Agreement covering Implementation of the Ceasefire (Arawa Agreement)

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Country/entity: Papua New Guinea
Bougainville
Region: Asia and Pacific
Agreement name: Agreement covering Implementation of the Ceasefire (Arawa Agreement)
Date: 30 Apr 1998
Agreement status: Multiparty signed/agreed
Interim arrangement: Yes
Agreement/conflict level: Intrastate/intrastate conflict
Bougainville Conflict (1987 - 1998)
The conflict on Bougainville, an island under the jurisdiction of Papua New Guinea (PNG), began in 1987 as a dispute over compensation for the use of land by Bougainville Copper Ltd, a an Australian subsidiary. The underlying issue of independence soon emerged and the conflict escalated between the government of PNG and the native islanders, in turn spearheaded by the Bougainville Revolutionary Army (BRA). Until fighting ended in 1998, an estimated 20,000 died in the conflict. Several pre-negotiation agreements culminated in an agreement to a ‘permanent and irrevocable’ ceasefire, and a framework for normalizing the PNG-Bourgainville relationship, which included elections.
Stage: Ceasefire/related
Conflict nature: Government/territory
Peace process: Bougainville: peace process
Parties: (Signed)
Sir John KAPUTIN, Special State Negotiator, Papua New Guinea Government;
Sam AKOITAI, Minister of Bougainville Affairs, Papua New Guinea Government;
Gerard SINATO, Premier, Bougainville Transitional Government;
Joseph KABUI, Vice President, Bougainville Interim Government;
Hilary MASIRIA, Chairman, Bougainville Resistance Force;
General Sam KAUONA, Commander, Bougainville Revolutionary Army;
John MOMIS, Member for Bougainville Region, Papua New Guinea Government;
Michael LAIMO, Member for South Bougainville, Papua New Guinea Government;
Michael OGIO, Member for North Bougainville, Papua New Guinea Government;
Third parties: WITNESSED BY:
Bartholomew ULUFA’ALU, Prime Minister, Government of Solomon Islands;
Don MACKINNON, Minister for Foreign Affairs and Trade, Government of New Zealand;
Alexander DOWNER, Minister for Foreign Affairs, Government of Australia;
Bernardo VUNIBOBO, Minister for Foreign Affairs, Government of Fiji;
Clement LEON, Acting Minister for Foreign Affairs, Government of Vanuatu;
Francesc VENDRELL, Representative of the Secretary-General;
Description: Agreement providing for permanent and irrevocable ceasefire, a neutral regional peace monitoring group and UN observer mission, a mechanism for consultation with parties, and agreement for a call out order and neutral zone.

Agreement document: PG_980430_ArawaAgreement.pdf (opens in new tab) | Download PDF

Groups

Children/youth: No specific mention.
Disabled persons: No specific mention.
Elderly/age: No specific mention.
Migrant workers: No specific mention.
Racial/ethnic/national group: No specific mention.
Religious groups: No specific mention.
Indigenous people: No specific mention.
Other groups: No specific mention.
Refugees/displaced persons: No specific mention.
Social class: No specific mention.

Gender

Women, girls and gender: No specific mention.
Men and boys: No specific mention.
LGBTI: No specific mention.
Family: No specific mention.

State definition

Nature of state (general): No specific mention.
State configuration: No specific mention.
Self determination: No specific mention.
Referendum: No specific mention.
State symbols: No specific mention.
Independence/secession: No specific mention.
Accession/unification: No specific mention.
Border delimitation: No specific mention.
Cross-border provision: No specific mention.

Governance

Political institutions (new or reformed): No specific mention.
Elections: No specific mention.
Electoral commission: No specific mention.
Political parties reform: No specific mention.
Civil society: No specific mention.
Traditional/religious leaders: No specific mention.
Public administration: No specific mention.
Constitution: No specific mention.

Power sharing

Political power sharing: No specific mention.
Territorial power sharing: No specific mention.
Economic power sharing: No specific mention.
Military power sharing: No specific mention.

Human rights and equality

Human rights/RoL general: No specific mention.
Bill of rights/similar: No specific mention.
Treaty incorporation: No specific mention.
Civil and political rights: No specific mention.
Socio-economic rights: No specific mention.

Rights related issues

Citizenship: No specific mention.
Democracy: No specific mention.
Detention procedures: No specific mention.
Media and communication: No specific mention.
Mobility/access: Page 3, PART I. CEASEFIRE
2. Terms of the ceasefire
... 2.4 People will be allowed to move freely without hindrance in Bougainville.
Protection measures: No specific mention.
Other: No specific mention.

Rights institutions

NHRI: No specific mention.
Regional or international human rights institutions: No specific mention.

Justice sector reform

Criminal justice and emergency law: No specific mention.
State of emergency provisions: No specific mention.
Judiciary and courts: No specific mention.
Prisons and detention: No specific mention.
Traditional Laws: No specific mention.

Socio-economic reconstruction

Development or socio-economic reconstruction: No specific mention.
National economic plan: No specific mention.
Natural resources: No specific mention.
International funds: No specific mention.
Business: No specific mention.
Taxation: No specific mention.
Banks: No specific mention.

Land, property and environment

Land reform/rights: No specific mention.
Pastoralist/nomadism rights: No specific mention.
Cultural heritage: No specific mention.
Environment: No specific mention.
Water or riparian rights or access: No specific mention.

Security sector

Security Guarantees: Page 3, Untitled Preamble
(iv) Realizing that the Lincoln Agreement on Peace, Security and Development on Bougainville is the basis for the Agenda for ongoing consultation and negotiation between the parties, which Agreement needs to be implemented;

Page 4, PART II. NEUTRAL REGIONAL PEACE MONITORING GROUP AND UNITED NATIONS OBSERVER MISSION
5. United Nations observer mission
5.1 The parties agree that the Papua New Guinea Government will request:
(i) The Security Council to endorse the neutral regional Peace Monitoring Group;

Page 6, Ceasefire - annex I
This agreement is annex I to the Lincoln Agreement on Peace, Security and Development on Bougainville.
Ceasefire: Security sector→Ceasefire→Ceasefire provision
Page 3, PART I. CEASEFIRE
1. Permanent and irrevocable ceasefire
A permanent and irrevocable ceasefire will come into effect on Bougainville at 2400 hours on 30 April 1998.

Page 3, PART I. CEASEFIRE
2. Terms of the ceasefire
2.1 As from that hour all parties will continue to refrain from all hostile acts or the carriage or possession and the use of arms, ammunition, explosives and other instruments of death, injury or destruction on Bougainville.
2.2 No one will manufacture, trade or distribute weapons in Bougainville.
2.3 The parties will cooperate in reporting and preventing the use, manufacture, importation, sale, trade and exchange of weapons and ammunition.
2.4 People will be allowed to move freely without hindrance in Bougainville.
Police: Page 6, PART III. MECHANISM FOR CONSULTATION
10. Recognising the special situation in Bougainville, the Police Commissioner shall consult with the Peace Process Consultative Committee prior to any order to re-deploy the Royal PNG Constabulary Mobile Riot Squad on Bougainville.
Armed forces: No specific mention.
DDR: Security sector→DDR→Demilitarisation provisions
Page 6, PART IV. CALL-OUT ORDER AND NEUTRAL ZONE
11. Call-out order and neutral zone
11.1 The Special State Negotiator will raise the Government of Papua New Guinea, within seven days of the signing of annex I to the Lincoln Agreement, the following:
(i) Recognition by all parties of the township of Arawa as a demilitarized neutral zone;
(ii) Rescinding of the call-out order to consolidate the ceasefire.
11.2 The first meeting of the Peace Process Consultative Committee shall take place within seven days of the implementation of (i) and (ii) above.
Intelligence services: No specific mention.
Parastatal/rebel and opposition group forces: No specific mention.
Withdrawal of foreign forces: No specific mention.
Corruption: No specific mention.
Crime/organised crime: No specific mention.
Drugs: No specific mention.
Terrorism: No specific mention.

Transitional justice

Transitional justice general: No specific mention.
Amnesty/pardon: No specific mention.
Courts: No specific mention.
Mechanism: No specific mention.
Prisoner release: No specific mention.
Vetting: No specific mention.
Victims: No specific mention.
Missing persons: No specific mention.
Reparations: No specific mention.
Reconciliation: No specific mention.

Implementation

UN signatory: Page 7, WITNESSED BY:
Francesc VENDRELL, Representative of the UN Secretary-General
Other international signatory: Page 7,
WITNESSED BY:
Bartholomew ULUFA’ALU, Prime Minister, Government of Solomon Islands;
Don MACKINNON, Minister for Foreign Affairs and Trade, Government of New Zealand;
Alexander DOWNER, Minister for Foreign Affairs, Government of Australia;
Bernardo VUNIBOBO, Minister for Foreign Affairs, Government of Fiji;
Clement LEON, Acting Minister for Foreign Affairs, Government of Vanuatu;
Referendum for agreement: No specific mention.
International mission/force/similar: Page 4, PART II. NEUTRAL REGIONAL PEACE MONITORING GROUP AND UNITED NATIONS OBSERVER MISSION
3. Neutral regional Peace Monitoring Group
3.1 The Papua New Guinea Government, in consultation with the parties, will negotiate an agreement based on the Agreement concerning the Regional Truce Monitoring Group to establish a neutral regional Peace Monitoring Group.
3.2 The parties agree that Papua New Guinea will invite Australia, Fiji, New Zealand, Vanuatu and other countries in the region to participate in the neutral regional Peace Monitoring Group.
4. Mandate of the Peace Monitoring Group
The parties agree that the Peace Monitoring Group will carry out the following mandate:
(i) Monitor and report on compliance with all aspects of the ceasefire;
(ii) Promote and instil confidence in the peace process through its presence, good offices and interaction with people in Bougainville;
(iii) Provide such assistance in implementation of the Lincoln Agreement as the parties to the Lincoln Agreement and the States contributing to the Peace Monitoring Group may agree and available resources allow;
(iv) Cooperate by agreement in ways that assist in the democratic resolution of the situation.
5. United Nations observer mission
5.1 The parties agree that the Papua New Guinea Government will request:
(i) The Security Council to endorse the neutral regional Peace Monitoring Group;
(ii) The Secretary-General to send an observer mission to Bougainville.
5.2 The parties recognize that the United Nations observer mission will work in conjunction with the Peace Monitoring Group while maintaining the right to make its own observations and assessments.
5.3 The mandate of the United Nations observer mission will be to monitor and report on implementation of these arrangements and it may be requested to assist in other areas as agreed by the parties.

Page 5, PART III. MECHANISM FOR CONSULTATION
7. Membership of the Peace Process Consultative Committee
7.2 The United Nations observer mission and the States contributing to the Peace Monitoring Group will be invited to sit at meetings of the Peace Process Consultative Committee.
Enforcement mechanism: Page 4, PART II. NEUTRAL REGIONAL PEACE MONITORING GROUP AND UNITED NATIONS OBSERVER MISSION
3. Neutral regional Peace Monitoring Group
3.1 The Papua New Guinea Government, in consultation with the parties, will negotiate an agreement based on the Agreement concerning the Regional
Truce Monitoring Group to establish a neutral regional Peace Monitoring Group.
3.2 The parties agree that Papua New Guinea will invite Australia, Fiji, New Zealand, Vanuatu and other countries in the region to participate in the neutral regional Peace Monitoring Group.

Page 4, PART II. NEUTRAL REGIONAL PEACE MONITORING GROUP AND UNITED NATIONS OBSERVER MISSION
4. Mandate of the Peace Monitoring Group
The parties agree that the Peace Monitoring Group will carry out the following mandate:
(i) Monitor and report on compliance with all aspects of the ceasefire;
(ii) Promote and instil confidence in the peace process through its presence, good offices and interaction with people in Bougainville;
(iii) Provide such assistance in implementation of the Lincoln Agreement as the parties to the Lincoln Agreement and the States contributing to the Peace Monitoring Group may agree and available resources allow;
(iv) Cooperate by agreement in ways that assist in the democratic resolution of the situation.
United Nations observer mission

Page 4, PART II. NEUTRAL REGIONAL PEACE MONITORING GROUP AND UNITED NATIONS OBSERVER MISSION
5.1 The parties agree that the Papua New Guinea Government will request:
(i) The Security Council to endorse the neutral regional Peace Monitoring Group;
(ii) The Secretary-General to send an observer mission to Bougainville.
5.2 The parties recognize that the United Nations observer mission will work in conjunction with the Peace Monitoring Group while maintaining the right to make its own observations and assessments.
5.3 The mandate of the United Nations observer mission will be to monitor and report on implementation of these arrangements and it may be requested to assist in other areas as agreed by the parties.

Page 5, PART III. MECHANISM FOR CONSULTATION
6. Peace Process Consultative Committee
6.1 The parties agree to establish a Peace Process Consultative Committee which will replace the Peace Consultative Committee.
6.2 The Papua New Guinea National Government will seek funding for the establishment of a secretariat for the Peace Process Consultative Committee.

Page 5, PART III. MECHANISM FOR CONSULTATION
7. Membership of the Peace Process Consultative Committee
7.1 The Peace Process Consultative Committee will comprise members from all the parties.
7.2 The United Nations observer mission and the States contributing to the Peace Monitoring Group will be invited to sit at meetings of the Peace Process Consultative Committee.

Page 5, PART III. MECHANISM FOR CONSULTATION
8. Chairman of the Peace Process Consultative Committee
The parties agree that the Chairman of the Peace Process Consultative Committee will be the leader of the United Nations observer mission or otherwise
as may be agreed by the parties.

Page 5, PART III. MECHANISM FOR CONSULTATION
9. Function of the Peace Process Consultative Committee
The parties agree that the functions of the Peace Process Consultative Committee shall be the following:
(i) To consult with all the parties on aspects of the ceasefire;
(ii) To assist the Peace Monitoring Group to monitor the ceasefire and resolve problems resulting from breaches of the terms of the ceasefire;
(iii) To promote the process by screening and clearing issues arising from the Lincoln Agreement;
(iv) To develop detailed plans for the disposal of weapons;
(v) To develop detailed plans for phased withdrawal of the Papua New Guinea Defence Force and the Royal Papua New Guinea Constabulary Mobile Riot Squad;
(vi) To promote public awareness and understanding of the peace process;
(vii) To work with similar bodies at district and local levels to help achieve the same objectives in their respective areas;
(viii) To staff the secretariat.

Page 6, PART III. MECHANISM FOR CONSULTATION
10. Consultation with the Peace Process Consultative Committee
Recognizing the special situation in Bougainville, the Police Commissioner shall consult with the Peace Process Consultative Committee prior to any order
to redeploy the Royal Papua New Guinea Constabulary Mobile Riot Squad on Bougainville.
Related cases: Page 6, Ceasefire - annex I
This agreement is annex I to the Lincoln Agreement on Peace, Security and Development on Bougainville.
Source: Originally accessed from Conciliation Resources Accord (http://www.c-r.org/accord/papua-new-guinea%E2%80%93bougainville – no longer available from original source).
Currently available from UN Peacemaker: https://peacemaker.un.org/png-arawaagreement98

Annex Agreement Covering Implementation of the Ceasefire

(Annex I to the Lincoln Agreement)

The Government of Papua New Guinea, the Bougainville Transitional Government, the Bougainville Resistance Force, the Bougainville Interim Government, the Bougainville Revolutionary Army and Bougainville leaders ("the parties"):

(i) Recognizing that the situation on Bougainville has substantially improved following the signing of the Burnham Truce;

(ii) Realizing that this was brought about by the cooperation between all parties, the people of Bougainville and the Truce Monitoring Group in observing the terms of the truce;

(iii) Desiring that this same spirit of cooperation be maintained and continued;

(iv) Realizing that the Lincoln Agreement on Peace, Security and Development on Bougainville is the basis for the Agenda for ongoing consultation and negotiation between the parties, which Agreement needs to be implemented;

hereby agree to the following arrangements:

PART I. CEASEFIRE

1. Permanent and irrevocable ceasefire A permanent and irrevocable ceasefire will come into effect on Bougainville at 2400 hours on 30 April 1998.

2. Terms of the ceasefire

2.1 As from that hour all parties will continue to refrain from all hostile acts or the carriage or possession and the use of arms, ammunition, explosives and other instruments of death, injury or destruction on Bougainville.

2.2 No one will manufacture, trade or distribute weapons in Bougainville.

2.3 The parties will cooperate in reporting and preventing the use, manufacture, importation, sale, trade and exchange of weapons and ammunition.

2.4 People will be allowed to move freely without hindrance in Bougainville.

PART II.

NEUTRAL REGIONAL PEACE MONITORING GROUP AND UNITED NATIONS OBSERVER MISSION

3. Neutral regional Peace Monitoring Group

3.1 The Papua New Guinea Government, in consultation with the parties, will negotiate an agreement based on the Agreement concerning the Regional Truce Monitoring Group to establish a neutral regional Peace Monitoring Group.

3.2 The parties agree that Papua New Guinea will invite Australia, Fiji, New Zealand, Vanuatu and other countries in the region to participate in the neutral regional Peace Monitoring Group.

4. Mandate of the Peace Monitoring Group The parties agree that the Peace Monitoring Group will carry out the following mandate:

(i) Monitor and report on compliance with all aspects of the ceasefire;

(ii) Promote and instil confidence in the peace process through its presence, good offices and interaction with people in Bougainville;

(iii) Provide such assistance in implementation of the Lincoln Agreement as the parties to the Lincoln Agreement and the States contributing to the Peace Monitoring Group may agree and available resources allow;

(iv) Cooperate by agreement in ways that assist in the democratic resolution of the situation.

5. United Nations observer mission

5.1 The parties agree that the Papua New Guinea Government will request:

(i) The Security Council to endorse the neutral regional Peace Monitoring Group;

(ii) The Secretary-General to send an observer mission to Bougainville.

5.2 The parties recognize that the United Nations observer mission will work in conjunction with the Peace Monitoring Group while maintaining the right to make its own observations and assessments.

5.3 The mandate of the United Nations observer mission will be to monitor and report on implementation of these arrangements and it may be requested to assist in other areas as agreed by the parties.

PART III.

MECHANISM FOR CONSULTATION

6. Peace Process Consultative Committee

6.1 The parties agree to establish a Peace Process Consultative Committee which will replace the Peace Consultative Committee.

6.2 The Papua New Guinea National Government will seek funding for the establishment of a secretariat for the Peace Process Consultative Committee.

7. Membership of the Peace Process Consultative Committee

7.1 The Peace Process Consultative Committee will comprise members from all the parties.

7.2 The United Nations observer mission and the States contributing to the Peace Monitoring Group will be invited to sit at meetings of the Peace Process Consultative Committee.

8. Chairman of the Peace Process Consultative Committee The parties agree that the Chairman of the Peace Process Consultative Committee will be the leader of the United Nations observer mission or otherwise as may be agreed by the parties.

9. Function of the Peace Process Consultative Committee The parties agree that the functions of the Peace Process Consultative Committee shall be the following:

(i) To consult with all the parties on aspects of the ceasefire;

(ii) To assist the Peace Monitoring Group to monitor the ceasefire and resolve problems resulting from breaches of the terms of the ceasefire;

(iii) To promote the process by screening and clearing issues arising from the Lincoln Agreement;

(iv) To develop detailed plans for the disposal of weapons;

(v) To develop detailed plans for phased withdrawal of the Papua New Guinea Defence Force and the Royal Papua New Guinea Constabulary Mobile Riot Squad;

(vi) To promote public awareness and understanding of the peace process;

(vii) To work with similar bodies at district and local levels to help achieve the same objectives in their respective areas;

(viii) To staff the secretariat.

10. Consultation with the Peace Process Consultative Committee Recognizing the special situation in Bougainville, the Police Commissioner shall consult with the Peace Process Consultative Committee prior to any order to redeploy the Royal Papua New Guinea Constabulary Mobile Riot Squad on Bougainville.

PART IV.

CALL-OUT ORDER AND NEUTRAL ZONE

11. Call-out order and neutral zone

11.1 The Special State Negotiator will raise the Government of Papua New Guinea, within seven days of the signing of annex I to the Lincoln Agreement, the following:

(i) Recognition by all parties of the township of Arawa as a demilitarized neutral zone;

(ii) Rescinding of the call-out order to consolidate the ceasefire.

11.2 The first meeting of the Peace Process Consultative Committee shall take place within seven days of the implementation of (i) and (ii) above.

Ceasefire - annex I

This agreement is annex I to the Lincoln Agreement on Peace, Security and Development on Bougainville.

Dated at Arawa this 30th April 1998

Sir John KAPUTIN, Special State Negotiator, Papua New Guinea Government;

Sam AKOITAI, Minister of Bougainville Affairs, Papua New Guinea Government;

Gerard SINATO, Premier, Bougainville Transitional Government;

Joseph KABUI, Vice President, Bougainville Interim Government;

Hilary MASIRIA, Chairman, Bougainville Resistance Force;

General Sam KAUONA, Commander, Bougainville Revolutionary Army;

John MOMIS, Member for Bougainville Region, Papua New Guinea Government;

Michael LAIMO, Member for South Bougainville, Papua New Guinea Government;

Michael OGIO, Member for North Bougainville, Papua New Guinea Government;

WITNESSED BY:

Bartholomew ULUFA’ALU, Prime Minister, Government of Solomon Islands;

Don MACKINNON, Minister for Foreign Affairs and Trade, Government of New Zealand;

Alexander DOWNER, Minister for Foreign Affairs, Government of Australia;

Bernardo VUNIBOBO, Minister for Foreign Affairs, Government of Fiji;

Clement LEON, Acting Minister for Foreign Affairs, Government of Vanuatu;

Francesc VENDRELL, Representative of the Secretary-General;