Agreement on a Partial Ceasefire

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Country/entity: Mozambique
Region: Africa (excl MENA)
Agreement name: Agreement on a Partial Ceasefire
Date: 1 Dec 1990
Agreement status: Multiparty signed/agreed
Interim arrangement: Yes
Agreement/conflict level: Intrastate/intrastate conflict
Mozambique Civil War (1976 – 1992) and RENAMO Insurgency (2012 – )
The Mozambique conflict has roots in the independence movement launched by the Mozambique Liberation Front (FRELIMO) (est. 1962) against Portuguese colonization. Despite the insurgency, independence only came a year after a military coup d’état in Lisbon overthrew the longstanding ‘Estado Novo’ dictatorship. Nonetheless, FRELIMO installed itself as the ruling party and officially became a Marxist-Leninist party in 1977. Fierce fighting broke out in the Cold War context, between the FRELIMO, supported by the Soviet Bloc, and the anti-Communist Mozambique National Resistance (RENAMO) movement, which received funding from neighbouring ‘white’ regimes in Rhodesia and later on, South Africa. After the death of President Somaro Moises Machel in a plane crash in 1986, the presidency passed to Joaquim Alberto Chissano who encouraged political pluralism, particularly following the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1989. Following the Rome Peace Accords in 1992, FRELIMO won the country’s first multi-party election in 1994.

Political tensions began to rise after the 2002 presidential elections, which RENAMO argued were fraudulent. These continued until a low-level outbreak of violence by RENAMO fighters targeting police and economic infrastructure. A new peace accord was signed between RENAMO and FRELIMO in September 2014, but RENAMO’s later refusal to accept the terms of the 2014 Presidential election, as well as government difficulties in disarming RENAMO fighters led to a breakdown of the accord in August 2015. Since then, clashes have renewed between the two parties.
Stage: Ceasefire/related
Conflict nature: Government
Peace process: Mozambique process in the 90s
Parties: For the delegation of GRM: Armando Emílio Guebuza;
For the delegation of Renamo: Raul Manuel Domingos;
Third parties: 'The Mediators' sign (and preamble notes that they were present - representative of Government of Italian Public, Archbishop of Beira, and two mediators of the Community of Sant' Edigio.)

The mediators:
Mario Raffaelli, D. Jaime Gonçalves, Andrea Riccardi, D. Matteo Zuppi
Description: A short agreement providing for the establishment and maintenance of a ceasefire. In particular the agreement focuses on the role to be fulfilled by Zimbabwean military units.

Agreement document: MZ_901201_Partial Ceasefire.pdf (opens in new tab) | Download PDF

Groups

Children/youth: No specific mention.
Disabled persons: No specific mention.
Elderly/age: No specific mention.
Migrant workers: No specific mention.
Racial/ethnic/national group: No specific mention.
Religious groups: No specific mention.
Indigenous people: No specific mention.
Other groups: No specific mention.
Refugees/displaced persons: No specific mention.
Social class: No specific mention.

Gender

Women, girls and gender: No specific mention.
Men and boys: No specific mention.
LGBTI: No specific mention.
Family: No specific mention.

State definition

Nature of state (general): No specific mention.
State configuration: No specific mention.
Self determination: No specific mention.
Referendum: No specific mention.
State symbols: No specific mention.
Independence/secession: No specific mention.
Accession/unification: No specific mention.
Border delimitation: No specific mention.
Cross-border provision: No specific mention.

Governance

Political institutions (new or reformed): No specific mention.
Elections: No specific mention.
Electoral commission: No specific mention.
Political parties reform: No specific mention.
Civil society: Page 1,
3. A Joint Verification Commission is created with the aim of invigilating the strict implementation of this Agreement. It comprises civilian and military representatives designated by the Government of the Republic of Mozambique and by Renamo, three for each party, whose names will be given to the mediators within seven days of the signature of this Agreement. The Government of the Republic of Zimbabwe may also join the Joint Verification Commission and have three representatives.
Traditional/religious leaders: No specific mention.
Public administration: No specific mention.
Constitution: No specific mention.

Power sharing

Political power sharing: No specific mention.
Territorial power sharing: No specific mention.
Economic power sharing: No specific mention.
Military power sharing: No specific mention.

Human rights and equality

Human rights/RoL general: No specific mention.
Bill of rights/similar: No specific mention.
Treaty incorporation: No specific mention.
Civil and political rights: No specific mention.
Socio-economic rights: No specific mention.

Rights related issues

Citizenship: No specific mention.
Democracy: No specific mention.
Detention procedures: No specific mention.
Media and communication: No specific mention.
Mobility/access: Page 2,
3.4 The members of the Joint Verification Commission will have diplomatic immunity. The Government of the Republic of Mozambique and Renamo will guarantee the safety and free movement of the members of the Commission and its sub-commission, as well as those of its emissaries, in any area subject to the application of this Agreement.
Protection measures: No specific mention.
Other: No specific mention.

Rights institutions

NHRI: No specific mention.
Regional or international human rights institutions: No specific mention.

Justice sector reform

Criminal justice and emergency law: No specific mention.
State of emergency provisions: No specific mention.
Judiciary and courts: No specific mention.
Prisons and detention: No specific mention.
Traditional Laws: No specific mention.

Socio-economic reconstruction

Development or socio-economic reconstruction: No specific mention.
National economic plan: No specific mention.
Natural resources: No specific mention.
International funds: Page 2,
3.8 The delegations of the Republic of Mozambique and Renamo request the Italian Government and other governments of the member countries of the Joint Verification Commission to make efforts at both bilateral and multilateral levels to guarantee the necessary financing and technical support of the Joint Verification Commission created by this Agreement.
Business: No specific mention.
Taxation: No specific mention.
Banks: No specific mention.

Land, property and environment

Land reform/rights: No specific mention.
Pastoralist/nomadism rights: No specific mention.
Cultural heritage: No specific mention.
Environment: No specific mention.
Water or riparian rights or access: No specific mention.

Security sector

Security Guarantees: Page 1,
1. The Government of the Republic of Mozambique will agree with the Government of the Republic of Zimbabwe modalities for concentrating the Zimbabwean troops along the areas known as “The Beira Corridor”, and “The Limpopo Corridor”, to a minimum distance of 3 km outside the furthest edges of each corridor. This limit may be altered by a proposal from the Joint Verification Commission referred to in point 3, in conformity with criteria which will guarantee greater security and efficiency in verification. The concentration of the Zimbabwean troops in the above-mentioned corridors will begin a the latest 15 days after the signature of this Agreement and will be concluded by a deadline of 20 days after the time limit for beginning concentration.

Page 2,
3.5 The Joint Verification Commission will agree the security measures necessary for its members at the due moment. The Government of the Republic of Mozambique will provide installations for the headquarters of the Joint Verification Commission as well as the necessary logistic support for its operations.
Ceasefire: Security sector→Ceasefire→Ceasefire provision
[Summary: The entire agreement provides for a partial ceasefire and its modalities. The ceasefire commenced on 01/12/1991. It is unclear whether the ceasefire is presumed to be permanent.]
Police: No specific mention.
Armed forces: Page 1, 1
The Government of the Republic of Mozambique will agree with the Government of the Republic of Zimbabwe modalities for concentrating the Zimbabwean troops along the areas known as “The Beira Corridor”, and “The Limpopo Corridor”, to a minimum distance of 3 km outside the furthest edges of each corridor. This limit may be altered by a proposal from the Joint Verification Commission referred to in point 3, in conformity with criteria which will guarantee greater security and efficiency in verification. The concentration of the Zimbabwean troops in the above-mentioned corridors will begin at the latest 15 days after the signature of this Agreement and will be concluded by a deadline of 20 days after the time limit for beginning concentration.

Page 1, 1.1
The Government of the Republic of Mozambique will inform the negotiating table of the maximum number of Zimbabwean troops to remain in the corridors.

Page 1, 1.2
The Zimbabwean troops may not be involved in military operations of an offensive nature while concentration is under way.

Page 1, 3
A Joint Verification Commission is created with the aim of invigilating the strict implementation of this Agreement. It comprises civilian and military representatives designated by the Government of the Republic of Mozambique and by Renamo, three for each party, whose names will be given to the mediators within seven days of the signature of this Agreement. The Government of the Republic of Zimbabwe may also join the Joint Verification Commission and have three representatives.
DDR: No specific mention.
Intelligence services: No specific mention.
Parastatal/rebel and opposition group forces: Page 1, 2
To facilitate the peace process in Mozambique, Renamo will end all offensive military operations and attacks on the Beira and Limpopo corridors, along the areas agreed in term of point 1.
Withdrawal of foreign forces: Page 1,
1. The Government of the Republic of Mozambique will agree with the Government of the Republic of Zimbabwe modalities for concentrating the Zimbabwean troops along the areas known as “The Beira Corridor”, and “The Limpopo Corridor”, to a minimum distance of 3 km outside the furthest edges of each corridor. This limit may be altered by a proposal from the Joint Verification Commission referred to in point 3, in conformity with criteria which will guarantee greater security and efficiency in verification. The concentration of the Zimbabwean troops in the above-mentioned corridors will begin at the latest 15 days after the signature of this Agreement and will be concluded by a deadline of 20 days after the time limit for beginning concentration.
1.1 The Government of the Republic of Mozambique will inform the negotiating table of the maximum number of Zimbabwean troops to remain in the corridors.
1.2 The Zimbabwean troops may not be involved in military operations of an offensive nature while concentration is under way
Corruption: No specific mention.
Crime/organised crime: No specific mention.
Drugs: No specific mention.
Terrorism: No specific mention.

Transitional justice

Transitional justice general: No specific mention.
Amnesty/pardon: No specific mention.
Courts: No specific mention.
Mechanism: No specific mention.
Prisoner release: No specific mention.
Vetting: No specific mention.
Victims: No specific mention.
Missing persons: No specific mention.
Reparations: No specific mention.
Reconciliation: No specific mention.

Implementation

UN signatory: No specific mention.
Other international signatory: The Mediators' sign (and preamble notes that they were present - representative of Government of Italian Public, Archbishop of Beira, and two mediators of the Community of Sant' Edigio.) The mediators: Mario Raffaelli, D. Jaime Gonçalves, Andrea Riccardi, D. Matteo Zuppi
Referendum for agreement: No specific mention.
International mission/force/similar: No specific mention.
Enforcement mechanism: Page 1, 3
A Joint Verification Commission is created with the aim of invigilating the strict implementation of this Agreement. It comprises civilian and military representatives designated by the Government of the Republic of Mozambique and by Renamo, three for each party, whose names will be given to the mediators within seven days of the signature of this Agreement. The Government of the Republic of Zimbabwe may also join the Joint Verification Commission and have three representatives.

Page 1, 3.1
The mediators or their representatives will also be members of the Joint Verification Commission and will chair it. Eight countries agreed between the parties will be members.

Page 2, 3.2
The Joint Verification Commission will have its headquarters in Maputo. It will present reports to the negotiating table at regular intervals or whenever one of the parties so requests.

Page 2, 3.3
The Joint Verification Commission may create sub-commissions with the same composition, qualified to verify the implementation of this Agreement “in loco”.

Page 2, 3.4
The members of the Joint Verification Commission will have diplomatic immunity. The Government of the Republic of Mozambique and Renamo will guarantee the safety and free movement of the members of the Commission and its sub-commission, as well as those of its emissaries, in any area subject to the application of this Agreement.

Page 2, 3.5
The Joint Verification Commission will agree the security measures necessary for its members at the due moment. The Government of the Republic of Mozambique will provide installations for the headquarters of the Joint Verification Commission as well as the necessary logistic support for its operations.

Page 2, 3.6
The Joint Verification Commission will be sworn in up to 15 days after the signing of this Agreement, and will begin its work immediately. It will control the implementation of this Agreement for a period of six months, renewable by common agreement between the parties when necessary.

Page 2, 3.7
The Joint Verification Commission will submit the fundamental criteria that are to govern its activities to the negotiating table for approval as soon as it has been sworn in.

Page 2, 3.8
The delegations of the Republic of Mozambique and Renamo request the Italian Government and other governments of the member countries of the Joint Verification Commission to make efforts at both bilateral and multilateral levels to guarantee the necessary financing and technical support of the Joint Verification Commission created by this Agreement.
Related cases: No specific mention.
Source: International Conflict Research Institute (INCORE) http://www.incore.ulst.ac.uk/services/cds/agreements/pdf/moz2.pdf

Agreement on a Partial Ceasefire

Delegations of the Government of the Republic of Mozambique and Renamo, led

respectively by Armando Emílio Guebuza, Minister of Transport and Communications,

and Raul Manuel Domingos, Head of the Department of External Relations, met in Rome

at the Sant’ Egidio Community headquarters in the presence of the mediators, Mario

Raffaelli, representative of the Government of the Italian Republic, Jaime Gonçalves,

Archbishop of Beira, and Andrea Riccardi and Matteo Zuppi of the Community Sant’

Egidio.

Inspired by reciprocal commitment to and desire for the rapid attainment of a

peaceful situation in Mozambique, they agreed on the need for immediate

implementation of the understandings and conclusions reached in the discussion of point

1 of the agenda approved on 9 November 1990, “THE PRESENCE AND ROLE OF

ZIMBABWEAN MILITARY FORCES IN THE PERIOD PRECEDING THE CEASEFIRE

PROCLAMATION,” in the following terms:

1. The Government of the Republic of Mozambique will agree with the Government of

the Republic of Zimbabwe modalities for concentrating the Zimbabwean troops along the

areas known as “The Beira Corridor”, and “The Limpopo Corridor”, to a minimum

distance of 3 km outside the furthest edges of each corridor.

This limit may be altered by

a proposal from the Joint Verification Commission referred to in point 3, in conformity

with criteria which will guarantee greater security and efficiency in verification.

The

concentration of the Zimbabwean troops in the above-mentioned corridors will begin at

the latest 15 days after the signature of this Agreement and will be concluded by a

deadline of 20 days after the time limit for beginning concentration.

1.1 The Government of the Republic of Mozambique will inform the negotiating table of

the maximum number of Zimbabwean troops to remain in the corridors.

1.2 The Zimbabwean troops may not be involved in military operations of an offensive

nature while concentration is under way,

2. To facilitate the peace process in Mozambique, Renamo will end all offensive military

operations and attacks on the Beira and Limpopo corridors, along the areas agreed in

term of point 1.

3. A Joint Verification Commission is created with the aim of invigilating the strict

implementation of this Agreement.

It comprises civilian and military representatives

designated by the Government of the Republic of Mozambique and by Renamo, three for

each party, whose names will be given to the mediators within seven days of the

signature of this Agreement.

The Government of the Republic of Zimbabwe may also

join the Joint Verification Commission and have three representatives.

3.1. The mediators or their representatives will also be members of the Joint Verification

Commission and will chair it.

Eight countries agreed between the parties will be

members.

3.2. The Joint Verification Commission will have its headquarters in Maputo.

It will

present reports to the negotiating table at regular intervals or whenever one of the parties

so requests.

3.3. The Joint Verification Commission may create sub-commissions with the same

composition, qualified to verify the implementation of this Agreement “in loco”.

3.4 The members of the Joint Verification Commission will have diplomatic immunity.

The Government of the Republic of Mozambique and Renamo will guarantee the safety

and free movement of the members of the Commission and its sub-commission, as well

as those of its emissaries, in any area subject to the application of this Agreement.

3.5 The Joint Verification Commission will agree the security measures necessary for its

members at the due moment.

The Government of the Republic of Mozambique will

provide installations for the headquarters of the Joint Verification Commission as well as

the necessary logistic support for its operations.

3.6 The Joint Verification Commission will be sworn in up to 15 days after the signing of

this Agreement, and will begin its work immediately.

It will control the implementation

of this Agreement for a period of six months, renewable by common agreement between

the parties when necessary.

3.7 The Joint Verification Commission will submit the fundamental criteria that are to

govern its activities to the negotiating table for approval as soon as it has been sworn in.

3.8 The delegations of the Republic of Mozambique and Renamo request the Italian

Government and other governments of the member countries of the Joint Verification

Commission to make efforts at both bilateral and multilateral levels to guarantee the

necessary financing and technical support of the Joint Verification Commission created

by this Agreement.

4. The parties undertake to avoid any activities that could directly or indirectly violate the

spirit or letter of this Agreement.

In the case of noting any unusual event of a military

nature that could compromise the implementation of this Agreement, at the request of one

of the parties the mediators may take practical initiatives to identify and overcome the

problem.

4.1 The Government of the Republic of Mozambique and Renamo, convinced that the

signing and implementation of this Agreement will make a significant contribution to

strengthening the climate of confidence necessary for dialogue, renew their commitment

to continuing their analysis of the remaining points of the agenda aimed at establishing

peace in Mozambique.

5. This Agreement comes into force on the date that it is signed.

Done at Sant’ Egidio, Rome, on 1 December 1990.

For the delegation of GRM:

For the delegation of Renamo:

Armando Emílio Guebuza

Raul Manuel Domingos

The mediators:

Mario Raffaelli, D. Jaime Gonçalves, Andrea Riccardi, D. Matteo Zuppi