Protocol III- Principles of the Electoral Act

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Country/entity: Mozambique
Region: Africa (excl MENA)
Agreement name: Protocol III- Principles of the Electoral Act
Date: 12 Mar 1992
Agreement status: Multiparty signed/agreed
Interim arrangement: Yes
Agreement/conflict level: Intrastate/intrastate conflict
Mozambique Civil War (1976 – 1992) and RENAMO Insurgency (2012 – )
The Mozambique conflict has roots in the independence movement launched by the Mozambique Liberation Front (FRELIMO) (est. 1962) against Portuguese colonization. Despite the insurgency, independence only came a year after a military coup d’état in Lisbon overthrew the longstanding ‘Estado Novo’ dictatorship. Nonetheless, FRELIMO installed itself as the ruling party and officially became a Marxist-Leninist party in 1977. Fierce fighting broke out in the Cold War context, between the FRELIMO, supported by the Soviet Bloc, and the anti-Communist Mozambique National Resistance (RENAMO) movement, which received funding from neighbouring ‘white’ regimes in Rhodesia and later on, South Africa. After the death of President Somaro Moises Machel in a plane crash in 1986, the presidency passed to Joaquim Alberto Chissano who encouraged political pluralism, particularly following the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1989. Following the Rome Peace Accords in 1992, FRELIMO won the country’s first multi-party election in 1994.

Political tensions began to rise after the 2002 presidential elections, which RENAMO argued were fraudulent. These continued until a low-level outbreak of violence by RENAMO fighters targeting police and economic infrastructure. A new peace accord was signed between RENAMO and FRELIMO in September 2014, but RENAMO’s later refusal to accept the terms of the 2014 Presidential election, as well as government difficulties in disarming RENAMO fighters led to a breakdown of the accord in August 2015. Since then, clashes have renewed between the two parties.
Stage: Framework/substantive - partial
Conflict nature: Government
Peace process: Mozambique process in the 90s
Parties: Republic of Mozambique: Armando Emilio Guebuza;
For the delegation of RENAMO: Raul Manuel Domingos;
Third parties: The mediators:
Mario Raffaelli;
Jaime Gonçalves;
Andrea Riccardi;
Matteo Zuppi;
Description: Protocol III of the General Peace Agreement for Mozambique. Protocol setting the terms of an Electoral Act to be drafted by the Government in consultation with RENAMO and all other political parties. Drafters to be guided by principles of: freedom of press and access to the media; freedom of association, expression and political activity; liberty of movement and freedom of residence; return of refugees/displaced persons and social reintegration; system of democratic, impartial and pluralistic voting; and guarantees for the electoral process and role of international observers.

Agreement document: MZ_920312_General Peace Agreement Protocol III.pdf (opens in new tab) | Download PDF

Groups

Children/youth: No specific mention.
Disabled persons: Groups→Disabled persons→Rhetorical
Page 2, IV. Return of Mozambican refugees and displaced persons and their social reintegration,
(a) The parties undertake to cooperate in the repatriation and reintegration of Mozambican refugees and displaced persons in the national territory and the social integration of war-disabled.
Elderly/age: No specific mention.
Migrant workers: No specific mention.
Racial/ethnic/national group: No specific mention.
Religious groups: No specific mention.
Indigenous people: No specific mention.
Other groups: No specific mention.
Refugees/displaced persons: Groups→Refugees/displaced persons→Substantive
Page 2, IV. RETURN OF MOZAMBICAN REFUGEES AND DISPLACED PERSONS AND THEIR SOCIAL REINTEGRATION
(a) The parties undertake to cooperate in the repatriation and reintegration of Mozambican refugees and displaced persons in the national territory and the social integration of war-disabled.
(b) Without prejudice to the liberty of movement of citizens, the Government shall draw up a draft agreement with RENAMO to organize the necessary assistance to refugees and displaced persons, preferably in their original places of residence. The parties agree to seek the involvement of the competent United Nations agencies in the drawing up and implementation of this plan. The International Red Cross and other organizations to be agreed upon shall be invited to participate in the implementation of the plan.
(c) Mozambican refugees and displaced persons shall not forfeit any of the rights and freedoms of citizens for having left their original places of residence.
(d) Mozambican refugees and displaced persons shall be registered and included in the electoral rolls together with other citizens in their places of residence.
(e) Mozambican refugees and displaced persons shall be guaranteed restitution of property owned by them which is still in existence and the right to take legal action to secure the return of such property from individuals in possession of it.
Social class: No specific mention.

Gender

Women, girls and gender: No specific mention.
Men and boys: No specific mention.
LGBTI: No specific mention.
Family: No specific mention.

State definition

Nature of state (general): No specific mention.
State configuration: No specific mention.
Self determination: No specific mention.
Referendum: No specific mention.
State symbols: No specific mention.
Independence/secession: No specific mention.
Accession/unification: No specific mention.
Border delimitation: No specific mention.
Cross-border provision: No specific mention.

Governance

Political institutions (new or reformed): No specific mention.
Elections: Protocol in its entirety deals with the formation of a new electoral act.

Page 1,
This Protocol sets forth the general principles which should guide the drafting of the Electoral Act and any possible amendments to the laws in connection with the conduct of the electoral process.

Page 1,
The Electoral Act shall be drafted by the Government, in consultation with RENAMO and all other political parties.

Page 2, IV. Return of Mozambican refugees and displaced persons and their social reintegration, (d)
Mozambican refugees and displaced persons shall be registered and included in the electoral rolls together with other citizens in their places of residence.

Page 3, V. Electoral procedures: system of democratic, impartial and pluralistic voting, 1. General principles, (a)
The Electoral Act shall establish an electoral system which is consonant with the principles of the direct, equal, secret and personal ballot.

Page 3, V. Electoral procedures: system of democratic, impartial and pluralistic voting, 1. General principles, (b)
Elections to the Assembly of the Republic and for President of the Republic shall be held simultaneously.

Page 3, V. Electoral procedures: system of democratic, impartial and pluralistic voting, 1. General principles, (c)
The elections shall take place within one year after the date of the signing of the General Peace Agreement. This period may be extended if it is determined that circumstances exist which preclude its observance.

Page 3, V. Electoral procedures: system of democratic, impartial and pluralistic voting, 2. The right to vote, (a)
Mozambican citizens 18 years of age and over shall have the right to vote, with the exception of individuals suffering from certified mental incapacity or insanity.

Page 3, V. Electoral procedures: system of democratic, impartial and pluralistic voting, 2. The right to vote, (b)
As envisaged by item 4 (a) of the Agreed Agenda, Mozambican citizens who are detained or have been sentenced to a prison term for a criminal offence under ordinary law shall not have the right to vote until they complete their sentence. In any event, this restriction shall not apply to individuals belonging to the Parties in respect of acts committed in the course of military operations.

Page 3, V. Electoral procedures: system of democratic, impartial and pluralistic voting, 2. The right to vote, (c)
Exercise of the right to vote shall be conditional on registration in the electoral rolls.

Page 3, V. Electoral procedures: system of democratic, impartial and pluralistic voting, 2. The right to vote, (d)
With the aim of promoting the broadest possible participation in the elections, the parties agree to encourage all Mozambican citizens 18 years of age and over to register and to exercise their right to vote.

Page 4, V. Electoral procedures: system of democratic, impartial and pluralistic voting, 3. National elections commission, (b) 1.
The Commission shall have the following functions:To draw up, in consultation with the political parties, regulations governing election campaigning, regulations on the distribution of broadcast air time and regulations on the utilization of public and private places and facilities during the election campaign.

Page 4, V. Electoral procedures: system of democratic, impartial and pluralistic voting, 3. National elections commission, (b) 2.
The Commission shall have the following functions: To oversee the compilation of electoral rolls, the legal filing of candidacies, the public announcement of candidacies and checking and recording the election results.

Page 4, V. Electoral procedures: system of democratic, impartial and pluralistic voting, 3. National elections commission, (b) 3.
The Commission shall have the following functions: To monitor the electoral process and ensure compliance with the laws.

Page 4, V. Electoral procedures: system of democratic, impartial and pluralistic voting, 3. National elections commission, (b) 4.
The Commission shall have the following functions: To ensure equality of treatment for citizens in all acts relating to the elections.

Page 4, V. Electoral procedures: system of democratic, impartial and pluralistic voting, 3. National elections commission, (b) 5.
The Commission shall have the following functions: To receive, consider and settle complaints with respect to the validity of the elections.

Page 4, V. Electoral procedures: system of democratic, impartial and pluralistic voting, 3. National elections commission, (b) 7.
The Commission shall have the following functions: To review the election accounts.

Page 4, V. Electoral procedures: system of democratic, impartial and pluralistic voting, 3. National elections commission, (b) 8.
To draw up and have published in the national gazette (Boletim da Republica) the lists of the results of the final vote tally.

Page 4, V. Electoral procedures: system of democratic, impartial and pluralistic voting, 4. Voting Assemblies, (a)
At each polling place there shall be a Voting Assembly composed of: All citizens who are to exercise their right to vote at the given
polling place; representative of the various candidates and parties.

Page 4, V. Electoral procedures: system of democratic, impartial and pluralistic voting, 4. Voting Assemblies, (b)
Each Voting Assembly shall be presided over by a Ballot Board composed of a Chairman, a vice-chairman-cum-secretary and tellers which shall oversee the electoral operations.

Page 4, V. Electoral procedures: system of democratic, impartial and pluralistic voting, 4. Voting Assemblies, (c)
The members of the Ballot Board shall be appointed from among the voters belonging to the Voting Assembly in question, with the agreement of the representatives of the various candidates.

Page 4, V. Electoral procedures: system of democratic, impartial and pluralistic voting, 4. Voting Assemblies, (d)
The ballot boards shall be responsible for monitoring all electoral operations and transmitting the results to the National Elections Commission.

Page 5, V. Electoral procedures: system of democratic, impartial and pluralistic voting, 4. Voting Assemblies, (e) 1.
Delegates of the candidates or parties in the Voting Assembly shall have the right: To monitor all electoral operations.

Page 5, V. Electoral procedures: system of democratic, impartial and pluralistic voting, 4. Voting Assemblies, (e) 2.
Delegates of the candidates or parties in the Voting Assembly shall have the right: To examine the rolls compiled or utilized by the Board.

Page 5, V. Electoral procedures: system of democratic, impartial and pluralistic voting, 4. Voting Assemblies, (e) 3.
Delegates of the candidates or parties in the Voting Assembly shall have the right: To be heard and to receive clarifications with respect to all matters relating to the conduct of the Assembly.

Page 5, V. Electoral procedures: system of democratic, impartial and pluralistic voting, 4. Voting Assemblies, (e) 4.
Delegates of the candidates or parties in the Voting Assembly shall have the right: To submit complaints.

Page 5, V. Electoral procedures: system of democratic, impartial and pluralistic voting, 4. Voting Assemblies, (e) 5.
Delegates of the candidates or parties in the Voting Assembly shall have the right: To occupy the places closest to the Assembly Board.

Page 5, V. Electoral procedures: system of democratic, impartial and pluralistic voting, 4. Voting Assemblies, (e) 6.
Delegates of the candidates or parties in the Voting Assembly shall have the right: To initial and sign the official records of the Assembly and to monitor all acts related to the electoral operations.

Page 5, V. Electoral procedures: system of democratic, impartial and pluralistic voting, 5. Election to the Assembly of the Republic, (b)
The Electoral Act shall provide for an electoral system based on the principle of proportional representation for election to the Assembly.

Page 5, V. Electoral procedures: system of democratic, impartial and pluralistic voting, 5. Election to the Assembly of the Republic, (c)
Parties which intend to stand jointly for elections to the Assembly must submit lists under a single emblem.

Page 5, V. Electoral procedures: system of democratic, impartial and pluralistic voting, 5. Election to the Assembly of the Republic, (d)
Once the election campaign has begun, the combining of electoral lists for the purpose of pooling votes shall not be permitted.

Page 5, V. Electoral procedures: system of democratic, impartial and pluralistic voting, 5. Election to the Assembly of the Republic, (e)
Citizens 18 years of age and over shall be eligible to stand for election to the Assembly of the Republic. The parties agree, however, on the desirability of raising the minimum age to 25 for the forthcoming elections as a transitional measure.

Page 5, V. Electoral procedures: system of democratic, impartial and pluralistic voting, 5. Election to the Assembly of the Republic, (f)
A minimum percentage of votes cast nationwide shall be established, below which competing political parties may not have a seat in the Assembly.
This percentage shall be agreed in consultation with all political parties in the country and shall not be less than 5 per cent or more than 20 per cent.

Page 5, V. Electoral procedures: system of democratic, impartial and pluralistic voting, 5. Election to the Assembly of the Republic, (g)
Representatives of the parties in each electoral district shall be elected in the order in which they appear on the lists.

Page 6, V. Electoral procedures: system of democratic, impartial and pluralistic voting, 6. Election of the President of the Republic, (a)
The President of the Republic shall be elected by an absolute majority of ballots cast. If no candidate obtains an absolute majority, a second ballot shall be held restricted to the two candidates who have received the highest number of votes.

Page 6, V. Electoral procedures: system of democratic, impartial and pluralistic voting, 6. Election of the President of the Republic, (b)
The second ballot shall take place within one to three weeks after the announcement of the results of the first ballot. Having regard to organizational considerations, the date of the ballot shall be indicated before the commencement of the election campaign.

Page 6, V. Electoral procedures: system of democratic, impartial and pluralistic voting, 6. Election of the President of the Republic, (c)
Individuals 35 years of age and over who are citizens and registered voters shall be eligible to stand for election to the office of President of the Republic.

Page 6, V. Electoral procedures: system of democratic, impartial and pluralistic voting, 6. Election of the President of the Republic, (d)
Candidacies for President of the Republic must have the support of at least 10,000 signatures of Mozambican citizens 18 years of age and over who are currently registered voters.

Page 6, V. Electoral procedures: system of democratic, impartial and pluralistic voting, 7. Financing and facilities, (a)
The National Elections Commission shall guarantee the distribution to all parties competing in the elections, without discrimination, of subsidies and logistic support for the election campaign apportioned on the basis of the number of each party's candidates and under the supervision of all parties competing in the elections.

Page 6, VI. Guarantees for the electoral process and role of international observers
The observers shall perform their function from the commencement of the electoral campaign to the time when the Government takes office.
Electoral commission: Page 4, V. Electoral procedures: system of democratic, impartial and pluralistic voting, 3. National elections commission, (b) 1.
The Commission shall have the following functions:To draw up, in consultation with the political parties, regulations governing election campaigning, regulations on the distribution of broadcast air time and regulations on the utilization of public and private places and facilities during the election campaign.

Page 4, V. Electoral procedures: system of democratic, impartial and pluralistic voting, 3. National elections commission, (b) 2.
The Commission shall have the following functions: To oversee the compilation of electoral rolls, the legal filing of candidacies, the public announcement of candidacies and checking and recording the election results.

Page 4, V. Electoral procedures: system of democratic, impartial and pluralistic voting, 3. National elections commission, (b) 3.
The Commission shall have the following functions: To monitor the electoral process and ensure compliance with the laws.

Page 4, V. Electoral procedures: system of democratic, impartial and pluralistic voting, 3. National elections commission, (b) 4.
The Commission shall have the following functions: To ensure equality of treatment for citizens in all acts relating to the elections.

Page 4, V. Electoral procedures: system of democratic, impartial and pluralistic voting, 3. National elections commission, (b) 5.
The Commission shall have the following functions: To receive, consider and settle complaints with respect to the validity of the elections.

Page 4, V. Electoral procedures: system of democratic, impartial and pluralistic voting, 3. National elections commission, (b) 7.
The Commission shall have the following functions: To review the election accounts.

Page 4, V. Electoral procedures: system of democratic, impartial and pluralistic voting, 3. National elections commission, (b) 8.
To draw up and have published in the national gazette (Boletim da Republica) the lists of the results of the final vote tally.

Page 6, V. Electoral procedures: system of democratic, impartial and pluralistic voting, 7. Financing and facilities, (a)
The National Elections Commission shall guarantee the distribution to all parties competing in the elections, without discrimination, of subsidies and logistic support for the election campaign apportioned on the basis of the number of each party's candidates and under the supervision of all parties competing in the elections.
Political parties reform: No specific mention.
Civil society: Page 2, IV. Return of Mozambican refugees and displaced persons and their social reintegration, (b)
Without prejudice to the liberty of movement of citizens, the Government shall draw up a draft agreement with RENAMO to organize the necessary assistance to refugees and displaced persons, preferably in their original places of residence. The parties agree to seek the involvement of the competent United Nations agencies in the drawing up and implementation of this plan. The International Red Cross and other organizations to be agreed upon shall be invited to participate in the implementation of the plan.
Traditional/religious leaders: No specific mention.
Public administration: No specific mention.
Constitution: No specific mention.

Power sharing

Political power sharing: No specific mention.
Territorial power sharing: No specific mention.
Economic power sharing: No specific mention.
Military power sharing: No specific mention.

Human rights and equality

Human rights/RoL general: No specific mention.
Bill of rights/similar: No specific mention.
Treaty incorporation: No specific mention.
Civil and political rights: Human rights and equality→Civil and political rights→Equality
Page 2, II. Freedom of association, expression and political activity, (b)
Freedom of association, expression and political activity shall encompass access, without discrimination, to the use of public places and facilities. Such use shall be conditional on submission of an application to the competent administrative authorities, who must give a decision within 48 hours after the submission of the application. Applications may be rejected only for reasons of public order or for organizational considerations.

Page 4, V. Electoral procedures: system of democratic, impartial and pluralistic voting, 3. National elections commission, (b) 4.
The Commission shall have the following functions: To ensure equality of treatment for citizens in all acts relating to the elections.

Page 4, V. Electoral procedures: system of democratic, impartial and pluralistic voting, 3. National elections commission, (b) 6.
The Commission shall have the following functions: To ensure equal opportunity and treatment for the different candidates.
Human rights and equality→Civil and political rights→Freedom of movement
Page 2, III. LIBERTY OF MOVEMENT AND FREEDOM OF RESIDENCE
All citizens shall have the right to move about throughout the country without having to obtain administrative authorization. All citizens have the right to choose to reside anywhere in the national territory and to leave or return to the country.
Human rights and equality→Civil and political rights→Freedom of association
Page 1, I. Freedom of the press and access to the media, (d)
The Government-controlled mass media shall enjoy editorial independence and shall guarantee, in accordance with the specific regulations envisaged in section V.3.b.l of this Protocol, the right of all parties to access without political discrimination. Provision should be made in such regulations for access by all parties free of charge.

Page 1, II. FREEDOM OF ASSOCIATION, EXPRESSION AND POLITICAL ACTIVITY
(a) All citizens shall have the right to freedom of expression, association, assembly, demonstration and political activity. Administrative and tax regulations shall in no case be used to prevent or hamper the exercise of these rights for political reasons. These rights shall not extend to the activities of unlawful private paramilitary groups or groups which promote violence in any form or terrorism, racism or separatism.

Page 2, II. FREEDOM OF ASSOCIATION, EXPRESSION AND POLITICAL ACTIVITY
... (b) Freedom of association, expression and political activity shall encompass access, without discrimination, to the use of public places and facilities. Such use shall be conditional on submission of an application to the competent administrative authorities, who must give a decision within 48 hours after the submission of the application. Applications may be rejected only for reasons of public order or for organizational considerations.
Human rights and equality→Civil and political rights→Vote and take part
Page 2, V. ELECTORAL PROCEDURES: SYSTEM OF DEMOCRATIC, IMPARTIAL AND PLURALISTIC VOTING
2. The right to vote
(a) Mozambican citizens 18 years of age and over shall have the right to vote, with the exception of individuals suffering from certified mental incapacity or insanity.
(b) As envisaged by item 4 (a) of the Agreed Agenda, Mozambican citizens who are detained or have been sentenced to a prison term for a criminal offence under ordinary law shall not have the right to vote until they complete their sentence. In any event, this restriction shall not apply to individuals belonging to the Parties in respect of acts committed in the course of military operations.

Page 3, V. ELECTORAL PROCEDURES: SYSTEM OF DEMOCRATIC, IMPARTIAL AND PLURALISTIC VOTING
2. ... (c) Exercise of the right to vote shall be conditional on registration in the electoral rolls.
(d) With the aim of promoting the broadest possible participation in the elections, the parties agree to encourage all Mozambican citizens 18 years of age and over to register and to exercise their right to vote.
Socio-economic rights: No specific mention.

Rights related issues

Citizenship: Rights related issues→Citizenship→Citizens, specific rights
Page 3, V. Electoral procedures: system of democratic, impartial and pluralistic voting, 2. The right to vote, (a)
Mozambican citizens 18 years of age and over shall have the right to vote, with the exception of individuals suffering from certified mental incapacity or insanity.

Page 4, V. Electoral procedures: system of democratic, impartial and pluralistic voting, 4. Voting Assemblies, (a)
At each polling place there shall be a Voting Assembly composed of: All citizens who are to exercise their right to vote at the given
polling place.

Page 5, V. Electoral procedures: system of democratic, impartial and pluralistic voting, 5. Election to the Assembly of the Republic, (e)
Citizens 18 years of age and over shall be eligible to stand for election to the Assembly of the Republic. The parties agree, however, on the desirability of raising the minimum age to 25 for the forthcoming elections as a transitional measure.

Page 6, V. Electoral procedures: system of democratic, impartial and pluralistic voting, 6. Election of the President of the Republic, (c)
Individuals 35 years of age and over who are citizens and registered voters shall be eligible to stand for election to the office of President of the Republic.
Democracy: No specific mention.
Detention procedures: No specific mention.
Media and communication: Rights related issues→Media and communication→Governance of media
Page 4, V. Electoral procedures: system of democratic, impartial and pluralistic voting, 3. National elections commission, (b) 1.
The Commission shall have the following functions:To draw up, in consultation with the political parties, regulations governing election campaigning, regulations on the distribution of broadcast air time and regulations on the utilization of public and private places and facilities during the election campaign.
Rights related issues→Media and communication→Media roles
[Summary: The protocol deals in detail with freedom of the press, and freedom of expression and organisation. as it relates to political organisation and elections.]

Page 1, I. FREEDOM OF THE PRESS AND ACCESS TO THE MEDIA
(a) All citizens shall enjoy the right of freedom of the press and freedom of information. These freedoms shall encompass, specifically, the right to establish and operate newspapers and other publications, radio and television broadcasting stations and other forms of written or sound communication, such as posters, leaflets and other media. These rights shall not be abridged by censorship.
(b) Administrative and tax regulations shall in no case by used to hamper or prevent the exercise of this right on political grounds.
(c) Freedom of the press shall also include freedom of expression and creation for journalists and the protection of their independence and professional secrecy.
(d) The Government-controlled mass media shall enjoy editorial independence and shall guarantee, in accordance with the specific regulations envisaged in section V.3.b.l of this Protocol, the right of all parties to access without political discrimination. Provision should be made in such regulations for access by all parties free of charge.
Advertisements which conform to the prevailing commercial practice may not be refused on political grounds.
(e) The mass media may not discriminate against or refuse on political grounds any party or its candidates the exercise of the right of reply or the publication of corrections or retractions. Access to the courts shall be guaranteed in cases of defamation, slander, libel and other press offences.
Mobility/access: Page 2, III. LIBERTY OF MOVEMENT AND FREEDOM OF RESIDENCE
All citizens shall have the right to move about throughout the country without having to obtain administrative authorization. All citizens have the right to choose to reside anywhere in the national territory and to leave or return to the country.

Page 2, IV. RETURN OF MOZAMBICAN REFUGEES AND DISPLACED PERSONS AND THEIR SOCIAL REINTEGRATION
... (b) Without prejudice to the liberty of movement of citizens, the Government shall draw up a draft agreement with RENAMO to organize the necessary assistance to refugees and displaced persons, preferably in their original places of residence. The parties agree to seek the involvement of the competent United Nations agencies in the drawing up and implementation of this plan. The International Red Cross and other organizations to be agreed upon shall be invited to participate in the implementation of the plan.

Page 6

7. Financing and facilities, (b)
The Government undertakes to assist in obtaining facilities and means so that RENAMO may secure the office space and transport and communications facilities it needs to carry out its political activities in all the provincial capitals, and in other locations to the extent that the available resources so permit.
Protection measures: Rights related issues→Protection measures→Protection of groups
Page 1, I. FREEDOM OF THE PRESS AND ACCESS TO THE MEDIA

(c) Freedom of the press shall also include freedom of expression and creation for journalists and the protection of their independence and professional secrecy.
Other: No specific mention.

Rights institutions

NHRI: No specific mention.
Regional or international human rights institutions: No specific mention.

Justice sector reform

Criminal justice and emergency law: No specific mention.
State of emergency provisions: No specific mention.
Judiciary and courts: No specific mention.
Prisons and detention: No specific mention.
Traditional Laws: No specific mention.

Socio-economic reconstruction

Development or socio-economic reconstruction: No specific mention.
National economic plan: No specific mention.
Natural resources: No specific mention.
International funds: No specific mention.
Business: No specific mention.
Taxation: Socio-economic reconstruction→Taxation→Reform of taxation
Page 1, I. Freedom of the press and access to the media, (b)
Administrative and tax regulations shall in no case by used to hamper or prevent the exercise of this right on political grounds.

Page 2, II. Freedom of association, expression and political activity, (a)
All citizens shall have the right to freedom of expression, association, assembly, demonstration and political activity. Administrative and tax regulations shall in no case be used to prevent or hamper the exercise of these rights for political reasons. These rights shall not extend to the activities of unlawful private paramilitary groups or groups which promote violence in any form or terrorism, racism or separatism.
Banks: No specific mention.

Land, property and environment

Land reform/rights: No specific mention.
Pastoralist/nomadism rights: No specific mention.
Cultural heritage: No specific mention.
Environment: No specific mention.
Water or riparian rights or access: No specific mention.

Security sector

Security Guarantees: No specific mention.
Ceasefire: No specific mention.
Police: No specific mention.
Armed forces: Page 3, V. Electoral procedures: system of democratic, impartial and pluralistic voting, 2. The right to vote, (b)
As envisaged by item 4 (a) of the Agreed Agenda, Mozambican citizens who are detained or have been sentenced to a prison term for a criminal offence under ordinary law shall not have the right to vote until they complete their sentence. In any event, this restriction shall not apply to individuals belonging to the Parties in respect of acts committed in the course of military operations.
DDR: No specific mention.
Intelligence services: No specific mention.
Parastatal/rebel and opposition group forces: Page 1,
The Electoral Act shall be drafted by the Government, in consultation with RENAMO and all other political parties.

Page 2, II. Freedom of association, expression and political activity, (a)
All citizens shall have the right to freedom of expression, association, assembly, demonstration and political activity. Administrative and tax regulations shall in no case be used to prevent or hamper the exercise of these rights for political reasons. These rights shall not extend to the activities of unlawful private paramilitary groups or groups which promote violence in any form or terrorism, racism or separatism.

Page 2, IV. Return of Mozambican refugees and displaced persons and their social reintegration, (b)
Without prejudice to the liberty of movement of citizens, the Government shall draw up a draft agreement with RENAMO to organize the necessary assistance to refugees and displaced persons, preferably in their original places of residence. The parties agree to seek the involvement of the competent United Nations agencies in the drawing up and implementation of this plan. The International Red Cross and other organizations to be agreed upon shall be invited to participate in the implementation of the plan.

Page 3, V. Electoral procedures: system of democratic, impartial and pluralistic voting, 3. National elections commission, (a)
For the purpose of organizing and conducting the electoral process, the Government shall set up a National Elections Commission, composed of individuals whose professional and personal qualities afford guarantees of balance, objectivity and independence vis-a-vis all political parties. One third of the members to be appointed to the Commission shall be nominated by RENAMO.

Page 6, V. Electoral procedures: system of democratic, impartial and pluralistic voting, 7. Financing and facilities, (b)
The Government undertakes to assist in obtaining facilities and means so that RENAMO may secure the office space and transport and communications facilities it needs to carry out its political activities in all the provincial capitals, and in other locations to the extent that the available resources so permit.
Withdrawal of foreign forces: No specific mention.
Corruption: No specific mention.
Crime/organised crime: No specific mention.
Drugs: No specific mention.
Terrorism: Page 2, II. Freedom of association, expression and political activity, (a)
All citizens shall have the right to freedom of expression, association, assembly, demonstration and political activity. Administrative and tax regulations shall in no case be used to prevent or hamper the exercise of these rights for political reasons. These rights shall not extend to the activities of unlawful private paramilitary groups or groups which promote violence in any form or terrorism, racism or separatism.

Transitional justice

Transitional justice general: No specific mention.
Amnesty/pardon: No specific mention.
Courts: No specific mention.
Mechanism: No specific mention.
Prisoner release: No specific mention.
Vetting: No specific mention.
Victims: Page 2, IV. Return of Mozambican refugees and displaced persons and their social reintegration, (a)
The parties undertake to cooperate in the repatriation and reintegration of Mozambican refugees and displaced persons in the national territory and the social integration of war-disabled.
Missing persons: No specific mention.
Reparations: No specific mention.
Reconciliation: No specific mention.

Implementation

UN signatory: No specific mention.
Other international signatory: Mario Raffaelli;
Jaime Gonçalves;
Andrea Riccardi;
Matteo Zuppi;
Referendum for agreement: No specific mention.
International mission/force/similar: Page 2, IV. Return of Mozambican refugees and displaced persons and their social reintegration, (b)
Without prejudice to the liberty of movement of citizens, the Government shall draw up a draft agreement with RENAMO to organize the necessary assistance to refugees and displaced persons, preferably in their original places of residence. The parties agree to seek the involvement of the competent United Nations agencies in the drawing up and implementation of this plan. The International Red Cross and other organizations to be agreed upon shall be invited to participate in the implementation of the plan.

Page 6, V. Electoral procedures: system of democratic, impartial and pluralistic voting, 7. Financing and facilities, (c)
For these purposes the Government shall seek support from the international community and, in particular, from Italy.

Page 6, VI. Guarantees for the electoral process and role of international observers, (b)
With a view to ensuring the highest degree of impartiality in the electoral process, the parties agree to invite as observers the United Nations, OAU and other organizations, as well as appropriate private individuals from abroad as may be agreed between the Government and RENAMO.

Page 6, VI. Guarantees for the electoral process and role of international observers
The observers shall perform their function from the commencement of the electoral campaign to the time when the Government takes office.

Page 7, VI. Guarantees for the electoral process and role of international observers, (c)
With the aim of expediting the peace process, the parties also agree on the necessity of seeking technical and material assistance from the United Nations and OAU following the signature of the General Peace Agreement.

Page 7, VI. Guarantees for the electoral process and role of international observers, (d)
The Government shall address formal requests to the United Nations and OAU in pursuance of the provisions of this section.
Enforcement mechanism: Page 5, VI. GUARANTEES FOR THE ELECTORAL PROCESS AND ROLE OF INTERNATIONAL OBSERVERS
(a) Supervision and monitoring of the implementation of this Protocol shall be guaranteed by the Commission envisaged in Protocol I on basic principles.
(b) With a view to ensuring the highest degree of impartiality in the electoral process, the parties agree to invite as observers the United Nations, OAU and other organizations, as well as appropriate private individuals from abroad as may be agreed between the Government and RENAMO. The observers shall perform their function from the commencement of the electoral campaign to the time when the Government takes office.
(c) With the aim of expediting the peace process, the parties also agree on the necessity of seeking technical and material assistance from the United Nations and OAU following the signature of the General Peace Agreement.
(d) The Government shall address formal requests to the United Nations and OAU in pursuance of the provisions of this section.
Related cases: No specific mention.
Source: UN Peacemaker http://peacemaker.un.org/mozambique-general-peace-agreement92

PROTOCOL III

On 12 March 1992, the delegation of the Government of the Republic of Mozambique, headed by Armando Emilio Guebuza, Minister of Transport and Communications, and composed of Aguiar Mazula, Minister of State Administration, Teodato Hunguana, Minister of Labour, and Francisco Madeira, Diplomatic Adviser to the President of the Republic, and the delegation of RENAMO, headed by Raul Manuel Domingos, Chief of the Organization Department, and composed of Vicente Zacarias Ululu, Chief of the Information Department, Agostinho Semende Murrial, Deputy Chief of the Organization Department, and Virgilio Namalue, Director of the Information Department, meeting in Rome in the context of the peace talks, in the presence of the mediators, Mario Raffaelli, representative of the Government of the Italian Republic and coordinator of the mediators, Jaime Gonçalves, Archbishop of Beira, Andrea Riccardi and Matteo Zuppi of the Community of San Egidio, took up the item of the agenda signed on 28 May 1991 concerning the Electoral Law and agreed as follows:

This Protocol sets forth the general principles which should guide the drafting of the Electoral Act and any possible amendments to the laws in

connection with the conduct of the electoral process.

The Electoral Act shall be drafted by the Government, in consultation with RENAMO and all other political parties.

I. Freedom of the press and access to the media

(a) All citizens shall enjoy the right of freedom of the press and freedom of information.

These freedoms shall encompass, specifically, the right to establish and operate newspapers and other publications, radio and television broadcasting stations and other forms of written or sound communication, such as posters, leaflets and other media.

These rights shall not be abridged by censorship.

(b) Administrative and tax regulations shall in no case by used to hamper or prevent the exercise of this right on political grounds.

(c) Freedom of the press shall also include freedom of expression and creation for journalists and the protection of their independence and

professional secrecy.

(d) The Government-controlled mass media shall enjoy editorial independence and shall guarantee, in accordance with the specif ic regulations

envisaged in section V.3.b.l of this Protocol, the right of all parties to access without political discrimination.

Provision should be made in such

regulations for access by all parties free of charge.

Advertisements which conform to the prevailing commercial practice may not be refused on political grounds.

(e) The mass media may not discriminate against ar refuse on political grounds any party ar its candidates the exercise of the right of reply or the

publication of corrections or retractions.

Access to the courts shall be guaranteed in cases of defamation, slander, libel and other press offences.

II. Freedom of association, expression and political activity

(a) All citizens shall have the right to freedom of expression, association, assembly, demonstration and political activity.

Administrative and tax regulations shall in no case be used to prevent or hamper the exercise of the.se rights for political reasons.

These rights shall not extend to the

activities of unlawful private paramilitary groups or groups which promote violence in any form or terrorism, racism or separatism.

(b) Freedom of association, expression and political activity shall encompass access, without discrimination, ta the use of public places and

facilities.

Such use shall be conditional on submission of an application to the competent administrative authorities, who must give a decision within 48 hours after the submission of the application.

Applications may be rejected only for reasons of public order or for organizational considerations.

III. Liberty of movement and freedom of residence

All citizens shall have the right to move about throughout the country without having to obtain administrative authorization.

All citizens have the right to choose to reside anywhere in the national territory and to leave or return to the country.

IV. Return of Mozambican refugees and displaced persons and their social reintegration

(a) The parties undertake to cooperate in the repatriation and reintegration of Mozambican refugees and displaced persons in the national territory and the social integration of war-disabled.

(b) Without prejudice to the liberty of movement of citizens, the Government shall draw up a draft agreement with RENAMO to organize the necessary assistance to refugees and displaced persons, preferably in their original places of residence.

The parties agree to seek the involvement of the competent United Nations agencies in the drawing up and implementation of this plan.

The International Red Cross and other organizations to be agreed upon shall be invited to participate in the implementation of the plan.

(c) Mozambican refugees and displaced persons shall not forfeit any of the rights and freedoms of citizens for having left their original places of

residence.

(d) Mozambican refugees and displaced persons shall be registered and included in the electoral rolls together with other citizens in their places

of residence.

(e) Mozambican refugees and displaced persons shall be guaranteed restitution of property owned by them which is still in existence and the right to take legal action to secure the return of such property from individuals in possession of it.

V. Electoral procedures:

system of democratic, impartial and pluralistic voting

1. General principles

(a) The Electoral Act shall establish an electoral system which is consonant with the principles of the direct, egual, secret and personal ballot.

(b) Elections to the Assembly of the Republic and for President of the Republic shall be held simultaneously.

This period may be extended if it is

determined that circumstances exist which preclude its observance.

2. The right to vote

(a) Mozambican citizens 18 years of age and over shall have the right to vote, with the exception of individuals suffering from certified mental

incapacity or insanity.

(b) As envisaged by item 4 (a) of the Agreed Agenda, Mozambican citizens who are detained or have been sentenced to a prison term for a criminal

offence under ordinary law shall not have the right to vote until they complete their sentence.

In any event, this restriction shall not apply to individuals belonging to the Parties in respect of acts committed in the course of military operations.

(d) With the aim of promoting the broadest possible participation in the elections, the parties agree to encourage all Mozambican citizens 18 years of age and over to register and to exercise their right to vote.

3. National elections commission

(a) For the purpose of organizing and conducting the electoral process, the Government shall set up a National Elections Commission, composed of

individuals whose professional and personal gualities afford guarantees of balance, objectivity and independence vis-a-yis all political parties.

One

third of the members to be appointed to the Commission shall be nominated by RENAMO.

(b) The Commission shall have the following functions:

1. To draw up, in consultation with the political parties, regulations governing election campaigning, regulations on the distribution of broadcast air time and regulations on the utilization of public and private places and facilities during the election campaign.

2. To oversee the compilation of electoral rolls, the legal filing of candidacies, the public announcement of candidacies and checking and recording the election results.

3. To monitor the electoral process and ensure compliance with the laws.

4. To ensure equality of treatment for citizens in all acts relating to the elections.

5. To receive, consider and settle complaints with respect to the validity of the elections.

6. To ensure equal opportunity and treatment for the different candidates.

7. To review the election accounts.

8. To draw up and have published in the national gazette (Boletim da Republica) the lists of the results of the final vote tally.

4. Voting Assemblies

(a) At each polling place there shall be a Voting Assembly composed of:

All citizens who are to exercise their right to vote at the given polling place;

representative of the various candidates and parties.

(b) Each Voting Assembly shall be presided over by a Ballot Board composed of a Chairman, a vice-chairman-cum-secretary and tellers which shall

oversee the electoral operations.

(c) The members of the Ballot Board shall be appointed from among the voters belonging to the Voting Assembly in question, with the agreement of the representatives of the various candidates.

(d) The ballot boards shall be responsible for monitoring all electoral operations and transmitting the results to the National Elections Commission.

(e) Delegates of the candidates or parties in the Voting Assembly shall have the right:

1. To monitor all electoral operations.

2. To examine the rolls compiled or utilized by the Board.

3. To be heard and to receive clarifications with respect to all matters relating to the conduct of the Assembly.

4. To submit complaints.

5. To occupy the places closest to the Assembly Board.

6. To initial and sign the official records of the Assembly and to monitor all acts related to the electoral operations.

(f) Any complaints shall be included in the official records and transmitted to the National Elections Commission.

5. Election to the Assembly of the Republic

(a) The country's provinces shall constitute electoral districts.

The National Elections Commission shall decide on the apportionment of seats to

each electoral district on the hasis of population.

(b) The Electoral Act shall provide for an electoral system based on the principle of proportional representation for election to the Assembly.

(d) Once the election campaign has begun, the combining of electoral lists for the purpose of pooling votes shall not be permitted.

(e) Citizens 18 years of age and over shall be eligible to stand for election to the Assembly of the Republic.

The parties agree, however, on the

desirability of raising the minimum age to 25 for the forthcoming elections as a transitional measure.

(f) A minimum percentage of votes cast nationwide shall be established, below which competing political parties may not have a seat in the Assembly.

This percentage shall be agreed in consultation with all political parties in the country and shall not be less than 5 per cent or mora than 20 per cent.

(g) Representatives of the parties in each electoral district shall be elected in the order in which they appear on the lists.

6. Election of the President of the Republic

(a) The President of the Republic shall be elected by an absolute majority of ballots cast.

If no candidate obtains an absolute majority, a second ballot shall be held restricted to the two candidates who have received the highest number of votes.

(b) The second ballot shall take place within one to three weeks after the announcement of the results of the first ballot.

Having regard to organizational considerations, the date of the ballot shall be indicated before the commencement of the election carnpaign.

(c) Individuals 35 years of age and over who are citizens and registered voters shall be eligible to stand for eıection to the office of President of the Republic.

(d) Candidacies for President of the Republic must have the support of at least 10,000 signatures of Mozarnbican citizens 18 years of age and over who are currently registered voters.

7. Financing and facilities

(a) The National Elections Commission shall guarantee the distribution to all parties competing in the elections, without discrimination, of subsidies and logistic support for the election carnpaign apportioned on the hasis of the number of each party's candidates and under the supervision of

all parties competing in the elections.

(b) The Government undertakes to assist in obtaining facilities and means so that RENAMO may secure the office space and transport and

communications facilities it needs to carry out its political activities in all the provincial capitals, and in other locations to the extent that the

available resources so permit.

(c) For these purposes the Government shall seek support from the international community and, in particular, from Italy.

VI. Guarantees for the electoral process and role of international observers

(a) Supervision and monitoring of the implementation of this Protocol shall be guaranteed by the Commission envisaged in Protocol I on basic

principles.

(b) With a view to ensuring the highest degree of impartiality in the electoral process, the parties agree to invite as observers the United Nations, OAU and other organizations, as well as appropriate private individuals from abroad as may be agreed between the Government and RENAMO.

The observers shall perform their function from the commencement of the electoral campaign to the time when the Government takes office.

(c) With the aim of expediting the peace process, the parties also agree on the necessity of seeking technical and material assistance from the United Nations and OAU following the signature of the General Peace Agreement.

(d) The Government shall address formal requests to the United Nations and OAU in pursuance of the provisions of this section.

In witness whereof, the parties have decided to sign this Protocol.

For the delegation of the Republic of Mozambique:

(Signed) Armando Emilio Guebuza

For the delegation of RENAMO:

(Signed) Raul Manuel Domingos

The mediators:

(Signed) Mario Raffaelli

(Signed) Jaime Gonçalves

(Signed) Andrea Riccardi

(Signed) Matteo Zuppi

Done at Rome, on 12 March 1992