Protocol of Agreement between the Government of the Republic of Rwanda and the Rwandese Patriotic Front on Miscellaneous Issues and Final Provisions

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Country/entity: Rwanda
Region: Africa (excl MENA)
Agreement name: Protocol of Agreement between the Government of the Republic of Rwanda and the Rwandese Patriotic Front on Miscellaneous Issues and Final Provisions
Date: 3 Aug 1993
Agreement status: Multiparty signed/agreed
Interim arrangement: Yes
Agreement/conflict level: Intrastate/intrastate conflict
Rwandan Civil War (1990 - 1994)
The origins between the ethnic tensions between the Tutsi and Hutus in Rwanda are found in the original waves of migration and later into the domination of the Kingdom of Rwanda formed by the Tutsi clans. The Kingdom of Rwanda became the framework used by the German colonials to exercise power. Although the economy was reformed following the transfer to Belgian rule after World War I, the Hutu majority remained disenfranchised. Socio-economic differences were further cemented in 1935, when the Belgians introduced identity cards with Hutu or Tutsi distinctions.

Relations deteriorated after World War Two when a Hutu elite formed, and in 1959, what began as attacks on Tutsi targets evolved into the Rwandan revolution. The Belgian colonials began a programme of promotion for Hutus and following elections in the mid-1960s, the Hutus took control of most constituencies. More than 336,000 Tutsis fled Rwanda during the revolution and a failed insurgency was launched in the late 1960s.

By the late 1980s, many former Tutsi refugees in Uganda had gained integral roles in the Ugandan National Army following the overthrow of Milton Obete by Yoweri Museveni. In 1990, a Tutsi faction within the Ugandan Army, the Rwandan Patriotic Front, led by Fred Rwigyema invaded Uganda. However, the RPF came in disarray following Rwigyema’s death on the second day of the attack. This led another Tutsi officer from the Ugandan Army, Paul Kagama, to step in. The troops were reassembled and another campaign was lauched in 1991. By 1992, the Arusha Accords were signed in Tanzania, providing for a power-sharing government. The war took a turn for the worst when on April 6, 1994, the plane of then-President Juvénal Habyarimana, a Hutu, was shot over Kigali killing everyone on board. The next day, the Rwandan Army, alongside civilians began killing Tutsi and moderate Hutu leaders, which marked the beginning of the 3-month long genocide of Tutsis in Rwanda, until the killing was ended in July 1994 when the RNF forced the interim government into exile. Approximately 2,000,000 Hutus also fled to the Democratic Republic of Congo, Burundi, Tanzania and Uganda.
Stage: Framework/substantive - partial
Conflict nature: Government
Peace process: Rwanda-RPF process
Parties: Government of Rwanda and Rwandese Patriotic Front
Third parties: In the presence of the facilitator (United republic of Tanzania), Jospeh C. Rwegasira, Minister for Foreign Affairs and International Cooperation.
In the presence of the Represenatative of the Secretary General of the OAU, H.E. Dr. M. T. Mapuranga, Assistant Secretary General in charge of Political Affairs.
Description: This is a short agreement dealing with miscellaneous issues and final provisions; including (I) State Security Services; (II) Miscellaneous Provivisions (Oath of key political actors, chairmanship of Transitional National Assembly, Removal and resignation and violation of the fundamental law of/by key political actors, ratification of International Instruments on Human Rights, deletion of ethnic references in public documents, etc.).

Agreement document: RW_930803_ProtocolOnMiscellaneousIssuesAndFinalProvisions.pdf (opens in new tab) | Download PDF

Groups

Children/youth: No specific mention.
Disabled persons: No specific mention.
Elderly/age: No specific mention.
Migrant workers: No specific mention.
Racial/ethnic/national group: Groups→Racial/ethnic/national group→Substantive
Page 9, Chapter II: Miscellaneous Provisions, Article 16:
The Broad-Based Transitional Government shall, from the date of its assumption of office, delete from all official documents to be issued any reference to ethnic origin. Documents in use or not yet used shall be replaced by those not bearing any reference to ethnic origin.
Religious groups: No specific mention.
Indigenous people: No specific mention.
Other groups: No specific mention.
Refugees/displaced persons: No specific mention.
Social class: No specific mention.

Gender

Women, girls and gender: No specific mention.
Men and boys: No specific mention.
LGBTI: No specific mention.
Family: No specific mention.

State definition

Nature of state (general): No specific mention.
State configuration: No specific mention.
Self determination: No specific mention.
Referendum: No specific mention.
State symbols: No specific mention.
Independence/secession: No specific mention.
Accession/unification: No specific mention.
Border delimitation: No specific mention.
Cross-border provision: No specific mention.

Governance

Political institutions (new or reformed): Governance→Political institutions (new or reformed)→General references
Page 3-4, Chapter I: State Security Services, Section 2: State Security Services, Article 3:
Principles.
The State Security Services shall be guided by the following principles:
...
5. In exercising their duties, they shall be guided by the supreme interest of the State and the public good. They shall perform their duties in a non-partisan spirit and must act with absolute impartiality and neutrality vis-a-vis political parties.
Governance→Political institutions (new or reformed)→Temporary new institutions
Page 10-11, Chapter II: Miscellaneous Provisions, Article 22:
Duration of the Transition Period.
The duration of the Transition period shall be twenty two (22) months, effective from the date of establishment of the Broad-Based Transitional Government, with the possibility of one (1) extension if warranted by exceptional circumstances impeding the normal implementation of the programme of the Broad-Based Transitional Government.
The length of the extension shall be determined by the Transitional National Assembly on the basis of a 3/5 majority vote. In this regard, the Broad-Based Transitional Government shall consider the need for an extension, three (3) months before the expiry of the Transition period, and shall make appropriate recommendations to the Transitional National Assembly, in consultation with third parties involved in the implementation of the Peace Agreement, namely the United Nations, the OAU and the Facilitator.
Elections: No specific mention.
Electoral commission: No specific mention.
Political parties reform: No specific mention.
Civil society: No specific mention.
Traditional/religious leaders: No specific mention.
Public administration: No specific mention.
Constitution: Governance→Constitution→Constitutional reform/making
Page 9, Chapter II: Miscellaneous Provisions, Article 17:
Public Freedoms and Fundamental Rights.
With regard to public freedoms and fundamental rights, the principles enshrined in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights of 10th December, 1948 shall take precedence over corresponding principles enshrined in the Constitution of the Republic of Rwanda, especially when the latter are contrary to the former.

Power sharing

Political power sharing: No specific mention.
Territorial power sharing: No specific mention.
Economic power sharing: No specific mention.
Military power sharing: Power sharing→Military power sharing→Joint command structures
Summary: Agreement in itse entirety provides for military power sharing.

Page 4,
Article 5: Participation of the Rwandese Patriotic Front in the State Security
Services.

The Broad-Based Transitional Government shall create new posts in the State Security Services within three months after the setting up of the Broad-Based Transitional Government. The RPF shall be effectively represented at all levels of the departments (External Security, Internal Security Services, Immigration and Emigration), particularly at the level of Director and Deputy Director of the Departments and within the organ responsible for the Coordination of State Security Services.
Power sharing→Military power sharing→Proportionality
Pages 1-2,
Article 2: Structure
The current structure of the State Security Services shall be maintained. They shall consist of the following:
- External Security under the Ministry of Defence;
- Internal Intelligence Service under the Prime Minister’s Office;
- Immigration and Emigration Service under the Ministry of Interior and Communal Development.
Article 3: Principles
The State Security Services shall be guided by the following principles:
1. They shall serve the Government and shall be subjected to its authority.
2. They must confine their activities to the gathering of intelligence relevant to the missions entrusted to
them. They shall have no power of arrest, such power shall be vested in the relevant authorities, (Public
Prosecution Department, the National Gendarmerie and the Communal Police).
3. They must abide by the law and must conform to the letter and spirit of the International Conventions
to which the Republic of Rwanda is a party.
4. They must respect the civic rights of citizens as well as fundamental freedoms.
5. In exercising their duties, they shall be guided by the supreme interest of the State and the public
good. They shall perform their duties in a non-partisan spirit and must act with absolute impartiality and
neutrality vis-a-vis political parties.
Article 4: Coordination of Intelligence Services
An Organ responsible for the coordination of all intelligence gathered by various State Intelligence Services shall be established within the Prime Minister’s Office.
The Chart indicating the coordination of all these Services is attached to the Protocol as an Annex.
The Broad-based Transitional Government shall set up a Commission to carry out a comprehensive study of the problems pertaining to State Security and propose the best way of organizing the Intelligence Services in the country.

Human rights and equality

Human rights/RoL general: Page 2, Chapter I: State Security Services, Section 1: Communal Police, Prisons Services, and the Public Prosecution Department, Article 1:
Within the framework of implementing the Government's Programme outlined in Article 23 of the Protocol of Agreement of 30th October, 1992, the Broad-Based Transitional Government shall undertake the following activities with regard to the Security Services:
[…]
B. Prisons Services
[…]
3. Evaluate and improve on prison services, in conformity with Article 23 G.3 of the Protocol of Agreement of 30th October, 1992, and taking into consideration the principles underlying the Rule of Law.

Page 2, Chapter I: State Security Services, Section 1: Communal Police, Prisons Services, and the Public Prosecution Department, Article 1:

Page 3-4, Chapter I: State Security Services, Section 2: State Security Services, Article 3:
Principles.
The State Security Services shall be guided by the following principles:
...
4. They must respect the civic rights of citizens as well as fundamental freedoms.
Bill of rights/similar: No specific mention.
Treaty incorporation: Page 3, Chapter I: State Security Services, Section 2: State Security Services, Article 3:
Principles.
The State Security Services shall be guided by the following principles:
[…]
3. They must abide by the law and must conform to the letter and spirit of the International Conventions to which the Republic of Rwanda is a party.

Page 8, Chapter II: Miscellaneous Provisions, Article 15:
Ratification of International Instruments on Human Rights.
The Broad-Based Transitional Government shall ratify all International Conventions, Agreements and Treaties on Human Rights, which Rwanda has not yet ratified. It shall waive all reservations entered by Rwanda when it adhered to some of those International instruments.

Page 9, Chapter II: Miscellaneous Provisions, Article 17:
Public Freedoms and Fundamental Rights.
With regard to public freedoms and fundamental rights, the principles enshrined in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights of 10th December, 1948 shall take precedence over corresponding principles enshrined in the Constitution of the Republic of Rwanda, especially when the latter are contrary to the former.
Civil and political rights: No specific mention.
Socio-economic rights: No specific mention.

Rights related issues

Citizenship: Rights related issues→Citizenship→Citizens, specific rights
Page 3-4, Chapter I: State Security Services, Section 2: State Security Services, Article 3:
Principles.
The State Security Services shall be guided by the following principles:
...
4. They must respect the civic rights of citizens as well as fundamental freedoms.
Democracy: No specific mention.
Detention procedures: No specific mention.
Media and communication: No specific mention.
Mobility/access: No specific mention.
Protection measures: No specific mention.
Other: No specific mention.

Rights institutions

NHRI: No specific mention.
Regional or international human rights institutions: No specific mention.

Justice sector reform

Criminal justice and emergency law: Justice sector reform→Criminal justice and emergency law→Criminal Justice System reform
Page 2, Chapter I: State Security Services, Section 1: Communal Police, Prisons Services, and the Public Prosecution Department, Article 1:
Within the framework of implementing the Government's Programme outlined in Article 23 of the Protocol of Agreement of 30th October, 1992, the Broad-Based Transitional Government shall undertake the following activities with regard to the Security Services:
[…]
C. PUBLIC PROSECUTION DEPARTMENT.
1. Undertake an extensive reform of the Public Prosecution Department and open it to all the Rwandese Nationals.
2. Make a distinction between the Jurisdiction of the Public Prosecution Department and of other services charged with criminal investigations.
3. Seek technical cooperation for the Public Prosecution Department.
State of emergency provisions: No specific mention.
Judiciary and courts: Page 5, Chapter II: Miscellaneous Provisions, Article 6:
Oath of Office by the President of the Republic.
[Summary] President of the Republic reads the following oath before the Constitutional Court.

Page 5-6, Chapter II: Miscellaneous Provisions, Article 7:
Oath of Office of the Prime Minister, Ministers, Secretaries of State and Deputies of the Transitional National Assembly.
[Summary] The Prime Minister, Ministers, Secretaries of State and Deputies of the Transitional National Assembly shall read the stated oath in front of the Constitutional Court.

Page 6, Chapter II: Miscellaneous Provisions, Article 8:
Oath of Office of the Presiding fudge and Deputy Presiding Judges of the Supreme Court.
[Summary] The Presiding judge and Deputy Presiding Judges of the Suprement Court shall take oath of Office before the Constitutional Court.

Page 6, Chapter II: Miscellaneous Provisions, Article 9:
Chairmanship of the first Session of the Transitional National Assembly.
The first Session of the Transitional National Assembly shall be chaired by the President of the Republic. In the event of the latter's inability to perform the function, it shall be chaired by the Presiding Judge of the Constitutional Court.

Page 7, Chapter II: Miscellaneous Provisions, Article 10:
Removal of a Deputy of the Transitional National Assembly.
A Deputy of the Transitional National Assembly shall be removed by the Supreme Court which shall, in turn, inform the Transitional National Assembly and the Broad-Based Transitional Government.

Page 10, Chapter II: Miscellaneous Provisions, Article 21:
Jurisdiction, Organization and Functioning of the Supreme Council of Magistracy
An organic law shall determine the Jurisdiction, organization and functioning of the Supreme Council of Magistrates.
Prisons and detention: Page 2, Chapter I: State Security Services, Section 1: Communal Police, Prisons Services, and the Public Prosecution Department, Article 1:
Within the framework of implementing the Government's Programme outlined in Article 23 of the Protocol of Agreement of 30th October, 1992, the Broad-Based Transitional Government shall undertake the following activities with regard to the Security Services:
[…]
B. Prisons Services
1. Update the legal provisions and regulations governing prison warders and Guards.
2. Improve and enhance the level of training of prison warders and Guards, by providing them with training best suited to prisons services.
3. Evaluate and improve on prison services, in conformity with Article 23 G.3 of the Protocol of Agreement of 30th October, 1992, and taking into consideration the principles underlying the Rule of Law.
Traditional Laws: No specific mention.

Socio-economic reconstruction

Development or socio-economic reconstruction: No specific mention.
National economic plan: No specific mention.
Natural resources: No specific mention.
International funds: No specific mention.
Business: No specific mention.
Taxation: No specific mention.
Banks: No specific mention.

Land, property and environment

Land reform/rights: No specific mention.
Pastoralist/nomadism rights: No specific mention.
Cultural heritage: No specific mention.
Environment: No specific mention.
Water or riparian rights or access: No specific mention.

Security sector

Security Guarantees: Page 3-4, Chapter I: State Security Services, Section 2: State Security Services, Article 3:
Principles.
The State Security Services shall be guided by the following principles:
1. They shall serve the Government and shall be subjected to its authority.
2. They must confine their activities to the gathering of intelligence relevant to the missions entrusted to them. They shall have no power of arrest, such power shall be vested in the relevant authorities, (Public Prosecution Department, the National Gendarmerie and the Communal Police).
3. They must abide by the law and must conform to the letter and spirit of the International Conventions to which the Republic of Rwanda is a party.
4. They must respect the civic rights of citizens as well as fundamental freedoms.
5. In exercising their duties, they shall be guided by the supreme interest of the State and the public good. They shall perform their duties in a non-partisan spirit and must act with absolute impartiality and neutrality vis-a-vis political parties.

Page 4, Chapter I: State Security Services, Section 2: State Security Services, Article 4:
Coordination of Intelligence Services.
[…]
The Broad-based Transitional Government shall set up a Commission to carry out a comprehensive study of the problems pertaining to State Security and propose the best way of organizing the Intelligence Services in the country.

Page 4, Chapter I: State Security Services, Section 2: State Security Services, Article 5:
Participation of the Rwandese Patriotic Front in the State Security Services:
Security Services within three months after the setting up of the Broad-Based Transitional Government. The RPF shall be effectively represented at all levels of the departments (External Security, Internal
Security Services, Immigration and Emigration), particularly at the level of Director and Deputy Director of the Departments and within the organ responsible for the Coordination of State Security Services.
Ceasefire: No specific mention.
Police: Page 1-2, Chapter I: State Security Services, Section 1: Communal Police, Prisons Services, and the Public Prosecution Department, Article 1:
Within the framework of implementing the Government's Programme outlined in Article 23 of the Protocol of Agreement of 30th October, 1992, the Broad-Based Transitional Government shall undertake the following activities with regard to the Security Services:
A. Communal Police
1. Ensure that policemen are recruited on the basis of the security needs of the Commune, and that an optimal ratio is established between the strength of the Police force and the size of the population in the Commune, in accordance with standard criteria applicable throughout the country.
2. Improve and enhance the level of training of the Communal Police Force
and adapt it to suit its specific tasks.
3. Provide assistance to the Communes in matters of security, especially by improving the service conditions of the Communal Police.
4. Define the modalities of collaboration between the Communal Police Force and other Security Organs.
5. Evaluate and improve on the performance of the Communal Police Force.

Page 3, Chapter I: State Security Services, Section 2: State Security Services, Article 2:
Structure
The current structure of the State Security Services shall be maintained. They shall
consist of the following:
- External Security under the Ministry of Defence;
- Internal Intelligence Service under the Prime Minister's Office;
- Immigration and Emigration Service under the Ministry of Interior and Communal Development.

Page 3-4, Chapter I: State Security Services, Section 2: State Security Services, Article 3:
Principles.
The State Security Services shall be guided by the following principles:
1. They shall serve the Government and shall be subjected to its authority.
2. They must confine their activities to the gathering of intelligence relevant to the missions entrusted to them. They shall have no power of arrest, such power shall be vested in the relevant authorities, (Public Prosecution Department, the National Gendarmerie and the Communal Police).
3. They must abide by the law and must conform to the letter and spirit of the International Conventions to which the Republic of Rwanda is a party.
4. They must respect the civic rights of citizens as well as fundamental freedoms.
5. In exercising their duties, they shall be guided by the supreme interest of the State and the public good. They shall perform their duties in a non-partisan spirit and must act with absolute impartiality and neutrality vis-a-vis political parties.

Page 4, Chapter I: State Security Services, Section 2: State Security Services, Article 5: Participation of the Rwandese Patriotic Front in the State Security Services.
The Broad-Based Transitional Government shall create new posts in the State Security Services within three months after the setting up of the Broad-Based Transitional Government. The RPF shall be effectively represented at all levels of the departments (External Security, Internal Security Services, Immigration and Emigration), particularly at the level of Director and Deputy Director of the Departments and within the organ responsible for the Coordination of State Security Services.

Page 12, Annexe (Annex): Diagramme de la Coordination des Renseignements relatifs a la surete de l'Etat (Diagram of Information Coordination in regards with State Security).
Armed forces: Page 7, Chapter II: Miscellaneous Provisions, Article 11:
Violation of the Fundamental Law by the President of the Republic.
In the event of violation of the Fundamental Law by the President of the Republic, his indictment shall be decided by the Transitional National Assembly on the basis of a 2/3 majority vote of the members present and by secret ballot.
However, prior to voting on the indictment, the Transitional National Assembly shall consult the Joint Political Military Commission (JPMC) referred to in Article TV of the Ceasefire Agreement as amended at Gbadolite 16th September, 1991 and at Arusha on 12th July, 1992. It may also consult the Facilitator. In case the indictment is confirmed to be appropriate, the President is answerable to the Constitutional Court which alone is competent to decide on his immediate resignation.
DDR: No specific mention.
Intelligence services: Page 4, Chapter I: State Security Services, Section 2: State Security Services, Article 4:
Coordination of Intelligence Services.
An Organ responsible for the coordination of all intelligence gathered by various State Intelligence Services shall be established within the Prime Minister's Office.
The Chart indicating the coordination of all these Services is attached to the Protocol as an Annex.
The Broad-based Transitional Government shall set up a Commission to carry out a comprehensive study of the problems pertaining to State Security and propose the best way of organizing the Intelligence Services in the country.
Parastatal/rebel and opposition group forces: No specific mention.
Withdrawal of foreign forces: No specific mention.
Corruption: No specific mention.
Crime/organised crime: No specific mention.
Drugs: No specific mention.
Terrorism: No specific mention.

Transitional justice

Transitional justice general: Page 3, Untitled Preamble:
Resolved to eradicate and put a definite end to all the root causes which gave rise to the war;
Amnesty/pardon: No specific mention.
Courts: No specific mention.
Mechanism: No specific mention.
Prisoner release: No specific mention.
Vetting: No specific mention.
Victims: No specific mention.
Missing persons: No specific mention.
Reparations: No specific mention.
Reconciliation: No specific mention.

Implementation

UN signatory: No specific mention.
Other international signatory: In the presence of the facilitator (United republic of Tanzania), Jospeh C. Rwegasira, Minister for Foreign Affairs and International Cooperation.
In the presence of the Represenatative of the Secretary General of the OAU, H.E. Dr. M. T. Mapuranga, Assistant Secretary General in charge of Political Affairs.
Referendum for agreement: No specific mention.
International mission/force/similar: No specific mention.
Enforcement mechanism: Page 9, Chapter II: Miscellaneous Provisions, Article 18:
Authentic Interpretation of the Peace Agreement
It shall be the duty of the Transitional National Assembly to make an authentic interpretation of the Peace Agreement.
The Transitional National Assembly shall consult the Joint Political-Military Commission referred to in Article IV of the N'sele Ceasefire Agreement as ammended at Gbadolite 16th September, 1991 and at Arusha 12th July, 1992. It may consult the Facilitator or any another person it deems competent.
In this regard, the Transitional National Assembly shall take a decision on the basis of a 3/5 majority vote of its the members.

Page 9-10, Chapter II: Miscellaneous Provisions, Article 19:
Ammendment of the Peace Agreement.
Proposals for the amendment of the Peace Agreement may be made by the Broad-Based Transitional Government and the Transitional National Assembly.
Where the proposal emanates from the Government, it must be adopted by the Transitional National Assembly on the basis of a 3/5 majority vote of its members.
Where the proposal emanates from the Deputies, it must be adopted by the Transitional National Assembly on the basis of consensus.
Related cases: No specific mention.
Source: http://peacemaker.un.org/

Protocol of Agreement between the Government of the Republic of Rwanda and the Rwandese Patriotic Front on Miscellaneous Issues and Final Provisions

The Government of the Republic of Rwanda on the one hand, and the Rwandese Patriotic Front on the other;

Agree on the following provisions:

Chapter I:

State Security Services

Section 1:

Communal Police, Prisons Services, and the Public Prosecution Department

Article 1

Within the framework of implementing the Government’s Programme outlined in Article 23 of the Protocol of Agreement of 30th October, 1992, the Broad-Based Transitional Government shall undertake the following activities with regard to the Security Services:

A. Communal Police

1. Ensure that policemen are recruited on the basis of the security needs of the Commune, and that an optimal ratio is established between the strength of the Police force and the size of the population in the Commune, in accordance with standard criteria applicable throughout the country.

2. Improve and enhance the level of training of the Communal Police Force and adapt it to suit its specific tasks.

3. Provide assistance to the Communes in matters of security, especially by improving the service conditions of the Communal Police.

4. Define the modalities of collaboration between the Communal Police Force and other Security Organs.

5. Evaluate and improve on the performance of the Communal Police Force.

B. Prisons Services

1. Update the legal provisions and regulations governing prison warders and guards.

2. Improve and enhance the level of training of prison warders and guards, by providing them with training best suited to prisons services.

3. Evaluate and improve on prison services, in conformity with Article 23 G.3 of the Protocol of Agreement of 30th October, 1992, and taking into consideration the principles underlying the Rule of Law.

C. Public Prosecution Department

1. Undertake an extensive reform of the Public Prosecution Department and open it to all the Rwandese Nationals.

2. Make a distinction between the Jurisdiction of the Public Prosecution Department and of other services

charged with criminal investigations.

3. Seek technical cooperation for the Public Prosecution Department.

Section 2:

State Security Services

Article 2:

Structure

The current structure of the State Security Services shall be maintained.

They shall consist of the following:

- External Security under the Ministry of Defence;

- Internal Intelligence Service under the Prime Minister’s Office;

- Immigration and Emigration Service under the Ministry of Interior and Communal Development.

Article 3:

Principles

The State Security Services shall be guided by the following principles:

1. They shall serve the Government and shall be subjected to its authority.

2. They must confine their activities to the gathering of intelligence relevant to the missions entrusted to them.

They shall have no power of arrest, such power shall be vested in the relevant authorities, (Public Prosecution Department, the National Gendarmerie and the Communal Police).

3. They must abide by the law and must conform to the letter and spirit of the International Conventions to which the Republic of Rwanda is a party.

4. They must respect the civic rights of citizens as well as fundamental freedoms.

5. In exercising their duties, they shall be guided by the supreme interest of the State and the public good.

They shall perform their duties in a non-partisan spirit and must act with absolute impartiality and neutrality vis-a-vis political parties.

Article 4:

Coordination of Intelligence Services

An Organ responsible for the coordination of all intelligence gathered by various State Intelligence Services shall be established within the Prime Minister’s Office.

The Chart indicating the coordination of all these Services is attached to the Protocol as an Annex.

The Broad-based Transitional Government shall set up a Commission to carry out a comprehensive study of the problems pertaining to State Security and propose the best way of organizing the Intelligence Services in the country.

Article 5:

Participation of the Rwandese Patriotic Front in the State Security

The Broad-Based Transitional Government shall create new posts in the State Security Services within three months after the setting up of the Broad-Based Transitional Government.

The RPF shall be effectively represented at all levels of the departments (External Security, Internal Security Services, Immigration and Emigration), particularly at the level of Director and Deputy Director of the Departments and within the organ responsible for the Coordination of State Security Services.

Chapter II:

Miscellaneous Provisions

Article 6:

Oath of Office by the President of the Republic

Without prejudice to Articles 3, 5 and 6 of the Protocol of Agreement of 30th October, 1992, the President of the Republic, before taking Office, shall take oath before the Constitutional Court, in the following words:

I, ........, in the name of the Almighty God, do hereby solemnly swear to the Nation to discharge, faithfully the duties entrusted to me, remain loyal to the Republic of Rwanda, respect the State Institutions and promote the interests of the Rwandese people, in accordance with the Fundamental Law

and other Laws.

Article 7:

Oath of Office of the Prime Minister, Ministers, Secretaries of State and Deputies of the Transitional National Assembly

Before taking up Office, the Prime Minister, Ministers, Secretaries of State and Deputies of the Transitional National Assembly shall take oath, in the following words:

I, ........., in the name of the Almighty God, do hereby solemnly swear to the Nation to discharge faithfully the duties entrusted to me, to remain loyal to the Republic of Rwanda, respect the Head of State, the State Institutions and promote the interests of the Rwandese people, in accordance with the Fundamental Law and other Laws.

The Prime Minister, Ministers, and Secretaries of State shall take oath before the President of the Republic, and the Transitional National Assembly.

Deputies of the Transitional National Assembly shall take oath before the President of the Republic of Rwanda, in the presence of the Presiding Judge of the Constitutional Court.

In the event of the inability of the President of the Republic of Rwanda to perform this function, the personalities listed above shall take oath before the Presiding Judge of the Constitutional Court.

Article 8:

Oath of Office of the Presiding Judge and Deputy Presiding Judges of the Supreme Court

Before taking Office, the Presiding Judge and Deputy Presiding Judges of the Supreme Court shall take oath of

Office in the following words:

I, .........., in the name of the Almighty God, do hereby solemnly swear to the Nation to discharge faithfully the duties entrusted to me, to remain loyal to the Republic of Rwanda, to respect the Head of State as well as the State Institutions and promote the interests of the Rwandese people in accordance with the Fundamental Law and other laws.

The Presiding Judge and Deputy Presiding Judges of the Supreme Court shall take the oath of Office before the President of the Republic of Rwanda in the presence of the Transitional National Assembly.

In the event of inability of the President of the Republic to perform this function, the above personalities shall take oath before the Speaker of the Transitional National Assembly.

Article 9:

Chairmanship of the first Session of the Transitional National Assembly

The first Session of the Transitional National Assembly shall be chaired by the President of the Republic.

In the event of the latter’s inability to perform the function, it shall be chaired by the Presiding Judge of the Constitutional Court.

Article 10:

Removal of a Deputy of the Transitional National Assembly

A Deputy of the Transitional National Assembly shall be removed by the Supreme Court which shall, in turn, inform the Transitional National Assembly and the Broad-Based Transitional Government.

Article 11:

Violation of the Fundamental Law by the President of the Republic

In the event of violation of the Fundamental Law by the President of the Republic, his indictment shall be decided by the Transitional National Assembly on the basis of a 2/3 majority vote of the members present and by secret ballot.

However, prior to voting on the indictment, the Transitional National Assembly shall consult the Joint Political Military Commission (JPMC) referred to in Article IV of the Ceasefire Agreement as amended at Gbadolite 16th September, 1991 and at Arusha on 12th July, 1992.

It may also consult the Facilitator.

In case the indictment is confirmed to be appropriate, the President is answerable to the Constitutional Court which alone is competent to decide on his immediate resignation.

Article 12:

Violation of the Fundamental Law by the Prime Minister, Ministers and Secretaries of State

In the event of violation of the Fundamental Law as outlined in the Peace Agreement, by the Prime Minister, a Minister or a Secretary of State, the procedure provided for in Articles 78 and 79 of the Protocol of Agreement on Power-Sharing signed on 9th January, 1993 shall apply.

Article 13:

Voluntary Resignation of the President of the Republic

The President of the Republic may, for personal reasons, resign from Office.

His resignation shall be accepted by the Transitional National Assembly.

In this case, his replacement shall be effected, in accordance with Articles 47 to 50 of the Protocol of Agreement on Power-Sharing agreed on 9th January, 1993.

Article 14:

Resignation of the Prime Minister, Ministers and Secretaries of State

The Prime Minister, a Minister or Secretary of State may for personal reasons, tender his/her resignation.

That resignation shall become definitive if not withdrawn within eight (8) days.

The Prime Minister shall tender his/her resignation to the President of the Republic.

In this case, Article 53 of the Protocol of Agreement on Power-Sharing, signed on 9th January, 1993 shall apply.

The Minister or Secretary of State shall tender his/her resignation to the President of the Republic and shall inform the Prime Minister accordingly.

In this case, Article 54 of the Protocol of Agreement on Power-Sharing signed on 9th January, 1993 shall apply.

In either situation, Orders of resignation shall be signed by the President of the Republic, in accordance with the modalities provided for in Article 9 of the Protocol of 30th October, 1992.

Article 15:

Ratification of International Instruments on Human Rights

The Broad-Based Transitional Government shall ratify all International Conventions, Agreements and Treaties on Human Rights, which Rwanda has not yet ratified.

It shall waive all reservations entered by Rwanda when it adhered to some of those International instruments.

Article 16:

Deletion of reference to Ethnic Group in Official Documents

The Broad-Based Transitional Government shall, from the date of its assumption of office, delete from all official documents to be issued any reference to ethnic origin.

Documents in use or not yet used shall be replaced by those not bearing any reference to ethnic origin.

Article 17:

Public Freedoms and Fundamental Rights

With regard to public freedoms and fundamental fights, the principles enshrined in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights of 10th December, 1948 shall take precedence over corresponding principles enshrined in the Constitution of the Republic of Rwanda, especially when the latter are contrary to the former.

Article 18:

Authentic Interpretation of the Peace Agreement

It shall be the duty of the Transitional National Assembly to make an authentic interpretation of the Peace Agreement.

The Transitional National Assembly shall consult the Joint Political-Military Commission referred to in Article IV of the N’sele Ceasefire Agreement as amended at Gbadolite 16th September, 1991 and at Arusha 12th July,1992.

It may consult the Facilitator or any another person it deems competent.

In this regard, the Transitional National Assembly shall take a derision on the basis of a 3/5 majority vote of its the members.

Article 19:

Amendment of the Peace Agreement

Proposals for the amendment of the Peace Agreement may be made by the Broad-Based Transitional Government and the Transitional National Assembly.

Where the proposal emanates from the Government, it must be adopted by the Transitional National Assembly, on the basis of a 3/5 majority vote of its members.

Where the proposal emanates from the Deputies, it must be adopted by the Transitional National Assembly on the basis of consensus.

Article 20:

Confirmation of Orders in Council by the Transitional National Assembly

Orders in Council by the Cabinet must be adopted by the Transitional National Assembly during its forthcoming session, otherwise they shall lose their binding force.

Article 21:

Jurisdiction, Organization and Functioning of the Supreme Council of Magistracy

An organic law shall determine the Jurisdiction, organization and functioning of the Supreme Council of Magistrates.

Article 22:

Duration of the Transition Period

The duration of the Transition period shall be twenty two (22) months, effective from the date of establishment of the Broad-Based Transitional Government, with the possibility of one (1) extension if warranted by exceptional circumstances impeding the normal implementation of the programme of the Broad-Based Transitional Government.

The length of the extension shall be determined by the Transitional National Assembly on the basis of a 3/5 majority vote.

In this regard, the Broad-Based Transitional Government shall consider the need for an extension, three (3) months before the expiry of the Transition period, and shall make appropriate recommendations to the Transitional National Assembly, in consultation with third parties involved in the implementation of the Peace Agreement, namely the United Nations, the OAU and the Facilitator.

Done at Arusha, on the third day of the month of August 1993, in both French and English languages, the original text being in French.

For the Government of the Republic of Rwanda

Dr. Anastase Gasana

Minister of Foreign Affairs and Cooperation

For the Rwandese Patriotic Front

Pasteur Bizimungu

Member of the Executive Committee and Commissioner for Information and Documentation

In the presence of the Representative of the Facilitator (the United Republic of Tanzania)

Joseph C. Rwegasira

Minister of Foreign Affairs and International Cooperation

In the presence of the Representative of the Secretary General of the OAU

H.E. Dr. M.T. Mapuranga

Assistant Secretary General in charge of Political Affairs

Annexe:

Diagramme De la coordination des renseignements relatifs à la sûreté de l’Etat [omitted]