Outcome of Deliberations of the Meeting held in Yamoussokro on 29 and 30 June 1991 (Yamoussoukro I Accord)

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Country/entity: Liberia
Region: Africa (excl MENA)
Agreement name: Outcome of Deliberations of the Meeting held in Yamoussokro on 29 and 30 June 1991 (Yamoussoukro I Accord)
Date: 30 Jun 1991
Agreement status: Multiparty signed/agreed
Interim arrangement: Yes
Agreement/conflict level: Intrastate/intrastate conflict
Liberian Civil Wars (1989 - 1997) (1999 - 2005)
In 1989, the National Patriotic Front of Liberia (NPFL) attacked border posts as part of a campaign to oust the dictatorship of Samuel Doe. This triggered a violent civil war that by 1995 had killed around 150,000 and displaced an estimated 850,000 people. The outbreak of war is attributed to the domestic socio-economic and political environment in the country of the 1980s, such as poverty, discrimination and repression. However, its sustenance is also related to past discrimination against indigenous Liberians by ‘Americo-Liberians’, and deep ethnic divisions that resulted.

Peace negotiations began in 1992 and completed by 1997. However, the peace lasted only a short period and in 1999 there was renewed fighting against the elected president, Charles Taylor. The Guinea-backed organisation, Liberians United for Reconciliation and Democracy (LURD), together with the armed Movement for Democracy in Liberia (MODEL) controlled two thirds of the country by 2003 and besieged the capital Monrovia, forcing Charles Taylor into exile in Nigeria. In August that same year, the conflict parties signed the Accra Comprehensive Peace Agreement and in 2005 new general elections were held.
Stage: Ceasefire/related
Conflict nature: Government
Peace process: Liberia peace process
Parties: ……………………………………………………………
H.E. Dr. Amos SAWYER, President of the Interim Government of
Liberia
……………………………………………………………
H.E. Mr. Charles TAYLOR Head of the National Patriotic Front of
Liberia
Third parties: DONE AT YAMOUSSOUKRO, THIS 30TH DAY OF JUNE 1991

H.E. FÉLIX HOUPHOUËT-BOIGNY PRESIDENT OF THE REPUBLIC OF COTE D'IVOIRE

H.E. SIR DAWDA JAWARA PRESIDENT OF THE REPUBLIC OF THE GAMBIA
CURRENT CHAIRMAN OF ECOWAS
……………………………………………………………
H.E. Sir Dawda JAWARA President of the Republic of The Gambia
Current Chairman of ECOWAS
……………………………………………………………
H.E. Gen. Gnassingbe EYADEMA President of the Republic of Togo
……………………………………………………………
H.E. Gen. Ibrahim BABANGIDA President of the Federal Republic of
Nigeria, Chairman of the OAU
……………………………………………………………
H.E. Blaise COMPAORÉ President of Burkina Faso
Description: A short agreement calling for a ceasefire between the warring parties and requesting international assistance for the monitoring of the ceasefire and elections in Liberia.

Agreement document: LR_910630_Yamassoukro I.pdf (opens in new tab) | Download PDF

Groups

Children/youth: No specific mention.
Disabled persons: No specific mention.
Elderly/age: No specific mention.
Migrant workers: No specific mention.
Racial/ethnic/national group: No specific mention.
Religious groups: No specific mention.
Indigenous people: No specific mention.
Other groups: No specific mention.
Refugees/displaced persons: No specific mention.
Social class: No specific mention.

Gender

Women, girls and gender: No specific mention.
Men and boys: Gender→Men and boys→Gender neutral wording
Page 1, Para 5: These different proposals were accepted by the two Liberian brothers, who pledged their reconciliation, in the presence of the five Heads of State, by a long and warm embrace.
LGBTI: No specific mention.
Family: No specific mention.

State definition

Nature of state (general): No specific mention.
State configuration: No specific mention.
Self determination: No specific mention.
Referendum: No specific mention.
State symbols: No specific mention.
Independence/secession: No specific mention.
Accession/unification: No specific mention.
Border delimitation: No specific mention.
Cross-border provision: No specific mention.

Governance

Political institutions (new or reformed): No specific mention.
Elections: Page 1, Para 3: The Heads of State also solicited the assistance of the International Negotiation Network (INN) of Jimmy CARTER, former President of the United States in monitoring the electoral process in Liberia.

Page 1, Para 4: The INN shall work in collaboration with a five-member committee, set up for the purpose, and comprising The Gambia, Togo, Senegal, Guinea-Bissau and Côte d'Ivoire, to closely monitor the, non-violation of the ceasefire. It was agreed that the two parties would undertake to maintain security in each of the zones under their control, until the conclusion of elections.
Electoral commission: No specific mention.
Political parties reform: No specific mention.
Civil society: No specific mention.
Traditional/religious leaders: No specific mention.
Public administration: No specific mention.
Constitution: No specific mention.

Power sharing

Political power sharing: No specific mention.
Territorial power sharing: No specific mention.
Economic power sharing: No specific mention.
Military power sharing: No specific mention.

Human rights and equality

Human rights/RoL general: No specific mention.
Bill of rights/similar: No specific mention.
Treaty incorporation: No specific mention.
Civil and political rights: No specific mention.
Socio-economic rights: No specific mention.

Rights related issues

Citizenship: No specific mention.
Democracy: No specific mention.
Detention procedures: No specific mention.
Media and communication: No specific mention.
Mobility/access: No specific mention.
Protection measures: No specific mention.
Other: No specific mention.

Rights institutions

NHRI: No specific mention.
Regional or international human rights institutions: No specific mention.

Justice sector reform

Criminal justice and emergency law: No specific mention.
State of emergency provisions: No specific mention.
Judiciary and courts: No specific mention.
Prisons and detention: No specific mention.
Traditional Laws: No specific mention.

Socio-economic reconstruction

Development or socio-economic reconstruction: No specific mention.
National economic plan: No specific mention.
Natural resources: No specific mention.
International funds: No specific mention.
Business: No specific mention.
Taxation: No specific mention.
Banks: No specific mention.

Land, property and environment

Land reform/rights: No specific mention.
Pastoralist/nomadism rights: No specific mention.
Cultural heritage: No specific mention.
Environment: No specific mention.
Water or riparian rights or access: No specific mention.

Security sector

Security Guarantees: No specific mention.
Ceasefire: Security sector→Ceasefire→Ceasefire provision
Page 1, Para 2: During this meeting, the Heads of State requested President Félix Houphouët-Boigny, in his capacity as Doyen, to launch an urgent appeal to Dr. Amos Sawyer and Mr. Charles Taylor to accept a ceasefire as a preliminary to national reconciliation and the restoration of peace to Liberia.

Page 1, Para 4: The INN shall work in collaboration with a five-member committee, set up for the purpose, and comprising The Gambia, Togo, Senegal, Guinea-Bissau and Côte d'Ivoire, to closely monitor the, non-violation of the ceasefire. It was agreed that the two parties would undertake to maintain security in each of the zones under their control, until the conclusion of elections.
Police: No specific mention.
Armed forces: No specific mention.
DDR: No specific mention.
Intelligence services: No specific mention.
Parastatal/rebel and opposition group forces: No specific mention.
Withdrawal of foreign forces: No specific mention.
Corruption: No specific mention.
Crime/organised crime: No specific mention.
Drugs: No specific mention.
Terrorism: No specific mention.

Transitional justice

Transitional justice general: No specific mention.
Amnesty/pardon: No specific mention.
Courts: No specific mention.
Mechanism: No specific mention.
Prisoner release: No specific mention.
Vetting: No specific mention.
Victims: No specific mention.
Missing persons: No specific mention.
Reparations: No specific mention.
Reconciliation: Page 1, Para 2: During this meeting, the Heads of State requested President Félix Houphouët-Boigny, in his capacity as Doyen, to launch an urgent appeal to Dr. Amos Sawyer and Mr. Charles Taylor to accept a ceasefire as a preliminary to national reconciliation and the restoration of peace to Liberia.

Page 1, Para 5: These different proposals were accepted by the two Liberian brothers, who pledged their reconciliation, in the presence of the five Heads of State, by a long and warm embrace.

Implementation

UN signatory: No specific mention.
Other international signatory: DONE AT YAMOUSSOUKRO, THIS 30TH DAY OF JUNE 1991

H.E. FÉLIX HOUPHOUËT-BOIGNY PRESIDENT OF THE REPUBLIC OF COTE D'IVOIRE

H.E. SIR DAWDA JAWARA PRESIDENT OF THE REPUBLIC OF THE GAMBIA
CURRENT CHAIRMAN OF ECOWAS
……………………………………………………………
H.E. Sir Dawda JAWARA President of the Republic of The Gambia
Current Chairman of ECOWAS
……………………………………………………………
H.E. Gen. Gnassingbe EYADEMA President of the Republic of Togo
……………………………………………………………
H.E. Gen. Ibrahim BABANGIDA President of the Federal Republic of
Nigeria, Chairman of the OAU
……………………………………………………………
H.E. Blaise COMPAORÉ President of Burkina Faso
Referendum for agreement: No specific mention.
International mission/force/similar: Page 1, Para 3: The Heads of State also solicited the assistance of the International Negotiation Network (INN) of Jimmy CARTER, former President of the United States in monitoring the electoral process in Liberia.

Page 1, Para 4: The INN shall work in collaboration with a five-member committee, set up for the purpose, and comprising The Gambia, Togo, Senegal, Guinea-Bissau and Côte d'Ivoire, to closely monitor the, non-violation of the ceasefire. It was agreed that the two parties would undertake to maintain security in each of the zones under their control, until the conclusion of elections.
Enforcement mechanism: No specific mention.
Related cases: No specific mention.
Source: UN Peacemaker: http://peacemaker.un.org/

Yamoussoukro Accords

Outcome of Deliberations of the Meeting held in Yamoussoukro on 29 and 30 June 1991

The Following Heads of State Met in Yamoussoukro on Sunday 30 June 1991, Under the Chairmanship of His Excellency, President Félix Houphouëtboigny:

Ibrahim BABANGIDA, President of the Federal Republic of Nigeria and current Chairman of the Organization of African Unity;

Dawda JAWARA, President of the Republic of The Gambia and current Chairman of ECOWAS;

Gnassingbe EYADEMA, President of the Togolese Republic;

Blaise COMPAORÉ, President of Burkina Faso;

Dr. Amos SAWYER, President of the Interim Government of Liberia;

Mr. Charles TAYLOR, Head of the National Patriotic Front of Liberia.

During this meeting, the Heads of State requested President Félix Houphouët-Boigny, in his capacity as Doyen, to launch an urgent appeal to Dr. Amos Sawyer and Mr. Charles Taylor to accept a ceasefire as a preliminary to national reconciliation and the restoration of peace to Liberia.

The Heads of State also solicited the assistance of the International Negotiation Network (INN) of Jimmy CARTER, former President of the United States in monitoring the electoral process in Liberia.

The INN shall work in collaboration with a five-member committee, set up for the purpose, and comprising The Gambia, Togo, Senegal, Guinea-Bissau and Côte d'Ivoire, to closely monitor the, non-violation of the ceasefire.

It was agreed that the two parties would undertake to maintain security in each of the zones under their control, until the conclusion of elections.

These different proposals were accepted by the two Liberian brothers, who pledged their reconciliation, in the presence of the five Heads of State, by a long and warm embrace.

The Heads of State and the two Liberian protagonists expressed their satisfaction at the outcome of the meeting, and extended their most sincere thanks to His Excellency.

Mr. Félix Houphouët- Boigny and the Ivorian people, for the warm and fraternal welcome accorded them during their stay in Cote d'Ivoire.

DONE AT YAMOUSSOUKRO, THIS 30TH DAY OF JUNE 1991

H.E. FÉLIX HOUPHOUËT-BOIGNY PRESIDENT OF THE REPUBLIC OF COTE D'IVOIRE

H.E. SIR DAWDA JAWARA PRESIDENT OF THE REPUBLIC OF THE GAMBIA

CURRENT CHAIRMAN OF ECOWAS

……………………………………………………………

H.E. Sir Dawda JAWARA President of the Republic of The Gambia

Current Chairman of ECOWAS

……………………………………………………………

H.E. Gen. Gnassingbe EYADEMA President of the Republic of Togo

……………………………………………………………

H.E. Gen. Ibrahim BABANGIDA President of the Federal Republic of

Nigeria, Chairman of the OAU

……………………………………………………………

H.E. Blaise COMPAORÉ President of Burkina Faso

……………………………………………………………

H.E. Dr. Amos SAWYER, President of the Interim Government of

Liberia

……………………………………………………………

H.E. Mr. Charles TAYLOR Head of the National Patriotic Front of

Liberia

Yamoussoukro Accords

Outcome of Deliberations of the Meeting held in Yamoussoukro on 29 and 30 June 1991

The Following Heads of State Met in Yamoussoukro on Sunday 30 June 1991, Under the Chairmanship of His Excellency, President Félix Houphouëtboigny:

Ibrahim BABANGIDA, President of the Federal Republic of Nigeria and current Chairman of the Organization of African Unity;

Dawda JAWARA, President of the Republic of The Gambia and current Chairman of ECOWAS;

Gnassingbe EYADEMA, President of the Togolese Republic;

Blaise COMPAORÉ, President of Burkina Faso;

Dr. Amos SAWYER, President of the Interim Government of Liberia;

Mr. Charles TAYLOR, Head of the National Patriotic Front of Liberia.

The Heads of State also solicited the assistance of the International Negotiation Network (INN) of Jimmy CARTER, former President of the United States in monitoring the electoral process in Liberia.

It was agreed that the two parties would undertake to maintain security in each of the zones under their control, until the conclusion of elections.

These different proposals were accepted by the two Liberian brothers, who pledged their reconciliation, in the presence of the five Heads of State, by a long and warm embrace.

The Heads of State and the two Liberian protagonists expressed their satisfaction at the outcome of the meeting, and extended their most sincere thanks to His Excellency.

Mr. Félix Houphouët- Boigny and the Ivorian people, for the warm and fraternal welcome accorded them during their stay in Cote d'Ivoire.

DONE AT YAMOUSSOUKRO, THIS 30TH DAY OF JUNE 1991

H.E. FÉLIX HOUPHOUËT-BOIGNY PRESIDENT OF THE REPUBLIC OF COTE D'IVOIRE

H.E. SIR DAWDA JAWARA PRESIDENT OF THE REPUBLIC OF THE GAMBIA

CURRENT CHAIRMAN OF ECOWAS

……………………………………………………………

H.E. Sir Dawda JAWARA President of the Republic of The Gambia

Current Chairman of ECOWAS

……………………………………………………………

H.E. Gen. Gnassingbe EYADEMA President of the Republic of Togo

……………………………………………………………

H.E. Gen. Ibrahim BABANGIDA President of the Federal Republic of

Nigeria, Chairman of the OAU

……………………………………………………………

H.E. Blaise COMPAORÉ President of Burkina Faso

……………………………………………………………

H.E. Dr. Amos SAWYER, President of the Interim Government of

Liberia

……………………………………………………………

H.E. Mr. Charles TAYLOR Head of the National Patriotic Front of

Liberia