Humanitarian agreement between Bambara and Bozo farmers, Fulani herders as well as hunters from the area (‘circle’) of Djenné

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Country/entity: Mali
Region: Africa (excl MENA)
Agreement name: Humanitarian agreement between Bambara and Bozo farmers, Fulani herders as well as hunters from the area (‘circle’) of Djenné
Date: 1 Aug 2019
Agreement status: Multiparty signed/agreed
Interim arrangement: Yes
Agreement/conflict level: Intrastate/local conflict
Stage: Framework/substantive - partial
Conflict nature: Inter-group
Peace process: Mali Local Processes
Parties: Representatives of the hunters

Sinali MAIGA
Amadou DIARRA

Representatives of the Peulh breeders' community

Alpha Samba LANDOURE

Malick TOURE
Village chief of Diaba peulh

Representatives of the farmers' community

Dramane COULIBALY
Mayor of the Derary commune

EL Hadj DJETTE
Third parties: Representatives of the facilitators

Binkè KONATE

Ali TOURE

Witnessed

The village chief of Djenne

Sidi Yeya MAIGA

Witnessed

Mayor of the urban community of Djenne

Lassine YARO

Witnessed

President of the council of Djenne circle

Alassane BOCOUM

Witnessed

Prefect of Djenne circle

Bolle Maouloud BABY

[Note: The agreement also refers to 'mediation facilitated for ten months by the Center for Humanitarian Dialogue' (p. 2).]
Description: Short local inter-communal humanitarian agreement calling for a cessation of hostilities between pastoralists, agriculturalists, and hunters, including cattle-rustling; and provisions on sharing of natural resources; reparations for damage caused to crops and livestock; mobility; and freedom of movement of people and goods. Makes recommendations to the Malian state, including to ensure the safety of civilians, and provides for the establishment of a peace agreement monitoring committee.

Agreement document: ML_190801_Humanitarian agreement between Bambara and Bozo farmers, Fulani herders as well as hunters from the area (‘circle’) of Djenné_tr.pdf (opens in new tab) | Download PDF
Agreement document (original language): ML_190801_Accord-humanitaire-entre-les-communautés-dagriculteurs-déleveurs-et-les-chasseurs-dozons-du-cercle-de-Djenné-1er-août-2019.pdf (opens in new tab)| Download PDF

Groups

Children/youth: No specific mention.
Disabled persons: No specific mention.
Elderly/age: No specific mention.
Migrant workers: No specific mention.
Racial/ethnic/national group: Groups→Racial/ethnic/national group→Substantive
[Note: The parties to this agreement represent different ethnic/socio-professional communities (Peulh, Bambara, Bozo, and Dozo). The agreement's provisions are specifically targeted at these ethnic/socio-professional groups.]
Religious groups: No specific mention.
Indigenous people: No specific mention.
Other groups: No specific mention.
Refugees/displaced persons: No specific mention.
Social class: No specific mention.

Gender

Women, girls and gender: No specific mention.
Men and boys: No specific mention.
LGBTI: No specific mention.
Family: No specific mention.

State definition

Nature of state (general): No specific mention.
State configuration: No specific mention.
Self determination: No specific mention.
Referendum: No specific mention.
State symbols: No specific mention.
Independence/secession: No specific mention.
Accession/unification: No specific mention.
Border delimitation: No specific mention.
Cross-border provision: No specific mention.

Governance

Political institutions (new or reformed): No specific mention.
Elections: No specific mention.
Electoral commission: No specific mention.
Political parties reform: No specific mention.
Civil society: No specific mention.
Traditional/religious leaders: Page 2, Preamble,
Meeting in Djenne within the framework of mediation facilitated for ten months by the Center for Humanitarian Dialogue, requested by community leaders and the Djenne authorities, we commit to:

Page 3, Chapter II: Commitments of the Parties, Article 5: In addition, the parties jointly undertake to:
...
e) Encourage community leaders to commit to peace by spreading messages of cohesion and peace;
Public administration: No specific mention.
Constitution: No specific mention.

Power sharing

Political power sharing: No specific mention.
Territorial power sharing: No specific mention.
Economic power sharing: No specific mention.
Military power sharing: No specific mention.

Human rights and equality

Human rights/RoL general: No specific mention.
Bill of rights/similar: No specific mention.
Treaty incorporation: No specific mention.
Civil and political rights: No specific mention.
Socio-economic rights: No specific mention.

Rights related issues

Citizenship: No specific mention.
Democracy: No specific mention.
Detention procedures: No specific mention.
Media and communication: Rights related issues→Media and communication→Other
Page 3, Chapter IV: Monitoring of the implementation, Article 8: A monitoring committee will be set up; whose mission is to:
...
d) Spread the content of the Agreement in all the Djenne circle municipalities and all those neighbouring;
Mobility/access: Pages 2, Chapter I: Generalities, Article 1: On the general commitment of the Parties
With this Agreement, the Parties guarantee the physical safety and the free movement of people, goods, and livestock in the Djenne circle.

Pages 2-3, Chapter II: Commitments of the Parties, Article 2: The Peulh community undertakes to:
...
b) Respect the routes set up for transhumance and facilitate their development;
...
Article 3: The farmers' communities (among others Bambara and Bozo) agree to:
...
b) Respect the routes established for transhumance and facilitate their development;
...
Article 5: In addition, the parties jointly undertake to:
...
c) Facilitate access for the population of the Djenne circle to weekly health fairs and centres;
d) Not to hinder the free movement of people and their goods;
Protection measures: Rights related issues→Protection measures→Protection of civilians
Page 2, Chapter I: Generalities, Article 1: On the general commitment of the Parties, With this Agreement, the Parties guarantee the physical safety and the free movement of people, goods, and livestock in the Djenne circle.

Page 3, Chapter III: Recommendations addressed to the State, Article 6: The Parties request the State to support their efforts and more particularly to:
- Ensure the safety of people and their property
Other: No specific mention.

Rights institutions

NHRI: No specific mention.
Regional or international human rights institutions: No specific mention.

Justice sector reform

Criminal justice and emergency law: No specific mention.
State of emergency provisions: No specific mention.
Judiciary and courts: No specific mention.
Prisons and detention: No specific mention.
Traditional Laws: No specific mention.

Socio-economic reconstruction

Development or socio-economic reconstruction: Socio-economic reconstruction→Development or socio-economic reconstruction→Humanitarian assistance
Page 3, Chapter III: Recommendations addressed to the State
Article 6: The Parties request the State to support their efforts and more particularly to:
...
- Deliver aid to mitigate the food crisis that affects community members;
National economic plan: No specific mention.
Natural resources: Page 3, Chapter II: Commitments of the Parties, Article 5: In addition, the parties jointly undertake to:
...
g) Respect and ensure respect for the local rules of access to pastoral resources;
International funds: No specific mention.
Business: Page 2, Chapter I: Generalities, Article 1: On the general commitment of the Parties,
With this Agreement, the Parties guarantee the physical safety and the free movement of people, goods, and livestock in the Djenne circle.

Page 3, Chapter II: Commitments of the Parties, Article 5: In addition, the parties jointly undertake to:
...
d) Not to hinder the free movement of people and their goods;
Taxation: No specific mention.
Banks: No specific mention.

Land, property and environment

Land reform/rights: Land, property and environment→Land reform/rights→Land reform and management
[Article 2 in the agreement covers commitments by the pastoralist community to the agriculturalist/farmer community]

Pages 2-3, Chapter II: Commitments of the Parties, Article 2: The Peulh community undertakes to:
a) Cease any recourses to violence against the Bambara agricultural community;
b) Respect the routes set up for transhumance and facilitate their development;
c) Not allow animals to graze at night during the agricultural season;
d) Inform the community of the calendar for the arrival of breeders and their herds;
e) Not hinder the agricultural season;
f) Compensate for the damage caused by livestock to crops, in a prompt, adequate, and effective manner.
Pastoralist/nomadism rights: [Articles 3 and 4 in the agreement are commitments by agriculturalist/farmer and hunter communities to the pastoralist community. Article 5 covers commitments by all signatory parties]

Pages 2-3, Chapter II: Commitments of the Parties, Article 3: The farmers' communities (among others Bambara and Bozo) agree to:
a) Cease all use of violence against the Peulh pastoral community;
b) Respect the routes established for transhumance and facilitate their development;
c) Compensate for the damage caused to livestock in a prompt, adequate and effective manner.
Article 4: Dozo hunters agree to:
a) Not use armed force against civilian communities
b) Stop hunting all livestock;
Article 5: In addition, the parties jointly undertake to:
a) Support ending the violence that obstructs the 2019 transhumance and agricultural seasons;
b) Settle any dispute through dialogue;
c) Facilitate access for the population of the Djenne circle to weekly health fairs and centres;
d) Not to hinder the free movement of people and their goods;
e) Encourage community leaders to commit to peace by spreading messages of cohesion and peace;
f) Condemn any act in violation of this Agreement;
g) Respect and ensure respect for the local rules of access to pastoral resources;
h) Stop all taking of livestock regardless of the owner's community and facilitate searches for stolen goods and animals.
Cultural heritage: No specific mention.
Environment: No specific mention.
Water or riparian rights or access: No specific mention.

Security sector

Security Guarantees: No specific mention.
Ceasefire: Security sector→Ceasefire→Ceasefire provision
Pages 2-3, Chapter II: Commitments of the Parties, Article 2: The Peulh community undertakes to:
...
a) Cease any recourses to violence against the Bambara agricultural community;
...
Article 3: The farmers' communities (among others Bambara and Bozo) agree to:
a) Cease all use of violence against the Peulh pastoral community;
...
Article 4: Dozo hunters agree to:
a) Not use armed force against civilian communities
...
Article 5: In addition, the parties jointly undertake to:
a) Support ending the violence that obstructs the 2019 transhumance and agricultural seasons;
Police: No specific mention.
Armed forces: No specific mention.
DDR: Security sector→DDR→DDR programmes
Page 3, Chapter III: Recommendations addressed to the State, Article 6: The Parties request the State to support their efforts and more particularly to:
...
- Negotiate and agree with the armed groups of the Djenne circle on a model of demobilization and reintegration;
Intelligence services: No specific mention.
Parastatal/rebel and opposition group forces: Page 3, Chapter III: Recommendations addressed to the State, Article 6: The Parties request the State to support their efforts and more particularly to:
...
- Negotiate and agree with the armed groups of the Djenne circle on a model of demobilization and reintegration;
Withdrawal of foreign forces: No specific mention.
Corruption: No specific mention.
Crime/organised crime: No specific mention.
Drugs: No specific mention.
Terrorism: No specific mention.

Transitional justice

Transitional justice general: No specific mention.
Amnesty/pardon: No specific mention.
Courts: No specific mention.
Mechanism: No specific mention.
Prisoner release: No specific mention.
Vetting: No specific mention.
Victims: No specific mention.
Missing persons: No specific mention.
Reparations: Transitional justice→Reparations→Material reparations
Pages 2-3, Chapter II: Commitments of the Parties, Article 2: The Peulh community undertakes to:
...
f) Compensate for the damage caused by livestock to crops, in a prompt, adequate, and effective manner.
Article 3: The farmers' communities (among others Bambara and Bozo) agree to:
...
c) Compensate for the damage caused to livestock in a prompt, adequate and effective manner.
Reconciliation: Page 3, Chapter IV: Monitoring of the implementation, Article 8: A monitoring committee will be set up; whose mission is to:
...
c) Identify, if necessary, additional measures necessary for the process of inter-communal reconciliation;

Implementation

UN signatory: No specific mention.
Other international signatory: No specific mention.
Referendum for agreement: No specific mention.
International mission/force/similar: No specific mention.
Enforcement mechanism: Pages 3-4, Chapter III: Recommendations addressed to the State, Article 6: The Parties request the State to support their efforts and more particularly to:
...
- Support the efforts of the Agreement's monitoring committee.
Chapter IV: Monitoring of the implementation
Article 7: The Parties undertake to meet each month from the signing of this agreement in order to take stock of its implementation and, if necessary, amend its commitments.
Article 8: A monitoring committee will be set up; whose mission is to:
a) Review the progress of the implementation of the commitments made under this Agreement with the Parties in order to strengthen their scope;
b) Prevent and resolve disputes between the Parties which may lead to non-compliance with this Agreement;
c) Identify, if necessary, additional measures necessary for the process of inter-communal reconciliation;
d) Spread the content of the Agreement in all the Djenne circle municipalities and all those neighbouring;
e) Review regularly with the authorities the progress of the implementation of the commitments made under this Agreement in order to strengthen their scope;
Eleven (11) people are designated by consensus to make up the monitoring Committee. These will include five representatives of the Bambara community, five representatives of the Peulh community, and the mayor of Gagna.
Chapter V: Managing Disagreements
Article 9: The Parties will do everything in their power to settle amicably and through negotiation any disagreement arising between them, in the spirit of cooperation and friendship that underline this Peace Agreement.
Article 10: In the event of failure to implement this Agreement or in the event of a dispute relating to its interpretation, the Parties will use the Monitoring Committee so that a consensus solution is identified and applied.
Article 11: In the event of failure to apply the solution identified with the monitoring committee, the Parties will refer to the authorities together to resolve their dispute.
Article 12: In the event of a serious breach of the application of this Agreement, and failure of any negotiation attempts to remedy this, the Parties may terminate this Agreement. Such a decision will take effect on a specified termination date. In this case, the Parties will take all necessary measures to minimize the impact of such a decision on the peace efforts already undertaken.
Related cases: No specific mention.
Source: Centre for Humanitarian Dialogue.
https://www.hdcentre.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/08/Accord-humanitaire-entre-les-communaut%C3%A9s-dagriculteurs-d%C3%A9leveurs-et-les-chasseurs-dozons-du-cercle-de-Djenn%C3%A9-1er-ao%C3%BBt-2019.pdf [Last Accessed 29/01/2020].

Humanitarian agreement between breeders, farmers, and Dozo hunters in the Djenné circle

Mopti Region, Mali

August 2019

Preamble

We, Peulh breeders, and Bamabara and Bozo farmers and hunters, hereinafter called the Parties:

Recalling that in the past, the communities living in the Djenne circle have always resorted to dialogue to manage tensions linked to the resources they share;

Conscious that the conflict that has been taking place between our communities for more than two years fuels the multidimensional crisis which is shaking the Mopti region;

Aware that the violence which involves the members of our respective communities may not end immediately with the signing of this Agreement, but will rather require a constant commitment on our part to peacefully deal with the disputes;

Determined to improve the peaceful cohabitation between our communities in a current climate marred by massacres likely to divide us more;

Satisfied that the Agreement for the prevention of a conflict between breeders and farmers in the Djenne circle signed in November 2018 has effectively allowed for the peaceful return of herds to the borgou fields of the Djenne circle;

Satisfied that the preparatory meeting of Gagna, on July 18 and 19, 2019, established the main outline of this Agreement, and that this was well received by the members of our communities;

Meeting in Djenne within the framework of mediation facilitated for ten months by the Center for Humanitarian Dialogue, requested by community leaders and the Djenne authorities, we commit to:

Chapter I:

Generalities

Article 1:

On the general commitment of the Parties

With this Agreement, the Parties guarantee the physical safety and the free movement of people, goods, and livestock in the Djenne circle.

Chapter II:

Commitments of the Parties

Article 2:

The Peulh community undertakes to:

a) Cease any recourses to violence against the Bambara agricultural community;

b) Respect the routes set up for transhumance and facilitate their development;

c) Not allow animals to graze at night during the agricultural season;

d) Inform the community of the calendar for the arrival of breeders and their herds;

e) Not hinder the agricultural season;

f) Compensate for the damage caused by livestock to crops, in a prompt, adequate, and effective manner.

Article 3:

The farmers' communities (among others Bambara and Bozo) agree to:

a) Cease all use of violence against the Peulh pastoral community;

b) Respect the routes established for transhumance and facilitate their development;

c) Compensate for the damage caused to livestock in a prompt, adequate and effective manner.

Article 4:

Dozo hunters agree to:

a) Not use armed force against civilian communities

b) Stop hunting all livestock;

Article 5:

In addition, the parties jointly undertake to:

a) Support ending the violence that obstructs the 2019 transhumance and agricultural seasons;

b) Settle any dispute through dialogue;

c) Facilitate access for the population of the Djenne circle to weekly health fairs and centres;

d) Not to hinder the free movement of people and their goods;

e) Encourage community leaders to commit to peace by spreading messages of cohesion and peace;

f) Condemn any act in violation of this Agreement;

g) Respect and ensure respect for the local rules of access to pastoral resources;

h) Stop all taking of livestock regardless of the owner's community and facilitate searches for stolen goods and animals.

Chapter III:

Recommendations addressed to the State

Article 6:

The Parties request the State to support their efforts and more particularly to:

- Ensure the safety of people and their property

- Negotiate and agree with the armed groups of the Djenne circle on a model of demobilization and reintegration;

- Deliver aid to mitigate the food crisis that affects community members;

- Support the efforts of the Agreement's monitoring committee.

Chapter IV:

Monitoring of the implementation

Article 7:

The Parties undertake to meet each month from the signing of this agreement in order to take stock of its implementation and, if necessary, amend its commitments.

Article 8:

A monitoring committee will be set up;

whose mission is to:

a) Review the progress of the implementation of the commitments made under this Agreement with the Parties in order to strengthen their scope;

b) Prevent and resolve disputes between the Parties which may lead to non-compliance with this Agreement;

c) Identify, if necessary, additional measures necessary for the process of inter-communal reconciliation;

d) Spread the content of the Agreement in all the Djenne circle municipalities and all those neighbouring;

e) Review regularly with the authorities the progress of the implementation of the commitments made under this Agreement in order to strengthen their scope;

Eleven (11) people are designated by consensus to make up the monitoring Committee.

These will include five representatives of the Bambara community, five representatives of the Peulh community, and the mayor of Gagna.

Chapter V:

Managing Disagreements

Article 9:

The Parties will do everything in their power to settle amicably and through negotiation any disagreement arising between them, in the spirit of cooperation and friendship that underline this Peace Agreement.

Article 10:

In the event of failure to implement this Agreement or in the event of a dispute relating to its interpretation, the Parties will use the Monitoring Committee so that a consensus solution is identified and applied.

Article 11:

In the event of failure to apply the solution identified with the monitoring committee, the Parties will refer to the authorities together to resolve their dispute.

Article 12:

In the event of a serious breach of the application of this Agreement, and failure of any negotiation attempts to remedy this, the Parties may terminate this Agreement.

Such a decision will take effect on a specified termination date.

In this case, the Parties will take all necessary measures to minimize the impact of such a decision on the peace efforts already undertaken.

Chapter VI:

Final provisions

Article 13:

This Agreement shall come into force from the date of signature by the Parties.

Done in Djenne, Thursday 01 August 2019

Signatories to the humanitarian agreement between breeders, farmers, and Dozo hunters in the Djenne circle

Representatives of the hunters

Sinali MAIGA

Amadou DIARRA

Representatives of the Peulh breeders' community

Alpha Samba LANDOURE

Malick TOURE

Village chief of Diaba peulh

Representatives of the farmers' community

Dramane COULIBALY

Mayor of the Derary commune

EL Hadj DJETTE

Representatives of the facilitators

Binkè KONATE

Ali TOURE

Witnessed

The village chief of Djenne

Sidi Yeya MAIGA

Witnessed

Mayor of the urban community of Djenne

Lassine YARO

Witnessed

President of the council of Djenne circle

Alassane BOCOUM

Witnessed

Prefect of Djenne circle

Bolle Maouloud BABY