention.
Reconciliation: No specific mention.

Implementation

UN signatory: No specific mention.
Other international signatory: Agreement negotiated by European Union envoy Martti Ahtisaari and Russian Federation envoy Viktor Chernomyrdin
Referendum for agreement: No specific mention.
International mission/force/similar: Page 1, 3.
In order to move forward toward solving the Kosovo crisis, an agreement should be reached on the following principles: Deployment in Kosovo, under U.N. auspices, of efficient international civilian and security presences which would act as can be decided according to Chapter 7 of the U.N. Charter and be capable of guaranteeing fulfilment of joint goals.

Page 1, 4.
In order to move forward toward solving the Kosovo crisis, an agreement should be reached on the following principles: International security presence, with an essential NATO participation, must be deployed under a unified control and command and authorized to secure safe environment for all the residents in Kosovo and enable the safe return of the displaced persons and refugees to their homes.

Page 1, 5.
In order to move forward toward solving the Kosovo crisis, an agreement should be reached on the following principles: Establishment of an interim administration for Kosovo ... which the U.N. Security Council will decide and under which the people of Kosovo will enjoy substantial autonomy within the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia. The interim administration [will] secure transitional authority during the time [for the] interim democratic and self-governing institutions, [establish] conditions for peaceful and normal life of all citizens of Kosovo.

Page 2, 12.
In order to move forward toward solving the Kosovo crisis, an agreement should be reached on the following principles: The returning personnel: The equipment of the returning personnel, the range of their functional responsibilities, the timetable for their return, determination of the geographic zones of their activity, the rules guiding their relations with the international security presence and the international civilian mission.
Enforcement mechanism: No specific mention.
Related cases: No specific mention.
Source: Washington Post
http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/inatl/daily/june99/plantext03.htm

Kosovo Peace Plan

Thursday, June 3, 1999

In order to move forward toward solving the Kosovo crisis, an agreement should be reached on the following principles:

1. Imminent and verifiable end to violence and repression of Kosovo.

2. Verifiable withdrawal from Kosovo of military, police and paramilitary forces according to a quick timetable.

3. Deployment in Kosovo, under U.N. auspices, of efficient international civilian and security presences which would act as can be decided according to Chapter 7 of the U.N. Charter and be capable of guaranteeing fulfilment of joint goals.

4. International security presence, with an essential NATO participation, must be deployed under a unified control and command and authorized to secure safe environment for all the residents in Kosovo and enable the safe return of the displaced persons and refugees to their homes.

5. Establishment of an interim administration for Kosovo ... which the U.N. Security Council will decide and under which the people of Kosovo will enjoy substantial autonomy within the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia.

The interim administration [will] secure transitional authority during the time [for the] interim democratic and self-governing institutions, [establish] conditions for peaceful and normal life of all citizens of Kosovo.

6. After the withdrawal, an agreed number of Serb personnel will be allowed to return to perform the following duties:

liaison with the international civilian mission and international security presence, marking mine fields, maintaining a presence at places of Serb heritage, maintaining a presence at key border crossings.

7. Safe and free return of all refugees and the displaced under the supervision of UNHCR and undisturbed access for humanitarian organizations to Kosovo.

8. Political process directed at reaching interim political agreement which would secure essential autonomy for Kosovo, with full taking into consideration of the Rambouillet agreement, the principles of sovereignty and territorial integrity of the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia and other states in the region as well as demilitarization of the Kosovo Liberation Army.

The talks between the sides about the solution should not delay or disrupt establishment of the democratic self-governing institutions.

9. General approach to the economic development of the crisis region.

That would include carrying out a pact of stability for southeastern Europe, wide international participation in order to advance democracy and economic prosperity, and stability and regional cooperation.

10. The end of military activities will depend on acceptance of the listed principles and simultaneous agreement with other previously identified elements which are identified in the footnote below.

Then a military-technical agreement will be agreed which will among other things specify additional modalities, including the role and function of the Yugoslav, i.e. Serb, personnel in Kosovo.

11. The process of withdrawal includes a phased, detailed timetable and the marking of a buffer zone in Serbia behind which the troops will withdraw.

12. The returning personnel:

The equipment of the returning personnel, the range of their functional responsibilities, the timetable for their return, determination of the geographic zones of their activity, the rules guiding their relations with the international security presence and the international civilian mission.

Footnote.

Other required elements:

Fast and precise timetable for the withdrawal which means for instance:

seven days to end the withdrawal;

pulling out of weapons of air defense from the zone of the mutual security of 25 kilometers within 48 hours;

return of the personnel to fullfill the four duties will be carried out under the supervision of the international security presence and will be limited to a small agreed number – hundreds, not thousands.

Suspension of military actions will happen after the beginning of the withdrawal which can be verified.

Discussion about the military-technical agreement and its reaching will not prolong the agreed period for the withdrawal.