The Global Ceasefire Agreement

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Country/entity: Burundi
Region: Africa (excl MENA)
Agreement name: The Global Ceasefire Agreement
Date: 16 Nov 2003
Agreement status: Multiparty signed/agreed
Interim arrangement: Yes
Agreement/conflict level: Intrastate/intrastate conflict
Burundian Civil War (1993-2005)
The conflict had an ethnic base between Hutu and Tutsi populations, and is one of a set of regionally connected conflicts also addressed n the Great Lakes process. Since independence in 1972, the Burundian political landscape has been polarised and marked by ethnic-based tensions, political assassinations and large-scale violence. For the following two decades, three Tutsi military regimes associated with the Union for National Progress (UPRONA) ruled the country. During these military dictatorships, numerous waves of mass violence resulted from the attempts of various opposition rebels groups to destabilise the three regimes, and the regimes’ use of violence to repress these attempts. Despite a wave of hope in the early 1990’s, Burundi entered a decade-long civil war in 1993 following the assassination of Burundi’s first democratically elected president, Melchior Ndadaye, from the ethnically-Hutu Front for Democracy in Burundi (FRODEBU) by Tutsi opposition in the military.
In 1998 the Arusha Peace Talks commenced and in August 2000, international pressure resulted in the signing of the Arusha Peace and Reconciliation Agreement for Burundi. However, the National Council for the Defense of Democracy (CNND) did not sign. Additionally, and Party for the Liberation of Hutu People (Palipehutu) did not participate in negotiations. These outsiders continued sporadic violence until 2008. In 2015, a new wave of political violence is taking place after President Nkurunziza, from the CNDD-FDD which has been in power since 2005, won a contested third-mandate.
Stage: Ceasefire/related
Conflict nature: Government
Peace process: Burundi: Arusha and related peace process
Parties: Transitional Government of the Republic of Burundi and the National Council for the Defence of Democracy-Forces for the Defence of Democracy (CNDD-FDD)
Third parties: In the presence of:
- His Excellency Jacob ZUMA, Deputy President of the Republic of South Africa, Facilitator for the negotiation of the Ceasefire Agreement,
- His Excellency Joachim CHISSANO, President of the Republic of Mozambique and current President of the African Union,
- His Excellency Yoweri Kaguta MUSEVENI, President of the Republic of Uganda and President of the Regional Peace Initiative for Burundi,
- His Excellency Dr. Ali Mohamed SHENI, Vice-President of the United Republic of Tanzania,
- His Excellency Joseph KABILA, President of the Democratic Republic of the Congo,
- His Excellency Méles ZENAWI, Prime Minister of the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia,
- His Excellency Ambassador Berhanu DINKA, Special Representative of the Secretary-General of the United Nations,
- His Excellency Patrick MAZIMPAKA, Vice-Chairperson of the Commission of the African Union,
- His Excellency Charles MURIGANDE, Minister for Foreign Affairs and Cooperation of the Republic of Rwanda,
- His Excellency Ondo METHOGO, Deputy Prime Minister of the Gabonese Republic,
- His Excellency Ngunjiri NJUGUNA, Ambassador of the Republic of Kenya to Tanzania,
- His Excellency Joshua M. SIMYANDI, Ambassador of the Republic of Zambia to Tanzania,

2. Co-signatories:
- (Signed) His Excellency Jacob ZUMA, Deputy President of the Republic of South Africa, Facilitator
- (Signed) His Excellency Joachim CHISSANO, President of the Republic of Mozambique and current President of the African Union
- (Signed) His Excellency Yoweri Kaguta MUSEVENI President of the Republic of Uganda and President of the Regional Peace Initiative for Burundi, guarantor of the implementation of the Global Ceasefire Agreement
- (Signed) His Excellency Alpha Oumar KONARE, Chairperson of the Commission of the African Union
- (Signed) His Excellency Ali MOHAMED SHENI on behalf of His Excellency Benjamin William MKAPA, President of the United Republic of Tanzania
- (Signed) His Excellency Berhanu DINKA Special Representative of the Secretary-General of the United Nations
Description: This agreement provides for a Global Ceasefire for the CNDD-FDD. The CNDD-FDD adopts subsequently previous agreements. The parties commits to include the CNDD-FDD in the implementation of these previous agreements and calls the PALIPEHUTU-FNL to resume negotiations.

Agreement document: BI_031116_GlobalCeasefireAgreement.pdf (opens in new tab) | Download PDF

Groups

Children/youth: No specific mention.
Disabled persons: No specific mention.
Elderly/age: No specific mention.
Migrant workers: No specific mention.
Racial/ethnic/national group: No specific mention.
Religious groups: No specific mention.
Indigenous people: No specific mention.
Other groups: No specific mention.
Refugees/displaced persons: No specific mention.
Social class: No specific mention.

Gender

Women, girls and gender: No specific mention.
Men and boys: No specific mention.
LGBTI: No specific mention.
Family: No specific mention.

State definition

Nature of state (general): Page 1, Untitled Preamble:
...
Reaffirming our commitment to build a political order and system of Government in keeping with the realities of our country and based on the values of justice, political pluralism, respect for the fundamental freedoms and rights of the individual, unity, solidarity, mutual understanding, tolerance and cooperation,
State configuration: No specific mention.
Self determination: No specific mention.
Referendum: No specific mention.
State symbols: No specific mention.
Independence/secession: No specific mention.
Accession/unification: No specific mention.
Border delimitation: No specific mention.
Cross-border provision: No specific mention.

Governance

Political institutions (new or reformed): No specific mention.
Elections: No specific mention.
Electoral commission: No specific mention.
Political parties reform: No specific mention.
Civil society: No specific mention.
Traditional/religious leaders: No specific mention.
Public administration: No specific mention.
Constitution: Governance→Constitution→Constitutional reform/making
Page 2, Article 3:
Any constitutional, legislative or regulatory provisions which are inconsistent with this Agreement shall be amended as soon as possible in order to bring them into line with this Agreement.

Power sharing

Political power sharing: Power sharing→Political power sharing→General
State level
Article 1
The Global Ceasefire Agreement embraces the Ceasefire Agreement of 2 December 2002, the Joint Declaration of Agreement of 27 January 2003 on the final cessation of hostilities, the Pretoria Protocol of 8 October 2003 on political, defence and security power-sharing in Burundi, the Pretoria Protocol of 2 November 2003 on outstanding issues of political, defence and security power-sharing in Burundi, and the Pretoria Protocol of 2 November 2003 on the Technical Forces Agreement.

Page 3, Article 5
The Parties undertake to implement in full the agreements listed below:
– The Ceasefire Agreement between the Transitional Government of Burundi and the National Council
for the Defence of Democracy-Forces for the Defence of Democracy (CNDD-FDD), signed on 2 December
2002;
– The Pretoria Protocol signed on 27 January 2003;
– The Pretoria Protocol on political, defence and security power-sharing in Burundi, signed on 8
October 2003;
– The Pretoria Protocol on outstanding issues of political, defence and security power-sharing,
signed on 2 November 2003;
– The Technical Forces Agreement, signed on 2 November 2003.
Territorial power sharing: No specific mention.
Economic power sharing: No specific mention.
Military power sharing: Power sharing→Military power sharing→Proportionality
Page 2, Article 1:
The Global Ceasefire Agreement embraces the Ceasefire Agreement of 2 December 2002, the Joint Declaration of Agreement of 27 January 2003 on the final cessation of hostilities, the Pretoria Protocol of 8 October 2003 on political, defence and security power-sharing in Burundi, the Pretoria Protocol of 2 November 2003 on outstanding issues of political, defence and security power-sharing in Burundi, and the Pretoria Protocol of 2 November 2003 on the Technical Forces Agreement.

Human rights and equality

Human rights/RoL general: Page 1, Untitled Preamble:
...
Reaffirming our commitment to build a political order and system of Government in keeping with the realities of our country and based on the values of justice, political pluralism, respect for the fundamental freedoms and rights of the individual, unity, solidarity, mutual understanding, tolerance and cooperation,
Bill of rights/similar: No specific mention.
Treaty incorporation: No specific mention.
Civil and political rights: No specific mention.
Socio-economic rights: No specific mention.

Rights related issues

Citizenship: No specific mention.
Democracy: No specific mention.
Detention procedures: No specific mention.
Media and communication: No specific mention.
Mobility/access: No specific mention.
Protection measures: No specific mention.
Other: No specific mention.

Rights institutions

NHRI: No specific mention.
Regional or international human rights institutions: No specific mention.

Justice sector reform

Criminal justice and emergency law: No specific mention.
State of emergency provisions: No specific mention.
Judiciary and courts: No specific mention.
Prisons and detention: No specific mention.
Traditional Laws: No specific mention.

Socio-economic reconstruction

Development or socio-economic reconstruction: Socio-economic reconstruction→Development or socio-economic reconstruction→Socio-economic development
Page 1, Untitled Preamble:
...
Reaffirming our unshakeable determination to put an end to the root causes of the continuing situation of violence, bloodshed, insecurity, political instability, and exclusion, which has heaped distress and suffering on the Burundian people and is seriously compromising the prospects for economic development and the establishment of equality and social justice in our country,
National economic plan: No specific mention.
Natural resources: No specific mention.
International funds: No specific mention.
Business: No specific mention.
Taxation: No specific mention.
Banks: No specific mention.

Land, property and environment

Land reform/rights: No specific mention.
Pastoralist/nomadism rights: No specific mention.
Cultural heritage: No specific mention.
Environment: No specific mention.
Water or riparian rights or access: No specific mention.

Security sector

Security Guarantees: No specific mention.
Ceasefire: Security sector→Ceasefire→Ceasefire provision
The agreement provides entirely for a ceasefire.
Police: No specific mention.
Armed forces: No specific mention.
DDR: No specific mention.
Intelligence services: No specific mention.
Parastatal/rebel and opposition group forces: Page 2, Article 4:
The Parties appeal to the Party for the Liberation of the Hutu People-National Liberation Forces (PALIPEHUTU-FNL) immediately to suspend hostilities and acts
of violence and to join the negotiations with the Government as soon as possible.
If the PALIPEHUTU-FNL categorically refuses to resume negotiations, the signatories of this Agreement, the Regional Peace Initiative for Burundi, the African
Union and the United Nations will deem it to be an organization inimical to the peace and security of Burundi and will treat it as such.
Withdrawal of foreign forces: No specific mention.
Corruption: No specific mention.
Crime/organised crime: No specific mention.
Drugs: No specific mention.
Terrorism: No specific mention.

Transitional justice

Transitional justice general: Page 1, Untitled Preamble:
...
Reaffirming our unshakeable determination to put an end to the root causes of the continuing situation of violence, bloodshed, insecurity, political instability, and exclusion, which has heaped distress and suffering on the Burundian people and is seriously compromising the prospects for economic development and the establishment of equality and social justice in our country,
Amnesty/pardon: No specific mention.
Courts: No specific mention.
Mechanism: No specific mention.
Prisoner release: No specific mention.
Vetting: No specific mention.
Victims: No specific mention.
Missing persons: No specific mention.
Reparations: No specific mention.
Reconciliation: No specific mention.

Implementation

UN signatory: - (Signed) His Excellency Berhanu DINKA Special Representative of the Secretary-General of the United Nations
Other international signatory: 2. Co-signatories:
- (Signed) His Excellency Jacob ZUMA, Deputy President of the Republic of South Africa, Facilitator
- (Signed) His Excellency Joachim CHISSANO, President of the Republic of Mozambique and current President of the African Union
- (Signed) His Excellency Yoweri Kaguta MUSEVENI President of the Republic of Uganda and President of the Regional Peace Initiative for Burundi, guarantor of the implementation of the Global Ceasefire Agreement
- (Signed) His Excellency Alpha Oumar KONARE, Chairperson of the Commission of the African Union
- (Signed) His Excellency Ali MOHAMED SHENI on behalf of His Excellency Benjamin William MKAPA, President of the United Republic of Tanzania
Referendum for agreement: No specific mention.
International mission/force/similar: Page 3, Article 6:
The agreements shall be implemented by the existing peace-process institutions in Burundi:
– The African Mission in Burundi;
...
– The Joint Ceasefire Commission.
Enforcement mechanism: Page 3, Article 6:
The agreements shall be implemented by the existing peace-process institutions in Burundi:
– The African Mission in Burundi;
– The Implementation Monitoring Committee;
– The Joint Ceasefire Commission.
– The implementation process shall be conducted in conformity with the timetable agreed upon in the agreements mentioned above.
Related cases: No specific mention.
Source: http://peacemaker.un.org

Global Ceasefire Agreement

The Transitional Government of the Republic of Burundi and the National Council for the Defence of Democracy-Forces for the Defence of Democracy (CNDD-FDD), hereinafter referred to as “the Parties”,

Taking note of the Ceasefire Agreement of 2 December 2002, the Joint Declaration of Agreement of 27 January 2003 on the final cessation of hostilities, the Pretoria Protocol of 8 October 2003 on political, defence and security power- sharing in Burundi, the Pretoria Protocol of 2 November 2003 on outstanding issues of political, defence and security power-sharing in Burundi and the Protocol on the Technical Forces Agreement, all concluded between the Parties with a view to the establishment of lasting peace, security and stability in Burundi,

Recalling the principles and objectives of the Arusha Peace and Reconciliation Agreement for Burundi and the Transitional Constitution of the Republic of Burundi,

Recalling our commitment to respect and implement in good faith the agreements and protocols concluded for the purposes of ending the war and rebuilding Burundi,

Reaffirming our unshakeable determination to put an end to the root causes of the continuing situation of violence, bloodshed, insecurity, political instability, and exclusion, which has heaped distress and suffering on the Burundian people and is seriously compromising the prospects for economic development and the establishment of equality and social justice in our country,

Reaffirming our commitment to build a political order and system of Government in keeping with the realities of our country and based on the values of justice, political pluralism, respect for the fundamental freedoms and rights of the individual, unity, solidarity, mutual understanding, tolerance and cooperation,

In the presence of:

His Excellency Jacob ZUMA, Deputy President of the Republic of South

Africa, Facilitator for the negotiation of the Ceasefire Agreement

His Excellency Joachim CHISSANO, President of the Republic of Mozambique and current President of the African Union

His Excellency Yoweri Kaguta MUSEVENI, President of the Republic of Uganda and President of the Regional Peace Initiative for Burundi

His Excellency Dr. Ali Mohamed SHENI, Vice-President of the United Republic of Tanzania

His Excellency Joseph KABILA, President of the Democratic Republic of the Congo

His Excellency Méles ZENAWI, Prime Minister of the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia

His Excellency Ambassador Berhanu DINKA, Special Representative of the Secretary-General of the United Nations

His Excellency Patrick MAZIMPAKA, Vice-Chairperson of the Commission of the African Union

His Excellency Charles MURIGANDE, Minister for Foreign Affairs and Cooperation of the Republic of Rwanda

His Excellency Ondo METHOGO, Deputy Prime Minister of the Gabonese Republic

His Excellency Ngunjiri NJUGUNA, Ambassador of the Republic of Kenya to Tanzania

His Excellency Joshua M. SIMYANDI, Ambassador of the Republic of Zambia to Tanzania

We solemnly declare ourselves to be bound by the provisions of the following Global Ceasefire Agreement:

Article 1

The Global Ceasefire Agreement embraces the Ceasefire Agreement of 2 December 2002, the Joint Declaration of Agreement of 27 January 2003 on the final cessation of hostilities, the Pretoria Protocol of 8 October 2003 on political, defence and security power-sharing in Burundi, the Pretoria Protocol of 2 November 2003 on outstanding issues of political, defence and security power-sharing in Burundi, and the Pretoria Protocol of 2 November 2003 on the Technical Forces Agreement.

Article 2

The Global Ceasefire Agreement is an integral part of the Arusha Peace and Reconciliation Agreement for Burundi.

It revokes all earlier conflicting provisions of the Arusha Agreement in relation to the CNDD-FDD Movement.

Article 3

Any constitutional, legislative or regulatory provisions which are inconsistent with this Agreement shall be amended as soon as possible in order to bring them into line with this Agreement.

Article 4

The Parties appeal to the Party for the Liberation of the Hutu People-National Liberation Forces (PALIPEHUTU-FNL) immediately to suspend hostilities and acts of violence and to join the negotiations with the Government as soon as possible.

If the PALIPEHUTU-FNL categorically refuses to resume negotiations, the signatories of this Agreement, the Regional Peace Initiative for Burundi, the African Union and the United Nations will deem it to be an organization inimical to the peace and security of Burundi and will treat it as such.

Article 5

The Parties undertake to implement in full the agreements listed below:

– The Ceasefire Agreement between the Transitional Government of Burundi and the National Council for the Defence of Democracy-Forces for the Defence of Democracy (CNDD-FDD), signed on 2 December 2002;

– The Pretoria Protocol signed on 27 January 2003;

– The Pretoria Protocol on political, defence and security power-sharing in Burundi, signed on 8 October 2003;

– The Pretoria Protocol on outstanding issues of political, defence and security power-sharing, signed on 2 November 2003;

– The Technical Forces Agreement, signed on 2 November 2003.

Article 6

The agreements shall be implemented by the existing peace-process institutions in Burundi:

– The African Mission in Burundi;

– The Implementation Monitoring Committee;

– The Joint Ceasefire Commission.

–The implementation process shall be conducted in conformity with the timetable agreed upon in the agreements mentioned above.

Article 7

This Global Ceasefire Agreement shall enter into force on the day of its signature.

Article 8

Original copies of the French text shall be deposited with the Secretary- General of the United Nations, the Chairperson of the Commission of the African Union, and the Transitional Government of Burundi.

Certified copies shall be kept by the Parties.

Signed at Dar-es-Salaam on 16 November 2003.

1. Signatories:

For the Transitional Government of Burundi

(Signed) His Excellency Domitien NDAYIZEYE President of the Republic

For the National Council for the Defence of Democracy-Forces for the Defence of Democracy

(Signed) Mr. Pierre NKURUNZIZA Legal Representative

2. Co-signatories:

(Signed) His Excellency Jacob ZUMA

Deputy President of the Republic of South Africa, Facilitator

(Signed) His Excellency Joachim CHISSANO President of the Republic of Mozambique

and current President of the African Union

(Signed) His Excellency Yoweri Kaguta MUSEVENI

President of the Republic of Uganda and President of the Regional Peace Initiative for Burundi, guarantor of the implementation of the Global Ceasefire Agreement

(Signed) His Excellency Alpha Oumar KONARE Chairperson of the Commission of the African Union

(Signed) His Excellency Ali MOHAMED SHENI on behalf of His Excellency Benjamin William MKAPA

President of the United Republic of Tanzania

(Signed) His Excellency Berhanu DINKA

Special Representative of the Secretary-General of the United Nations