Peace Agreement between the communities of the Department of Ouallam

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Country/entity: Niger
Region: Africa (excl MENA)
Agreement name: Peace Agreement between the communities of the Department of Ouallam
Date: 4 Jun 2023
Agreement status: Multiparty signed/agreed
Interim arrangement: Yes
Agreement/conflict level: Intrastate/local conflict
Niger: local conflicts (1980s - )
The conflict between the Fulani community and Mahamid Arab community were instigated by disputes over access to natural resources in the region of Diffa, in south-eastern Niger. The Mahamid Arabs had settled in Diffa from Chad in the 1970s to flee from draught and in the 1980s following an armed conflict. Disputes with the Fulani pastoralists included access to water points, land use, and animal grazing rights. Tensions over resources have become more urgent given the emergence of Boko Haram across the borders of Diffa, resulting in vast forced displacements of its neighbouring populations from Libya, Mali and Nigeria into the region. This has aggravated existing intercommunal tensions and has proved to be fertile soil for the organisation of militias. In 2017 the government declared a state of emergency in Diffa.
Stage: Framework/substantive - partial
Conflict nature: Government/territory
Peace process: Niger local agreements
Parties: For the Zarma community:
Soumaila Mounkaila,Kobi chef du village Kobi
Mounkaila Alassane chef de village Tongotongo
Halidou Adamou chef de village Kawrakeri
Zeinabou Karidjo Oubllam
Cheik Amadou Yacouba Dingazi
Zakari Younoussa Simiri

For the Fulani Community:
Daouda Ali
Amadou Mamane
Rougga Seyni
Karimou Boubacar leader peul Dingazi

For the Arab Community:
Salma Chigali

For the Tuareg community:
Mohamed Ag Ibrahim
Moussa Alhmadi leader Touareg Dingazi
Adoum Dari
Third parties: Agreement Supporters:
Representative of the self-defence group [Signature Illegible]
Representative of the self-defence group [Signature Illegible]

Guarantors of the Agreement
Mayor of the commune of Tondikiwindi
[Stamp: REPUBLIC OF THE NIGER –RURAL COMMUNE OF TONDIKIWINDI– The Mayor]
[Signature: illegible]

Mayor of the commune of Ouallam
[Signature: illegible]

Mayor of the commune of Simiri
[Stamp: REPUBLIC OF THE NIGER –REGION OF TILLABERI DEPARTMENT OF OUALLAM – Rural commune of Simiri – The Mayor]
[Signature: illegible]

Mayor of the commune of Dingazi
[Stamp: REPUBLIC OF THE NIGER –REGION OF TILLABERI –DEPARTMENT OF OUALLAM -COMMUNE OF DINGAZI – THEMAYOR]
[Signature: illegible]

Chief of the canton of Tondikiwindi
[Stamp: DEPARTMENT OF OUALLAM– CANTON OF TONDIKIWINDI – The canton’s chief]
[Signature: illegible]

Chief of the canton of Ouallam
[Stamp: Canton of Ouallam – Honorable Elh Saley Baouna the Canton’s chief]
[Signature: illegible]

Chief of the canton of Simiri
[Stamp: REPUBLIC OF THE NIGER: REGION OF TILLABERI –DEPARTMENT OF OUALLAM –Prefect of the department of Ouallam
[Stamp: illegible]
[Signature: illegible]

CANTON OF SIMIRI – THE CANTON’S CHIEF]
[Signature: illegible]

Witnesses to the Agreement
Ibrahim Moussa religious leader
[Signature: illegible]

Kassoum Zakou religious leader
[Signature: illegible]
Description: Communities in Ouallam, southwestern Niger, have sealed a peace agreement to address the conflict in the Tillabéri region. Facilitated by the Centre for Humanitarian Dialogue (HD), the accord focuses on displacement, resource sharing, and oversight. The conflict was fueled by resource clashes and regional armed confrontations.

Agreement document: NE_230604_Peace Agreement between the Communities of the Department of Ouallam_EN.pdf (opens in new tab) | Download PDF
Agreement document (original language): NE_230604_Accord de paix entre communautés du département de Ouallam.pdf (opens in new tab)| Download PDF

Groups

Children/youth: Groups→Children/youth→Rhetorical
Preamble
...
Recalling that mediation efforts have sought to include community leaders, religious leaders, representatives of women, the youth, self-defence groups, the diaspora and regional and local authorities (governor, prefect, and mayors), of the Department of Ouallam and resource persons working for peace, social cohesion and development;
Disabled persons: No specific mention.
Elderly/age: No specific mention.
Migrant workers: No specific mention.
Racial/ethnic/national group: No specific mention.
Religious groups: No specific mention.
Indigenous people: No specific mention.
Other groups: No specific mention.
Refugees/displaced persons: Groups→Refugees/displaced persons→Rhetorical
Commitments of the Parties
...
The Parties jointly agree to:
...
j) Accompany and facilitate the peaceful return of all displaced persons to their respective villages.
...
Recommendations to the State
...
The Parties recommend to the State to support its pacification efforts in the area concerned by the signing of the Agreement in favour of a peaceful intercommunity coexistence, in particular by:
...
d) Facilitating, with the support of partners, the return of displaced persons;
Social class: No specific mention.

Gender

Women, girls and gender: Preamble
...
Recalling that mediation efforts have sought to include community leaders, religious leaders, representatives of women, the youth, self-defence groups, the diaspora and regional and local authorities (governor, prefect, and mayors), of the Department of Ouallam and resource persons working for peace, social cohesion and development;
Men and boys: No specific mention.
LGBTI: No specific mention.
Family: No specific mention.

State definition

Nature of state (general): No specific mention.
State configuration: No specific mention.
Self determination: No specific mention.
Referendum: No specific mention.
State symbols: No specific mention.
Independence/secession: No specific mention.
Accession/unification: No specific mention.
Border delimitation: No specific mention.
Cross-border provision: No specific mention.

Governance

Political institutions (new or reformed): No specific mention.
Elections: No specific mention.
Electoral commission: No specific mention.
Political parties reform: No specific mention.
Civil society: Preamble
...
Keen on giving concrete form to our reconciliation efforts, which began with the mediation facilitated by the Centre for Humanitarian Dialogue (HD) in support to the national authorities’ efforts for stabilisation, in particular by the Ministry of the Interior;
Traditional/religious leaders: Preamble
...
Recalling that mediation efforts have sought to include community leaders, religious leaders, representatives of women, the youth, self-defence groups, the diaspora and regional and local authorities (governor, prefect, and mayors), of the Department of Ouallam and resource persons working for peace, social cohesion and development;
...
Commitments of the Parties
...
The Parties jointly agree to:
a) Encourage community leaders to strengthen the peace process by forgiving all past acts and by spreading messages of cohesion and appeasement.
...
Monitoring of implementation
...
There shall be:
...
Four (4) representatives of the diaspora from the Department of Ouallam and two (2) representatives of religious leaders.
Public administration: No specific mention.
Constitution: No specific mention.

Power sharing

Political power sharing: No specific mention.
Territorial power sharing: No specific mention.
Economic power sharing: No specific mention.
Military power sharing: No specific mention.

Human rights and equality

Human rights/RoL general: No specific mention.
Bill of rights/similar: No specific mention.
Treaty incorporation: No specific mention.
Civil and political rights: Human rights and equality→Civil and political rights→Freedom of movement
Commitments of the Parties
...
The Parties jointly agree to:
...
f) Facilitate the free movement of people and their properties throughout the area covered by the Agreement;
Socio-economic rights: No specific mention.

Rights related issues

Citizenship: No specific mention.
Democracy: No specific mention.
Detention procedures: Recommendations to the State
...
The Parties recommend to the State to support its pacification efforts in the area concerned by the signing of the Agreement in favour of a peaceful intercommunity coexistence, in particular by:
a) Speeding up the judicial processing of the cases of people arrested in the context of the conflict or for reasons of security in order to strengthen the reconciliation of communities;
Media and communication: No specific mention.
Mobility/access: No specific mention.
Protection measures: Rights related issues→Protection measures→Protection of civilians
Commitments of the Parties
...
The Parties jointly agree to:
...
e) Avoid reprisals against civilians in the event of an attack by armed groups;
Other: No specific mention.

Rights institutions

NHRI: No specific mention.
Regional or international human rights institutions: No specific mention.

Justice sector reform

Criminal justice and emergency law: No specific mention.
State of emergency provisions: No specific mention.
Judiciary and courts: No specific mention.
Prisons and detention: No specific mention.
Traditional Laws: Commitments of the Parties
...
The Parties jointly agree to:
...
d) Recognise and respect the respective rights of each community, as well as their customs and traditions;

Socio-economic reconstruction

Development or socio-economic reconstruction: Socio-economic reconstruction→Development or socio-economic reconstruction→Socio-economic development
Preamble
...
Recalling that mediation efforts have sought to include community leaders, religious leaders, representatives of women, the youth, self-defence groups, the diaspora and regional and local authorities (governor, prefect, and mayors), of the Department of Ouallam and resource persons working for peace, social cohesion and development;
...
Commitments of the Parties
...
The Parties jointly agree to:
...
g) Encourage the attendance to weekly markets by all communities;
...
Recommendations to the State
...
The Parties recommend to the State to support its pacification efforts in the area concerned by the signing of the Agreement in favour of a peaceful intercommunity coexistence, in particular by:
...
e) Reopening the weekly markets closed as a result of the crisis;
f) Providing humanitarian, economic and food assistance to all communities affected by the crisis with a view to the economic recovery of the area;
g) Facilitating the reinstatement of basic social services;
...
j) Easing some measures of the state of emergency to promote the subsistence activities of communities.
Socio-economic reconstruction→Development or socio-economic reconstruction→Humanitarian assistance
Recommendations to the State
...
The Parties recommend to the State to support its pacification efforts in the area concerned by the signing of the Agreement in favour of a peaceful intercommunity coexistence, in particular by:
...
f) Providing humanitarian, economic and food assistance to all communities affected by the crisis with a view to the economic recovery of the area;
Socio-economic reconstruction→Development or socio-economic reconstruction→Infrastructure and reconstruction
Recommendations to the State
...
The Parties recommend to the State to support its pacification efforts in the area concerned by the signing of the Agreement in favour of a peaceful intercommunity coexistence, in particular by:
...
c) Encouraging and supporting the rehabilitation of destroyed villages;
...
h) Building, repairing and equipping communities with basic social infrastructures (water points, health centres, schools, etc.);
National economic plan: No specific mention.
Natural resources: No specific mention.
International funds: No specific mention.
Business: No specific mention.
Taxation: No specific mention.
Banks: No specific mention.

Land, property and environment

Land reform/rights: Land, property and environment→Land reform/rights→Property return and restitution
Commitments of the Parties
...
The Parties jointly agree to:
...
In particular, no claims will be made on animals and properties taken or stolen prior to the signing of the Agreement, except for those found and recognised by the owner with witnesses.
Pastoralist/nomadism rights: No specific mention.
Cultural heritage: No specific mention.
Environment: No specific mention.
Water or riparian rights or access: No specific mention.

Security sector

Security Guarantees: Recommendations to the State
...
The Parties recommend to the State to support its pacification efforts in the area concerned by the signing of the Agreement in favour of a peaceful intercommunity coexistence, in particular by:
...
b) Guaranteeing public order for all communities without distinction;
Ceasefire: No specific mention.
Police: No specific mention.
Armed forces: No specific mention.
DDR: Security sector→DDR→Demilitarisation provisions
Commitments of the Parties
...
The Parties jointly agree to:
...
i) Forbid the circulation of weapons in the villages and towns covered by the Agreement;
Intelligence services: No specific mention.
Parastatal/rebel and opposition group forces: Preamble
...
Recognising that jihadist groups recruit from all communities and that stigmatisation of one community alone is source of division and even conflict between the communities:
...
Commitments of the Parties
...
The Parties jointly agree to:
...
c) Stop mutual accusations between the communities of belonging or colluding with armed jihadists groups;
Withdrawal of foreign forces: No specific mention.
Corruption: No specific mention.
Crime/organised crime: Causes and consequences of the conflict
...
The conflict has resulted in:
a) Repeated attacks on villages and hamlets, lootings and destructions of property by armed individuals;
b) Targeted assassinations of influential figures and notables;
c) Massive livestock thefts;
...
Commitments of the Parties
...
The Parties jointly agree to:
...
h) Report thieves and criminals to the authorities and security forces;
Drugs: No specific mention.
Terrorism: No specific mention.

Transitional justice

Transitional justice general: No specific mention.
Amnesty/pardon: No specific mention.
Courts: No specific mention.
Mechanism: No specific mention.
Prisoner release: No specific mention.
Vetting: No specific mention.
Victims: No specific mention.
Missing persons: No specific mention.
Reparations: No specific mention.
Reconciliation: Preamble
...
Aware that the conflict has affected the communes of Tondikiwindi, Dingazi and Ouallam harder, but that the neighbouring communes are also keen on working towards intercommunity reconciliation and to prevent violence on their territory;
...
Concerned that our reconciliation process should reinforce the results achieved by the signing of the Agreement of 21 January 2023 between the Banibangou communities;
Keen on giving concrete form to our reconciliation efforts, which began with the mediation facilitated by the Centre for Humanitarian Dialogue (HD) in support to the national authorities’ efforts for stabilisation, in particular by the Ministry of the Interior;
...
Recommendations to the State
...
The Parties recommend to the State to support its pacification efforts in the area concerned by the signing of the Agreement in favour of a peaceful intercommunity coexistence, in particular by:
a) Speeding up the judicial processing of the cases of people arrested in the context of the conflict or for reasons of security in order to strengthen the reconciliation of communities;
...
Monitoring of implementation
...
A monitoring committee is set up, whose mission is to:
...
c) Identify, where necessary, additional measures required for the process of intercommunity reconciliation;

Implementation

UN signatory: No specific mention.
Other international signatory: No specific mention.
Referendum for agreement: No specific mention.
International mission/force/similar: No specific mention.
Enforcement mechanism: Monitoring of implementation
...
A monitoring committee is set up, whose mission is to:
a) Regularly review with the Parties on the progress of the implementation of the commitments taken under this Agreement, in order to strengthen its impact;
b) Prevent and manage disputes between the Parties that could lead to noncompliance with this Agreement;
c) Identify, where necessary, additional measures required for the process of intercommunity reconciliation;
d) Regularly update State authorities on the progress of the implementation of the commitments made under this Agreement in order to strengthen its impact.
...
There shall be:
Four (4) representatives of the Peulh community, including two (2) from the commune of Tondikiwindi, one (1) from Simiri and one (1) from Dingazi;
Thirteen (13) representatives from the Zarma community, including seven (7) from Tondikiwindi, two (2) from Ouallam, two (2) from Dingazi and two (2) from Simiri;
Three (3) representatives of the Tuareg community, including one (1) from Tondikiwindi, one (1) from Ouallam and one (1) from Dingazi;
One (1) representative of the Arab community;
Four (4) representatives of the diaspora from the Department of Ouallam and two (2) representatives of religious leaders.
Related cases: No specific mention.
Source: No specific mention.

REPUBLIC OF THE NIGER

REGION OF TILLABERI

DEPARTMENT OF OUALLAM

Peace Agreement between communities of the Department of Ouallam

June 2023

Preamble

We, communities of the department of Ouallam, region of Tillabéri, hereinafter referred to as the Parties;

Recalling that in the past the Arab, Peulh, Tuareg and Zarma communities coexisted peacefully in the Department of Ouallam, cantons of Ouallam, Simiri and Tondikiwindi;

Aware that the conflict opposing our communities since 2017 is a result of the global security crisis affecting the northern part of the region of Tillabéri and the consequences of the Malian crisis of 2012;

Recognising that jihadist groups recruit from all communities and that stigmatisation of one community alone is source of division and even conflict between the communities:

Aware that the conflict has affected the communes of Tondikiwindi, Dingazi and Ouallam harder, but that the neighbouring communes are also keen on working towards intercommunity reconciliation and to prevent violence on their territory;

Keen to strengthen inter- and intra-community dialogues initiated by the State of Niger through the High Authority for Peacebuilding (HACP) and the Ministry of the Interior, in particular at the Ouallam administration-population forum held in Ouallam on 9 January 2011, and at the forum for social cohesion, peace, security and sustainable development in the region of Tillabéri, held in Tillabéri on 26 and 27 March 2022;

Aware that our conflict can only be resolved through dialogue between us;

Concerned that our reconciliation process should reinforce the results achieved by the signing of the Agreement of 21 January 2023 between the Banibangou communities;

Keen on giving concrete form to our reconciliation efforts, which began with the mediation facilitated by the Centre for Humanitarian Dialogue (HD) in support to the national authorities’ efforts for stabilisation, in particular by the Ministry of the Interior;

Recalling that mediation efforts have sought to include community leaders, religious leaders, representatives of women, the youth, self-defence groups, the diaspora and regional and local authorities (governor, prefect, and mayors), of the Department of Ouallam and resource persons working for peace, social cohesion and development;

Aware that the conflict involving members of our communities may not end immediately with the signing of this Agreement, but will require a constant commitment on our part to peacefully manage our disagreements;

Determined to work towards peaceful and durable coexistence between our communities;

Agree on the following:

Chapter I:

Generalities

Article 1:

Through this Agreement, the parties declare peace between them and commit to do their utmost to maintain it.

Chapter II:

Causes and consequences of the conflict

Article 2:

The Parties agree that the inter-community conflict that opposed them is the consequence of the security crisis taking place along the border between Mali and Niger since 2016.

The involvement of armed jihadist groups and community self-defense militia unfortunately helped to intensify the conflict.

The conflict has resulted in:

a) Repeated attacks on villages and hamlets, lootings and destructions of property by armed individuals;

b) Targeted assassinations of influential figures and notables;

c) Massive livestock thefts;

d) Attacks and ambushes on vehicles;

e) Embargoes on some villages and weekly markets;

f) Closure of basic social services (schools, health centres, etc.);

g) Withdrawal of government officials and defence and security forces;

h) The feeling on both sides that the neighbouring community is joining forces with armed groups to attack the other;

i) Perception of partiality from the defence and security forces;

j) Lack of justice following abuses;

k) Erosion of social cohesion and coexistence between our communities.

Chapter III:

Commitments of the Parties

Article 3:

The Parties jointly agree to:

a) Encourage community leaders to strengthen the peace process by forgiving all past acts and by spreading messages of cohesion and appeasement.

In particular, no claims will be made on animals and properties taken or stolen prior to the signing of the Agreement, except for those found and recognised by the owner with witnesses.

Claims for found animals must be made to the members of the monitoring committee or to the representatives designated by zones by the monitoring committee to meet local needs;

b) Undertake initiatives to help build solid links between the communities in support of the Agreement;

c) Stop mutual accusations between the communities of belonging or colluding with armed jihadists groups;

d) Recognise and respect the respective rights of each community, as well as their customs and traditions;

e) Avoid reprisals against civilians in the event of an attack by armed groups;

f) Facilitate the free movement of people and their properties throughout the area covered by the Agreement;

g) Encourage the attendance to weekly markets by all communities;

h) Report thieves and criminals to the authorities and security forces;

i) Forbid the circulation of weapons in the villages and towns covered by the Agreement;

j) Accompany and facilitate the peaceful return of all displaced persons to their respective villages.

Article 4:

The parties request that armed groups:

a) Respect the commitments made by the communities under the Agreement and assist in their implementation;

b) Condemn the summary executions, attacks on hamlets and villages, thefts of livestock and robberies

Article 5:

In addition, the parties invite the Agreement monitoring committee to:

a) Maintain the dialogue with all actors to secure the implementation of the Agreement’s provisions,

Chapter IV:

Recommendations to the State

Article 6:

The Parties recommend to the State to support its pacification efforts in the area concerned by the signing of the Agreement in favour of a peaceful intercommunity coexistence, in particular by:

a) Speeding up the judicial processing of the cases of people arrested in the context of the conflict or for reasons of security in order to strengthen the reconciliation of communities;

b) Guaranteeing public order for all communities without distinction;

c) Encouraging and supporting the rehabilitation of destroyed villages;

d) Facilitating, with the support of partners, the return of displaced persons;

e) Reopening the weekly markets closed as a result of the crisis;

f) Providing humanitarian, economic and food assistance to all communities affected by the crisis with a view to the economic recovery of the area;

g) Facilitating the reinstatement of basic social services;

h) Building, repairing and equipping communities with basic social infrastructures (water points, health centres, schools, etc.);

i) Opening a dialogue with the armed groups to find a solution to the security crisis affecting the region of Tillabéri;

j) Easing some measures of the state of emergency to promote the subsistence activities of communities.

Chapter V:

Monitoring of implementation

Article 7:

The Parties commit to convene once every trimester during the first year following the signing of this Agreement to review its implementation and, if needed, to renew and adjust their commitments.

Article 8:

A monitoring committee is set up, whose mission is to:

a) Regularly review with the Parties on the progress of the implementation of the commitments taken under this Agreement, in order to strengthen its impact;

b) Prevent and manage disputes between the Parties that could lead to noncompliance with this Agreement;

c) Identify, where necessary, additional measures required for the process of intercommunity reconciliation;

d) Regularly update State authorities on the progress of the implementation of the commitments made under this Agreement in order to strengthen its impact.

Article 9:

27 members designated by consensus to represent all the Zarma, Peulh, Haoussa, Tamasheq and Arab communities will make up the monitoring committee.

There shall be:

Four (4) representatives of the Peulh community, including two (2) from the commune of Tondikiwindi, one (1) from Simiri and one (1) from Dingazi;

Thirteen (13) representatives from the Zarma community, including seven (7) from Tondikiwindi, two (2) from Ouallam, two (2) from Dingazi and two (2) from Simiri;

Three (3) representatives of the Tuareg community, including one (1) from Tondikiwindi, one (1) from Ouallam and one (1) from Dingazi;

One (1) representative of the Arab community;

Four (4) representatives of the diaspora from the Department of Ouallam and two (2) representatives of religious leaders.

Chapter VI:

Dispute management

Article 10:

The Parties shall make all necessary effort to settle amicably and through negotiation and dialogue any dispute arising between them, in the spirit of cooperation and friendship which underlies this Peace Agreement.

Article 11:

In the event of failure to apply this Agreement or in the event of a dispute regarding its interpretation, the Parties will refer the matter to the monitoring committee so that a consensus may be identified and applied.

Article 12:

In the event of failure to apply the solution identified through consensus with the monitoring committee, the Parties shall jointly refer to the traditional and religious dispute management mechanisms.

Article 13:

In the event of serious failure to apply this Agreement, and failure of all attempts at negotiations to remedy the situation, the Parties may terminate this Agreement.

Such termination shall take effect on the specified date of notice of termination.

In such case, the Parties shall take all necessary measures to minimise the impact of such a decision on the pacification efforts already undertaken.

Chapter VII:

Final provisions

Article 14:

The parties shall sign this Agreement in five copies in the French language, and shall circulate it through the appropriate means in the local languages of Zarma, Fula, Hausa, Tamasheq and Arab.

Article 15:

This Agreement shall enter into force on the date of its signature by the Parties.

Parties.

In Tondikiwindi, 4 June 2023

Signatories to the Agreement

For the Zarma community

Soumaila Mounkalia, Kobi village chief

[Signature :

illegible]

Moukaila Alassane, Tongotongo village

chief

[Signature:

illegible]

Halidou Amadou, Kawrakeri village chief

[Signature:

illegible]

Zeinabou Karidjo Ouallam

[Signature:

illegible]

Cheik Amadou Yacouba Dingazi

[signature:

illegible]

Zakari Younoussa Simiri

[Signature:

illegible]

For the Peulh community

Daouda Ali

[Signature:

illegible]

Amadou Mamane

[Signature:

illegible]

Rougga Seyni

[Signature:

illegible]

Karimou Boubacar Dingazi Peulh leader

[Signature:

illegible]

For the Arab community

Salma Chigali

[Signature:

illegible]

For the Tuareg community

Mohamed Ag Ibrahim

[Signature:

illegible]

Moussa Alhmadi, Tuareg Dingazi leader

Adoum Dari

[Signature:

illegible]

Supports to the Agreement

Representative of the self-defence group

[Signature:

illegible]

Representative of the self-defence group

[Signature:

illegible]

Guarantors of the Agreement

Mayor of the commune of Tondikiwindi

[Stamp:

REPUBLIC OF THE NIGER –

RURAL COMMUNE OF TONDIKIWINDI

– The Mayor]

[Signature:

illegible]

Mayor of the commune of Ouallam

[Signature:

illegible]

Mayor of the commune of Simiri

[Stamp:

REPUBLIC OF THE NIGER –

REGION OF TILLABERI DEPARTMENT

OF OUALLAM – Rural commune of

Simiri – The Mayor]

[Signature:

illegible]

Mayor of the commune of Dingazi

[Stamp:

REPUBLIC OF THE NIGER –

REGION OF TILLABERI –

DEPARTMENT OF OUALLAM –

COMMUNE OF DINGAZI – THE

MAYOR]

[Signature:

illegible]

Chief of the canton of Tondikiwindi

[Stamp:

DEPARTMENT OF OUALLAM

– CANTON OF TONDIKIWINDI – The

canton’s chief]

[Signature:

illegible]

Chief of the canton of Ouallam

[Stamp:

Canton of Ouallam – Honorable

Elh Saley Baouna the Canton’s chief]

[Signature:

illegible]

Chief of the canton of Simiri

[Stamp:

REPUBLIC OF THE NIGER:

REGION OF TILLABERI –

DEPARTMENT OF OUALLAM –

Prefect of the department of Ouallam

[Stamp:

illegible]

[Signature:

illegible]

CANTON OF SIMIRI – THE CANTON’S

CHIEF]

[Signature:

illegible]

Witnesses to the Agreement

Ibrahim Moussa religious leader

[Signature:

illegible]

Kassoum Zakou religious leader

[Signature:

illegible]