Agreement on the Establishment of an Ad Hoc Committee

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Country/entity: Somalia
Region: Africa (excl MENA)
Agreement name: Agreement on the Establishment of an Ad Hoc Committee
Date: 15 Jan 1993
Agreement status: Multiparty signed/agreed
Interim arrangement: Yes
Agreement/conflict level: Intrastate/intrastate conflict
Somali Civil War (1991 - )
Originally spurred by centre-peripheral tensions, fighting broke out in 1981 between the regime of President Said Barre and the Somali National Movement, a militia primarily consisting of members from the northern Ishaq clan. Fighting intensified in the late 1980s as more clan-based militias arose. President Barre’s regime collapsed in late 1991 and as a result the UN intervened. However persistent attacks on the UN’s forces forced a withdrawal in 1994. From the mid- to late 1990s, the character of the conflict shifted as warlords fought for access to rents. Also during this period, two different peace agreements arose; the Sodere Declaration, which was mediated by Ethiopia and supported by IGAD, and the Cairo Accord, which was brokered by Egypt. Fighting, already noticeably lessened compared to the early 1990s, decreased and the more amicable environment paved the way for the Transitional Government to be formed in 2000 (replaced in 2004 by the Transitional Federal Government).

Nonetheless, opposition to the TFG arose in the form of the Islamic Courts Union (ICU), which by early 2006 had taken control of most of southern Somalia until they were ousted by an armed intervention by Ethiopia in December 2006. As a result, the ICU splintered. Hard-line ICU members formed the Takfiri organization, Harakat al-Shabaab al-Mujahideen, and launched a guerrilla campaign against the TFG. Another faction of the ICU fled to Djibouti and formed the Alliance for the Re-liberation of Somalia, which was absorbed into the ruling TFG after successful negotiations in 2007.

To deal with the new round of fighting, the UN-mandated AMISOM force was deployed in 2007. Since then, insecurity has fluctuated between the urban and rural areas as the al-Shabaab's territorial gains waver. Local militia leaders maintain de facto governance over communities. From 2009 to 2012, insecurity spilled over into the Gulf of Aden and the Indian Ocean when Somali pirates seized, looted and ransomed ships. In 2014, 'Operation Indian Ocean' was launched and in parallel with infighting among al-Shabaab, the organisation's position in Somalia has diminished slightly. However, as evidenced by large-scale attacks by al-Shabaab in northern Kenya throughout 2013-2015, the lack of security continues to destabilize the region. Al-Shabaab continues to launch surprise attacks with the aim of forcing out foreign military presence in Somalia. Targets include both military forces and civilians. The devastating attack in October 2017 in Mogadishu saw 587 fatalities and resulted in a renewed military offensive by the Somali government and African Union allies. Since 2017, the U.S. has increased its air strikes targeting al-Shabaab militants, and in December 2018 they announced to re-establish a permanent diplomatic mission in the country. Al-Shabaab has been characterized as a spoiler in the Somali peace process and have therefore been placed outside of any negotiations.
Stage: Pre-negotiation/process
Conflict nature: Government
Peace process: Somalia Peace Process
Parties: Somali African Muki Org (SAMO), signed for by MR. Mohamed Ramadan Arbow, Chairman;

Somali Democratic Alliance (SDA), signed for by Mr. Mohamed Farah Abdullahi, Chairman;

Somali Democratic Movement (SDM), signed for by Mr. Abdi Muse Mayow, Chairman, and Col. Mohamed Nur Aliyou, Chairman;

Somali National Democratic Union (SNDU), signed for by Mr. Ali Ismael Abdi, Chairman;

Somali National Front (SNF), signed for by Gen. Omar Hagi Mohamed Hersi, Chairman;

Somali National Union (SNU), signed for by Dr. Mohamed Ragis Mohamed, Chairman;

Somali Patriotic Movement (SPM), signed for by Gen. Aden Abdillahi Noor, Chairman, and Col. Ahmed Omar Jess, Chairman;

Somali Salvation Democratic Front (SSDF), signed for by Gen. Mohamed Abshir Musse, Chairman;

Southern Somali National Movement (SSNM), signed for by Col. Abdi Warsame Isaaq, Chairman;

United Somali Congress (USC), signed for by Gen. Mohamed Farah Aidid, Chairman , and Mohamed Qanyare Afrah, Chairman;

United Somali Front (USF), signed for by Mr. Abdurahman Dualeh Ali, Chairman;

United Somali Party (USP) signed for by Mr. Mohamed Abdi [unintelligible], Chairman;
Third parties: United Nations (and relevant regional and sub-regional organizations)
Description: Parties agree to establish ad hoc commission to continue the discussion aimed at resolving the question of criteria for participation and the agenda for the National Reconciliation Conference, as well as any other issues pending

Agreement document: SO_930115_AgreementEstablishmentAdHocCommittee.pdf (opens in new tab) | Download PDF

Groups

Children/youth: No specific mention.
Disabled persons: No specific mention.
Elderly/age: No specific mention.
Migrant workers: No specific mention.
Racial/ethnic/national group: No specific mention.
Religious groups: No specific mention.
Indigenous people: No specific mention.
Other groups: No specific mention.
Refugees/displaced persons: No specific mention.
Social class: No specific mention.

Gender

Women, girls and gender: No specific mention.
Men and boys: No specific mention.
LGBTI: No specific mention.
Family: No specific mention.

State definition

Nature of state (general): No specific mention.
State configuration: No specific mention.
Self determination: No specific mention.
Referendum: No specific mention.
State symbols: No specific mention.
Independence/secession: No specific mention.
Accession/unification: No specific mention.
Border delimitation: No specific mention.
Cross-border provision: No specific mention.

Governance

Political institutions (new or reformed): No specific mention.
Elections: No specific mention.
Electoral commission: No specific mention.
Political parties reform: No specific mention.
Civil society: No specific mention.
Traditional/religious leaders: No specific mention.
Public administration: No specific mention.
Constitution: No specific mention.

Power sharing

Political power sharing: Power sharing→Political power sharing→Other
State level
Page 1, Art. 6. The Ad Hoc Committee shall be composed of seven members at any one time with two coming from the SNA and five from the other political movements. The SNA shall have the right to rotate its participants at every session of the Ad Hoc Committee if it so wishes;
Territorial power sharing: No specific mention.
Economic power sharing: No specific mention.
Military power sharing: No specific mention.

Human rights and equality

Human rights/RoL general: No specific mention.
Bill of rights/similar: No specific mention.
Treaty incorporation: No specific mention.
Civil and political rights: No specific mention.
Socio-economic rights: No specific mention.

Rights related issues

Citizenship: No specific mention.
Democracy: No specific mention.
Detention procedures: No specific mention.
Media and communication: No specific mention.
Mobility/access: No specific mention.
Protection measures: No specific mention.
Other: No specific mention.

Rights institutions

NHRI: No specific mention.
Regional or international human rights institutions: No specific mention.

Justice sector reform

Criminal justice and emergency law: No specific mention.
State of emergency provisions: No specific mention.
Judiciary and courts: No specific mention.
Prisons and detention: No specific mention.
Traditional Laws: No specific mention.

Socio-economic reconstruction

Development or socio-economic reconstruction: No specific mention.
National economic plan: No specific mention.
Natural resources: No specific mention.
International funds: No specific mention.
Business: No specific mention.
Taxation: No specific mention.
Banks: No specific mention.

Land, property and environment

Land reform/rights: No specific mention.
Pastoralist/nomadism rights: No specific mention.
Cultural heritage: No specific mention.
Environment: No specific mention.
Water or riparian rights or access: No specific mention.

Security sector

Security Guarantees: No specific mention.
Ceasefire: Security sector→Ceasefire→Ceasefire provision
Page 1, Art. 7, Notwithstanding the pending status of the agenda and the issue of criteria for participation at the National Reconciliation Conference, the General Agreement signed in Addis Ababa on 8 January 1993 shall enter into force with immediate effect.
Police: No specific mention.
Armed forces: No specific mention.
DDR: Security sector→DDR→Demilitarisation provisions
Page 1, Art. 7, Notwithstanding the pending status of the agenda and the issue of criteria for participation at the National Reconciliation Conference, the General Agreement signed in Addis Ababa on 8 January 1993 shall enter into force with immediate effect. [mentions disarmament]
Intelligence services: No specific mention.
Parastatal/rebel and opposition group forces: No specific mention.
Withdrawal of foreign forces: No specific mention.
Corruption: No specific mention.
Crime/organised crime: No specific mention.
Drugs: No specific mention.
Terrorism: No specific mention.

Transitional justice

Transitional justice general: No specific mention.
Amnesty/pardon: No specific mention.
Courts: No specific mention.
Mechanism: No specific mention.
Prisoner release: No specific mention.
Vetting: No specific mention.
Victims: No specific mention.
Missing persons: No specific mention.
Reparations: No specific mention.
Reconciliation: Page 1, untitled preamble, Determined to continue our efforts to resolve all pending issues from the Informal Preparatory Meeting, in particular, the question of criteria for participation at and the agenda for the National Reconciliation Conference scheduled to begin on 15 March 1993;
...
Art. 4. The Ad Hoc Committee shall submit its recommendations on the criteria for participation at the National Reconciliation Conference and on other outstanding issues to the meeting of the whole before 1 March 1993;

Implementation

UN signatory: No specific mention.
Other international signatory: No specific mention.
Referendum for agreement: No specific mention.
International mission/force/similar: No specific mention.
Enforcement mechanism: No specific mention.
Related cases: No specific mention.
Source: UN PEACEMAKER - http://peacemaker.un.org/; http://peacemaker.un.org/sites/peacemaker.un.org/files/SO_930115_AgreementEstablishmentAdHocCommittee.pdf

Agreement on tbe estşblishment of an ad hoc committee, signed in Addis bbaba, on ıs January 1993

We, the undersigned Somali political leaders, meeting in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, on 15 January 1993 at the Informal Preparatory Meeting on National Reconciliation in Somalia;

Determined to continue our efforts to resolve all pending issues from the Informal Preparatory Meetinq, in particular, the question of criteria for participation at and the agenda for the National Reconciliation Conference scheduled to begin on 15 March 1993;

Further determined to ensure the immediate implementation of all agreements reached during the Informal Preparatory Meeting;

1. Hereby decide to establish an Ad Hoc Committee to continue the discussion aimed at resolving the question of criteria for participation and the agenda for the National Reconciliation Conference, as well as any other issues pending from the Informal Preparatory Meeting;

2. The Ad Hoc Coınmittee, whose sole purpose is to provide a mechanism for continuing the search for a solution to outstanding issues, shall work in consultation with all Somali political movements;

3. The Ad Hoc Committee shall hold its first meeting in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, on 22 January 1993;

4. The Ad Hoc Committee shall submit its recommendations on the criteria for participation at the Nationaı Reconciliation Conference and on other outstanding issues to the meeting of the whole before 1 March 1993;

5. The following facilities, to be utilized solely for the purpose of carrying out the mandate set out in the present agreement, shall be placed at the disposal of the Ad Hoc Committee:

an off ice in Moqadishu and Addis Ababa to facilitate consultations with the United Nations and the relevant regional and subregional organizations, as well as telecommunication and transportation facilities;

5. The Ad Hoc Committee shall be composed of seven members at any one time with two coming from the SNA and five from the other political movements.

The SNA shall have the right to rotate its participants at every session of the Ad Hoc Committee if it so wishes;

7. Notwithstanding the pending status of the agenda and the issue of criteria for participation at the National Reconcilitation Conference, the

General Agreement signed in Addis Ababa on 8 January 1993 shall enter into force with immediate effect.

Somali African Muki Org (SAMO), signed for by MR.

Mohamed Ramadan Arbow, Chairman;

Somali Democratic Alliance (SDA), signed for by Mr. Mohamed Farah Abdullahi, Chairman;

Somali Democratic Movement (SDM), signed for by Mr. Abdi Muse Mayow, Chairman, and Col.

Mohamed Nur Aliyou, Chairman;

Somali National Democratic Union (SNDU), signed for by Mr. Ali Ismael Abdi, Chairman;

Somali National Front (SNF), signed for by Gen. Omar Hagi Mohamed Hersi, Chairman;

Somali National Union (SNU), signed for by Dr. Mohamed Ragis Mohamed, Chairman;

Somali Patriotic Movement (SPM), signed for by Gen. Aden Abdillahi Noor, Chairman, and Col.

Ahmed Omar Jess, Chairman;

Somali Salvation Democratic Front (SSDF), signed for by Gen. Mohamed Abshir Musse, Chairman;

Southern Somali National Movement (SSNM), signed for by Col.

Abdi Warsame Isaaq, Chairman;

United Somali Congress (USC), signed for by Gen. Mohamed Farah Aidid, Chairman , and Mohamed Qanyare Afrah, Chairman;

United Somali Front (USF), signed for by Mr. Abdurahman Dualeh Ali, Chairman;

United Somali Party (USP) signed for by Mr. Mohamed Abdi [unintelligible], Chairman;