Agreement on Implementing the Cease-fire and on Modalities of Disarmament (Supplement to the General Agreement signed in Addis Ababa on 8 January 1993)

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Country/entity: Somalia
Region: Africa (excl MENA)
Agreement name: Agreement on Implementing the Cease-fire and on Modalities of Disarmament (Supplement to the General Agreement signed in Addis Ababa on 8 January 1993)
Date: 15 Jan 1993
Agreement status: Multiparty signed/agreed
Interim arrangement: Yes
Agreement/conflict level: Intrastate/intrastate conflict
Somali Civil War (1991 - )
Originally spurred by centre-peripheral tensions, fighting broke out in 1981 between the regime of President Said Barre and the Somali National Movement, a militia primarily consisting of members from the northern Ishaq clan. Fighting intensified in the late 1980s as more clan-based militias arose. President Barre’s regime collapsed in late 1991 and as a result the UN intervened. However persistent attacks on the UN’s forces forced a withdrawal in 1994. From the mid- to late 1990s, the character of the conflict shifted as warlords fought for access to rents. Also during this period, two different peace agreements arose; the Sodere Declaration, which was mediated by Ethiopia and supported by IGAD, and the Cairo Accord, which was brokered by Egypt. Fighting, already noticeably lessened compared to the early 1990s, decreased and the more amicable environment paved the way for the Transitional Government to be formed in 2000 (replaced in 2004 by the Transitional Federal Government).

Nonetheless, opposition to the TFG arose in the form of the Islamic Courts Union (ICU), which by early 2006 had taken control of most of southern Somalia until they were ousted by an armed intervention by Ethiopia in December 2006. As a result, the ICU splintered. Hard-line ICU members formed the Takfiri organization, Harakat al-Shabaab al-Mujahideen, and launched a guerrilla campaign against the TFG. Another faction of the ICU fled to Djibouti and formed the Alliance for the Re-liberation of Somalia, which was absorbed into the ruling TFG after successful negotiations in 2007.

To deal with the new round of fighting, the UN-mandated AMISOM force was deployed in 2007. Since then, insecurity has fluctuated between the urban and rural areas as the al-Shabaab's territorial gains waver. Local militia leaders maintain de facto governance over communities. From 2009 to 2012, insecurity spilled over into the Gulf of Aden and the Indian Ocean when Somali pirates seized, looted and ransomed ships. In 2014, 'Operation Indian Ocean' was launched and in parallel with infighting among al-Shabaab, the organisation's position in Somalia has diminished slightly. However, as evidenced by large-scale attacks by al-Shabaab in northern Kenya throughout 2013-2015, the lack of security continues to destabilize the region. Al-Shabaab continues to launch surprise attacks with the aim of forcing out foreign military presence in Somalia. Targets include both military forces and civilians. The devastating attack in October 2017 in Mogadishu saw 587 fatalities and resulted in a renewed military offensive by the Somali government and African Union allies. Since 2017, the U.S. has increased its air strikes targeting al-Shabaab militants, and in December 2018 they announced to re-establish a permanent diplomatic mission in the country. Al-Shabaab has been characterized as a spoiler in the Somali peace process and have therefore been placed outside of any negotiations.
Stage: Ceasefire/related
Conflict nature: Government
Peace process: Somalia Peace Process
Parties: Somali African Muki Org (SAMO), Somali Democratic Alliance (SDA), Somali Democratic Movement (SDM), Somali National Democratic Union (SNDU), Somali National Front (SNF), Somali National Union (SNU), Somali Patriotic Movement (SPM), Somali Salvation Democratic Front (SSDF), Southern Somali National Movement (SSNM), United Somali Congress (USC), United Somali Front (USF), United Somali Party (USP)

Somali African Muki Org (SAMO), signed for by MR. Mohamed Ramadan Arbow, Chairman;

Somali Democratic Alliance (SDA), signed for by Mr. Mohamed Farah Abdullahi, Chairman;

Somali Democratic Movement (SDM), signed for by Mr. Abdi Muse Mayow, Chairman, and Col. Mohamed Nur Aliyou, Chairman;

Somali National Democratic Union (SNDU), signed for by Mr. Ali Ismael Abdi, Chairman;

Somali National Front (SNF), signed for by Gen. Omar Hagi Mohamed Hersi, Chairman;

Somali National Union (SNU), signed for by Dr. Mohamed Ragis Mohamed, Chairman;

Somali Patriotic Movement (SPM), signed for by Gen. Aden Abdillahi Noor, Chairman, and Col. Ahmed Omar Jess, Chairman;

Somali Salvation Democratic Front (SSDF), signed for by Gen. Mohamed Abshir Musse, Chairman;

Southern Somali National Movement (SSNM), signed for by Col. Abdi Warsame Isaaq, Chairman;

United Somali Congress (USC), signed for by Gen. Mohamed Farah Aidid, Chairman , and Mohamed Qanyare Afrah, Chairman;

United Somali Front (USF), signed for by Mr. Abdurahman Dualeh Ali, Chairman;

United Somali Party (USP) signed for by Mr. Mohamed Abdi Hashi, Chairman;
Third parties: UNITAF, ICRC, UN
Description: The parties agree to undertake a cease-fire; limit the movement of armed groups; and establish a UNITAF/UN cease-fire monitoring group.

Agreement document: SO_930115_AgreementOnImplementingTheCeasefireModalitiesOfDisarmament.pdf (opens in new tab) | Download PDF

Groups

Children/youth: No specific mention.
Disabled persons: No specific mention.
Elderly/age: No specific mention.
Migrant workers: No specific mention.
Racial/ethnic/national group: No specific mention.
Religious groups: No specific mention.
Indigenous people: No specific mention.
Other groups: No specific mention.
Refugees/displaced persons: No specific mention.
Social class: No specific mention.

Gender

Women, girls and gender: No specific mention.
Men and boys: No specific mention.
LGBTI: No specific mention.
Family: No specific mention.

State definition

Nature of state (general): No specific mention.
State configuration: No specific mention.
Self determination: No specific mention.
Referendum: No specific mention.
State symbols: No specific mention.
Independence/secession: No specific mention.
Accession/unification: No specific mention.
Border delimitation: No specific mention.
Cross-border provision: No specific mention.

Governance

Political institutions (new or reformed): No specific mention.
Elections: No specific mention.
Electoral commission: No specific mention.
Political parties reform: No specific mention.
Civil society: No specific mention.
Traditional/religious leaders: No specific mention.
Public administration: No specific mention.
Constitution: No specific mention.

Power sharing

Political power sharing: No specific mention.
Territorial power sharing: No specific mention.
Economic power sharing: No specific mention.
Military power sharing: No specific mention.

Human rights and equality

Human rights/RoL general: No specific mention.
Bill of rights/similar: No specific mention.
Treaty incorporation: No specific mention.
Civil and political rights: No specific mention.
Socio-economic rights: No specific mention.

Rights related issues

Citizenship: No specific mention.
Democracy: No specific mention.
Detention procedures: No specific mention.
Media and communication: No specific mention.
Mobility/access: No specific mention.
Protection measures: No specific mention.
Other: No specific mention.

Rights institutions

NHRI: No specific mention.
Regional or international human rights institutions: Rights institutions→Regional or international human rights institutions→Monitoring calls
Page 2, IV. All POWs shall be freed and handed over to the International Committee
of the Red Cross and/or UNITAF.

Justice sector reform

Criminal justice and emergency law: No specific mention.
State of emergency provisions: No specific mention.
Judiciary and courts: No specific mention.
Prisons and detention: No specific mention.
Traditional Laws: No specific mention.

Socio-economic reconstruction

Development or socio-economic reconstruction: Socio-economic reconstruction→Development or socio-economic reconstruction→Socio-economic development
Page 1, I, Disarmament:
... I.4 All other armed elements, including bandits, shall be disarmed immediately and assisted through rehabilitation and integration into civil society.
National economic plan: No specific mention.
Natural resources: No specific mention.
International funds: Page 1, I. Disarmament:
... 1.2 The militias of all political movements shall be encamped in appropriate areas outside major towns where the encampment will not pose difficulties for peace. The encamped militias shall be disarmed following a process which will commence as soon as possible. This action shall be carried out simultaneously throughout Somalia. The international community will be requested to provide the encamped militias with upkeep.

1.3 The future status of the encamped militia shall be decided at the time of the final political settlement in Somalia. Meanwhile, the international community will be requested to assist in training them for civilian skills in preparation for possible demobilization.
Business: No specific mention.
Taxation: No specific mention.
Banks: No specific mention.

Land, property and environment

Land reform/rights: No specific mention.
Pastoralist/nomadism rights: No specific mention.
Cultural heritage: No specific mention.
Environment: No specific mention.
Water or riparian rights or access: No specific mention.

Security sector

Security Guarantees: No specific mention.
Ceasefire: Security sector→Ceasefire→Ceasefire provision
Summary: Agreement provides clear provisions for ceasefire:
Police: No specific mention.
Armed forces: No specific mention.
DDR: Security sector→DDR→DDR programmes
Page 1, untitled preamble, We, the undersigned Somali political leaders, meeting in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, on 15 January 1993 at the Informal Preparatory Meeting on National Reconciliation in Somalia:

Having agreed on the need for a viable and verifiable cease-fire to promote the peace process in Somalia;

Recognizing that such cease-fire is intricately linked to questions of disarmament;

Further recognizing that disarmament cannot be accomplished in a single event but through a sustained process;

Page 1, I. Disarmament

1.1 All heavy weaponry under the control of political movements shall be handed over to a cease-fire monitoring group for safekeeping until such time as a legitimate Somali Government can take them over.
This process shall commence immediately and be completed in March 1993.

1.2 The militias of all political movements shall be encamped in appropriate areas outside major towns where the encampment will not pose difficulties for peace. The encamped militias shall be disarmed following a process which will commence as soon as possible. This action shall be carried out simultaneously throughout Somalia. The international community will be requested to provide the encamped militias with upkeep .

1.3 The future status of the encamped militia shall be decided at the time of the final political settlement in Somalia . Meanwhile, the international community will be requested to assist in training them for civilian skills in preparation for possible demobilization.

1.4 All other armed elements, including bandits, shall be disarmed immediately and assisted through rehabilitation and integration into civil society.
Intelligence services: No specific mention.
Parastatal/rebel and opposition group forces: Page 1, untitled preamble, We, the undersigned Somali political leaders, meeting in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, on 15 January 1993 at the Informal Preparatory Meeting on National Reconciliation in Somalia:

Having agreed on the need for a viable and verifiable cease-fire to promote the peace process in Somalia;

Recognizing that such cease-fire is intricately linked to questions of disarmament;

Further recognizing that disarmament cannot be accomplished in a single event but through a sustained process;

Page 1, I. Disarmament

1.1 All heavy weaponry under the control of political movements shall be handed over to a cease-fire monitoring group for safekeeping until such time as a legitimate Somali Government can take them over.
This process shall commence immediately and be completed in March 1993.

1.2 The militias of all political movements shall be encamped in appropriate areas outside major towns where the encampment will not pose difficulties for peace. The encamped militias shall be disarmed following a process which will commence as soon as possible. This action shall be carried out simultaneously throughout Somalia. The international community will be requested to provide the encamped militias with upkeep .

1.3 The future status of the encamped militia shall be decided at the time of the final political settlement in Somalia . Meanwhile, the international community will be requested to assist in training them for civilian skills in preparation for possible demobilization.

1.4 All other armed elements, including bandits, shall be disarmed immediately and assisted through rehabilitation and integration into civil society.
Withdrawal of foreign forces: No specific mention.
Corruption: No specific mention.
Crime/organised crime: Page 1, 1.4 All other armed elements, including bandits, shall be disarmed immediately and assisted through rehabilitation and integration into civil society.
Drugs: No specific mention.
Terrorism: No specific mention.

Transitional justice

Transitional justice general: No specific mention.
Amnesty/pardon: No specific mention.
Courts: No specific mention.
Mechanism: No specific mention.
Prisoner release: Page 2, IV. all POWs shall be freed and handed over to the ICRC and/or UNITAF (United Task Force- US Dept of Defence). This process shall commence immediately and be completed by 1 March 1993.
Vetting: No specific mention.
Victims: No specific mention.
Missing persons: No specific mention.
Reparations: Transitional justice→Reparations→Material reparations
Page 2, III. All sides agree in principle that properties unlawfully taken during the fighting shall be returned to the lawful owners. This shall be implemented as and when the situation allows.
Reconciliation: No specific mention.

Implementation

UN signatory: No specific mention.
Other international signatory: No specific mention.
Referendum for agreement: No specific mention.
International mission/force/similar: Page 2, II. Cease-fire monitoring group:
2.1 A cease-fire monitoring group comprising UNITAF/United Nations troops shall be established immediately. There shall also be a committee composed of representatives of the warring factions to interlocute with the monitoring group and observe the implementation of the agreement by UNITAF/United Nations troops.
Enforcement mechanism: No specific mention.
Related cases: No specific mention.
Source: UN Peacemaker - http://peacemaker.un.org; http://peacemaker.un.org/sites/peacemaker.un.org/files/SO_930115_AgreementOnImplementingTheCeasefireModalitiesOfDisarmament.pdf

Annex III

Agreement on implementing the cease-fire and on modalities of disarmament

(Supplement to the General Agreement signed in Addis Ababa on 8 January 1993^

We, the undersigned Somali political leaders, meeting in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, on 15 January 1993 at the Informal Preparatory Meeting on National Reconciliation in Somalia;

Having agreed on the need for a viable and verifiable cease-fire to promte the peace process in Somalia;

Recognizing that such cease-fire is intricately linked to questions of disarmament;

Further recognizing that disarmament cannot be accomplished in a single event but through a sustained process;

Hereby agree on the following:

I. Disarmament

1.1 All heavy weaponry under the control of political movements shall be handed over to a cease-fire monitoring group for safekeeping until such time as a legitimate Somali Government can take them over.

This process shall commence immediately and be completed in

March 1993.

1.2 The militias of all political movements shall be encamped in appropriate areas outside major towns where the encampment will not pose difficulties for peace.

The encamped militias shall be disarmed following a process which will commence as soon as possible.

This action shall be carried out simultaneously throughout Somalia.

The international community will be requested to provide the encamped militias with upkeep.

1.3 The future status of the encamped militia shall be decided at the time of the final political settlement in Somalia.

Meanwhile, the international community will be requested to assist in training them for civilian skills in preparation for possible demobilization.

1.4 All other armed elements, including bandits, shall be disarmed immediately and assisted through rehabilitation and integration into civil society.

/...

Cease-fire monitoring group

2.1 A cease-fire monitoring group comprising UNITAF/United Nations troops shall be established immediately.

There shall also be a committee composed of representatives of the warring factions to interlocute with the monitoring group and observe the implementation of the agreement by UNITAF/United Nations troops.

All sides agree in principle that properties unlawfully taken during the fighting shall be returned to the lawful owners.

This shall be implemented as and when the situation allows.

All POWs shall be freed and handed over to the International Committee of the Red Cross and/or UHITAF.

This process shall commence immediately and be completed by 1 March 1993.

present agreement shall enter into effect on 15 January 1993.

Somali Africans Muki Organization (SAMO) Mr. Mohamed Ramadan Arbow, Chairman

Somali Democratic Alliance (SDA) Mr^Mohamed Farah.

Abdullahi, Chairman

Somali Democratic Movement (SDM) Mr. Abdi Muse Mayow, Chairman

Col. Mohamed Kur Aliyou, Chairman (s*\*.")

Somali National Democratic Union (SNDU) Mr. Ali Ismael Abdi, Chairman

Somali National Front (SNF)

General Omar Hagi Mohamed Hersi, Chairman

Somali National Union (SNU)

Dr. Mohamed Ragis Mohamed, Chairman

Somali Patriotic Movement (SPM) General Aden Abdillabi Noor, Chairman

Somali Patriotic Movement (SPM) (sna) Col.

Ahmed Omar Jess, Chairman

Somali Salvation Democratic Front (SSDF) General Mohamed Abshir Musse, Chairman

Southern Somali National Movement (SSNM) (sua) Col.

Abdi Warsame Isaaq, Chairman _

United Somali Congress (USC) (sna) General Mohamed Farah Aidid, Chairman

United Somali Congress (USC)

Mr. Mohamed Qanyare Afrab, Chairman

United Somali Front (USF)

Mr. Abdurahman Dualch Ali, Chairman

United Somali Party (USP)

Mr. Mohamed Abdi Hashi, Chairman

15 January 1993, Addis Ababa