Agreement Between the Houthis and the Arhab Tribes

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Country/entity: Yemen
Region: Middle East and North Africa
Agreement name: Agreement Between the Houthis and the Arhab Tribes
Date: 9 Feb 2014
Agreement status: Multiparty signed/agreed
Interim arrangement: Yes
Agreement/conflict level: Intrastate/local conflict
Yemeni Civil Wars (1994) (2011 - )
The Republic of Yemen was formed in May 1990 after the merger between the Yemeni Arab Republic (YAR) in the north and the People’s Democratic Republic of Yemen (PDRY) in the south. The unification process was rushed and the final agreement between President Ali Abdullah Saleh and President Ali Salem al-Beidh was based on the imperfect promise of equality. Following the merger, integration of the militaries and civil services was at best incomplete or at times entirely non-existent. When Saleh’s General Congress Party (GPC) allied itself with the newly created Islamist Islah (‘reform’) party in 1993, the former ruling party of South Yemen – the Yemen Socialist Party (YSP) – was effectively side-lined in the 1993 General Elections. Violence involving the use of heavy weaponry and aerial bombardment erupted in April 1994 and on the 21 May 1994 Vice President al-Beidh declared the secession of the south, citing political centralization with the northern highland tribes, violence against the YSP and economic discrimination. In the midst of fighting, negotiations in Cairo, Egypt, collapsed. The war ended with the military victory of the north, and on the 1 October 1994, Ali Abdullah Saleh was elected President.

Despite the unification of Yemen in 1990, political power during the 1990s and 2000s remained centralized with the northern highland tribes, particularly the villages from which President Ali Abdullah Saleh and his confidants stemmed. The system of clientelism established through the ruling General People’s Congress party maintained relative loyalty among the fractured political allegiances of Yemen’s traditional tribal leadership. However, diminishing oil reserves and the shrinking opportunities for access to rent increased economic and political marginalization in Yemen’s peripheral communities. The degree of regionalism of conflicts is further defined by other local grievances. In the northern governorate of Sa’dah, a backlash was provoked among the local Zaydi Shi’a against Sunni Salafist cultural incursions resulting in six wars between 2004 and 2010. In the southern governorates of Hadramawt, Shabwa, al-Dhali and Abyan, civil and military personnel forcibly retired after the 1994 Civil War began protesting and eventually formed the secessionist Southern ‘al-Hiraak’ movement in 2007. Furthermore, tribal grievances have spurred attacks on oil companies and government installations to extract rents. Various takfiri groups including al-Qaeda in the Arabian Peninsula have also increased their presence since 1995.

The Yemen Spring in early 2011 allowed all these movements to express their joint displeasure. Moreover, factionalism in the regime split the already weak military and thus allowed the Houthis, the takfiris and tribal-based militia known as popular committees, to assert themselves militarily. Mandated by the UN-sponsored Gulf Cooperation Council Initiative, the National Dialogue held from March 2013 to January 2014 aimed at guaranteeing power-sharing among the different parties. However, the GCC Initiative only included formal political parties that did not accurately reflect political realities. Furthermore, provisions lacked adequate transitional justice and provided former-President Saleh, as well as others, full amnesty. As a result, little faith was placed in the process by formerly marginalized groups such as the Zaydi Shia Houthi rebels (Ansar Allah) and al-Hiraak who opted to increase their bargaining power vis-à-vis the state by strengthening their own territorial enclaves. In September 2014 the Houthis succeeded in capturing the capital Sana’a and gradually expanded their control southward. The subsequent UN-mediated Peace and National Partnership Agreement between transitional president Hadi and the Houthis on a federal, democratic Yemeni state, failed to be implemented as the Houthis successfully dissolved the parliament and deposed Hadi in January 2015. Following the Saudi military intervention to restore the Hadi government in March 2015, ceasefire attempts continuously failed. A two-year deadlock ensued until negotiations between the Houthis and the government of Yemen finally culminated in the Stockholm Agreement in December 2018. However, throughout 2019 the Saudi-led coalition continues to launch airstrikes. Furthermore, in May 2017 the Southern al-Hiraak movement had declared the secessionist formation of the Southern Transitional Council (STC), seizing the interim-capital Aden by January 2018. Territorial divisions between the Yemeni government, the Houthis, forces affiliated with Saudi Arabia and the United Arab Emirates, local militias and tribes have continued to fracture the country.
Stage: Ceasefire/related
Conflict nature: Inter-group
Peace process: Yemen Inter-group Agreements
Parties: The Representatives of the Two Sides:
Sheikh Faris Mujahid Al Jabari
Sheikh Mansour Ali Al Hanq
Third parties: The Committee Tasked with Resolving the Conflict and Its Effects in Arhab:
Gen. Ali bin Ali Al Jaifi, Committee Head and Commander of Reserve Forces
Sheikh Muhammad Abdullah Badr Al Din
Sheikh Rabees Ali Wahban
Sheikh Abdulkareem Ahmad Al Maqdashi
Sheikh Mardhi bin Ka’lan
Sheikh Naif Al Awaj
Sheikh Hunain Muhammad Qatinah
Sheikh Ahmad bin Ahmad Mijawhan
Sheikh Naji Murait
Gen. Abdulqadir bin Ali Hilal
Sheikh Omar Al Arhabi

Guarantors:
1. Sheikh Nabeeh Muhsin Abu Nashtan / Sheikh Muhammad Jaber Al Jamrah
2. Sheikh Muhammad Sawa / Sheikh Muhammad Nawfal
3. Sheikh Fadhel Al Qaseer / Sheikh Hayel Saeed Muhsin Marih
4. Sheikh Muhsin Abu Hadi / Sheikh Abdullah Muhammad Sinan
5. Hisham Radman / Sheikh Ali Alwan Al Marrani
6. Abdoh Mahmoud Al Subahi / Sheikh Dakam Muhammad Sawa
7. Muhammad Ali Al Mahras / Sheikh Mabkhout Bakir
8. Sheikh Ali Nawfal / Sheikh Ali Muhammad Radman
Description: Ceasefire agreement between the Houthis and the Arhab tribes providing for ceasefire modalities, in addition to other points addressing: (1) return of fighters from outside the district; (2) reparation of martyrs by the state (as to end blood feuds); (3) freedom of thought, ideology; (4) the law and the constitution provide for the means of resolving disputes; (5) exchange of dead and prisoners.

Agreement document: YE_140209_Arhab Agreement_EN.pdf (opens in new tab) | Download PDF
Agreement document (original language): YE_140209_Arhab Agreement_AR.pdf (opens in new tab)| Download PDF

Groups

Children/youth: No specific mention.
Disabled persons: No specific mention.
Elderly/age: No specific mention.
Migrant workers: No specific mention.
Racial/ethnic/national group: No specific mention.
Religious groups: No specific mention.
Indigenous people: No specific mention.
Other groups: No specific mention.
Refugees/displaced persons: No specific mention.
Social class: No specific mention.

Gender

Women, girls and gender: No specific mention.
Men and boys: No specific mention.
LGBTI: No specific mention.
Family: Page 1, Sixth: The Committee has decided that all of the martyrs who were killed during the fighting and are from the area of Arhab shall be the responsibility of the state. The state shall compensate their families because this round of fighting started because of developments in a public issue that came from outside the area, and there will not be any claims by any side against any other.

State definition

Nature of state (general): No specific mention.
State configuration: No specific mention.
Self determination: No specific mention.
Referendum: No specific mention.
State symbols: No specific mention.
Independence/secession: No specific mention.
Accession/unification: No specific mention.
Border delimitation: No specific mention.
Cross-border provision: No specific mention.

Governance

Political institutions (new or reformed): No specific mention.
Elections: No specific mention.
Electoral commission: No specific mention.
Political parties reform: No specific mention.
Civil society: No specific mention.
Traditional/religious leaders: No specific mention.
Public administration: No specific mention.
Constitution: No specific mention.

Power sharing

Political power sharing: No specific mention.
Territorial power sharing: No specific mention.
Economic power sharing: No specific mention.
Military power sharing: No specific mention.

Human rights and equality

Human rights/RoL general: No specific mention.
Bill of rights/similar: No specific mention.
Treaty incorporation: No specific mention.
Civil and political rights: Human rights and equality→Civil and political rights→Thought, opinion, conscience and religion
Page 1-2, Seventh: Both sides agree to turning a new page of brotherhood, forgiveness, and acceptance of others, as well as reiterating everyone’s given right to freedom of belief and culture in accordance with the constitution and the laws in effect. Everyone shall reject violence and the use of force, and they shall all stop incitement, in all of its forms and with any message, against the other side. They shall solve the problems between them that might, Allah forbid, appear in the future through dialogue, brotherly understanding, and the principles of brotherhood and forgiveness among all. If these methods are not successful, then the state is responsible for solving these matters, in accordance with the law and the constitution.
Socio-economic rights: No specific mention.

Rights related issues

Citizenship: No specific mention.
Democracy: No specific mention.
Detention procedures: No specific mention.
Media and communication: Rights related issues→Media and communication→Media roles
Page 1-2, Seventh: Both sides agree to turning a new page of brotherhood, forgiveness, and acceptance of others, as well as reiterating everyone’s given right to freedom of belief and culture in accordance with the constitution and the laws in effect. Everyone shall reject violence and the use of force, and they shall all stop incitement, in all of its forms and with any message, against the other side. They shall solve the problems between them that might, Allah forbid, appear in the future through dialogue, brotherly understanding, and the principles of brotherhood and forgiveness among all. If these methods are not successful, then the state is responsible for solving these matters, in accordance with the law and the constitution.
Mobility/access: Page 1, untitled preamble, ... This agreement shall secure the roads for all, and this is done with the intention of providing security and stability, avoiding chaos, and trying to coexist in light of the diversity in ideologies and political affiliations. ...

Page 1, Second: The barriers and checkpoints that were set up by the parties to the conflict during the recent fighting on all roads in Arhab shall be removed, and any military positions that were taken on the side of the public roads for any reasons shall be ended. There shall only be two checkpoints manned by the military, with the necessary patrols from the army, to ensure that everyone has safe passage until the situation is stable (the first day).
Protection measures: No specific mention.
Other: No specific mention.

Rights institutions

NHRI: No specific mention.
Regional or international human rights institutions: No specific mention.

Justice sector reform

Criminal justice and emergency law: No specific mention.
State of emergency provisions: No specific mention.
Judiciary and courts: No specific mention.
Prisons and detention: No specific mention.
Traditional Laws: No specific mention.

Socio-economic reconstruction

Development or socio-economic reconstruction: No specific mention.
National economic plan: No specific mention.
Natural resources: No specific mention.
International funds: No specific mention.
Business: No specific mention.
Taxation: No specific mention.
Banks: No specific mention.

Land, property and environment

Land reform/rights: No specific mention.
Pastoralist/nomadism rights: No specific mention.
Cultural heritage: No specific mention.
Environment: No specific mention.
Water or riparian rights or access: No specific mention.

Security sector

Security Guarantees: No specific mention.
Ceasefire: Security sector→Ceasefire→Ceasefire provision
Page 1, First: Immediate and permanent cessation of fire as soon as the parties sign this agreement, under the supervision and monitoring of the committee.

Page 1, Third: The frontlines of the clashes between the two sides shall be handed over on the first day after this agreement is signed, and the army shall take up positions in these areas until the situation is stable.

Page 1, Fourth: All of the remaining military positions and deployments shall be removed by both sides, not matter where they are, and at the same time. This shall be done on the second day after the signing of this agreement and based on a mechanism that shall be put in place by the committee.
Police: No specific mention.
Armed forces: Page 1, Third: The frontlines of the clashes between the two sides shall be handed over on the first day after this agreement is signed, and the army shall take up positions in these areas until the situation is stable.

Page 1, Fifth: All of the fighters who were brought in by either side from outside the area to support the parties to the conflict during the war shall cooperate with both sides to bring about peace in the area by leaving Arhab and returning to their areas starting on the third day after the signing of the agreement and during the week after it. This shall be done with follow-up and supervision from the head and the members of the committee.
DDR: No specific mention.
Intelligence services: No specific mention.
Parastatal/rebel and opposition group forces: Page 1, Fifth: All of the fighters who were brought in by either side from outside the area to support the parties to the conflict during the war shall cooperate with both sides to bring about peace in the area by leaving Arhab and returning to their areas starting on the third day after the signing of the agreement and during the week after it. This shall be done with follow-up and supervision from the head and the members of the committee.
Withdrawal of foreign forces: No specific mention.
Corruption: No specific mention.
Crime/organised crime: No specific mention.
Drugs: No specific mention.
Terrorism: No specific mention.

Transitional justice

Transitional justice general: No specific mention.
Amnesty/pardon: No specific mention.
Courts: No specific mention.
Mechanism: No specific mention.
Prisoner release: Page 2, Eighth: The detainees and bodies of the dead shall be exchanged in the three days after the date of the signing of the agreement, and this shall be done under the supervision of the committee.
Vetting: No specific mention.
Victims: Page 2, Eighth: The detainees and bodies of the dead shall be exchanged in the three days after the date of the signing of the agreement, and this shall be done under the supervision of the committee.
Missing persons: No specific mention.
Reparations: Transitional justice→Reparations→Material reparations
Page 1, Sixth: The Committee has decided that all of the martyrs who were killed during the fighting and are from the area of Arhab shall be the responsibility of the state. The state shall compensate their families because this round of fighting started because of developments in a public issue that came from outside the area, and there will not be any claims by any side against any other.
Reconciliation: Page 1-2, Seventh: Both sides agree to turning a new page of brotherhood, forgiveness, and acceptance of others, as well as reiterating everyone’s given right to freedom of belief and culture in accordance with the constitution and the laws in effect. Everyone shall reject violence and the use of force, and they shall all stop incitement, in all of its forms and with any message, against the other side. They shall solve the problems between them that might, Allah forbid, appear in the future through dialogue, brotherly understanding, and the principles of brotherhood and forgiveness among all. If these methods are not successful, then the state is responsible for solving these matters, in accordance with the law and the constitution.

Implementation

UN signatory: No specific mention.
Other international signatory: No specific mention.
Referendum for agreement: No specific mention.
International mission/force/similar: No specific mention.
Enforcement mechanism: Page 1, First: Immediate and permanent cessation of fire as soon as the parties sign this agreement, under the supervision and monitoring of the committee.

Page 1-2, Seventh: Both sides agree to turning a new page of brotherhood, forgiveness, and acceptance of others, as well as reiterating everyone’s given right to freedom of belief and culture in accordance with the constitution and the laws in effect. Everyone shall reject violence and the use of force, and they shall all stop incitement, in all of its forms and with any message, against the other side. They shall solve the problems between them that might, Allah forbid, appear in the future through dialogue, brotherly understanding, and the principles of brotherhood and forgiveness among all. If these methods are not successful, then the state is responsible for solving these matters, in accordance with the law and the constitution.

Page 2, Ninth: The implementation of the provisions of this agreement and adhering to them is guaranteed by the state and is its responsibility through Gen. Ali Al Jaifi, the commander of the Reserve Forces. Gen. Al Jaifi shall rely on Allah and on the committee to do this, and there shall also be tribal guarantees from both sides. We pray that Allah guide all of us during this new period of brotherhood, tolerance, coexistence, cooperation, and freedom of belief and affiliation.
Related cases: No specific mention.
Source: al-Dhalea News, al-Dhalea News publishes minutes of meeting between the Houthis and the Arhab Tribes, addalinews.com, 9 February 2014, http://addalinews.com/Print/42784

Agreement Between the Houthis and the Tribes

With the help and guidance of Allah, with the generous support of His Excellency, President Abd Rabboh Mansour Hadi, the Commander-in-Chief of the Armed Forces, and through the efforts of the mediation committee, headed by General Ali bin Ali Al Jaifi, and the members of the committee, including the brothers and sheikhs who are signed to this agreement, the parties to the conflict in Arhab have reached an agreement to end the armed clashes and deployment, as well as all manifestations of the fighting, in the area.

This agreement shall secure the roads for all, and this is done with the intention of providing security and stability, avoiding chaos, and trying to coexist in light of the diversity in ideologies and political affiliations.

This agreement shall turn a new page of brotherhood and cooperation, and the parties to the conflict that have signed below agree to the following steps:

First:

Immediate and permanent cessation of fire as soon as the parties sign this agreement, under the supervision and monitoring of the committee.

Second:

The barriers and checkpoints that were set up by the parties to the conflict during the recent fighting on all roads in Arhab shall be removed, and any military positions that were taken on the side of the public roads for any reasons shall be ended.

There shall only be two checkpoints manned by the military, with the necessary patrols from the army, to ensure that everyone has safe passage until the situation is stable (the first day).

Third:

The frontlines of the clashes between the two sides shall be handed over on the first day after this agreement is signed, and the army shall take up positions in these areas until the situation is stable.

Fourth:

All of the remaining military positions and deployments shall be removed by both sides, not matter where they are, and at the same time.

This shall be done on the second day after the signing of this agreement and based on a mechanism that shall be put in place by the committee.

Fifth:

All of the fighters who were brought in by either side from outside the area to support the parties to the conflict during the war shall cooperate with both sides to bring about peace in the area by leaving Arhab and returning to their areas starting on the third day after the signing of the agreement and during the week after it.

This shall be done with follow-up and supervision from the head and the members of the committee.

Sixth:

The Committee has decided that all of the martyrs who were killed during the fighting and are from the area of Arhab shall be the responsibility of the state.

The state shall compensate their families because this round of fighting started because of developments in a public issue that came from outside the area, and there will not be any claims by any side against any other.

Seventh:

Both sides agree to turning a new page of brotherhood, forgiveness, and acceptance of others, as well as reiterating everyone’s given right to freedom of belief and culture in accordance with the constitution and the laws in effect.

Everyone shall reject violence and the use of force, and they shall all stop incitement, in all of its forms and with any message, against the other side.

They shall solve the problems between them that might, Allah forbid, appear in the future through dialogue, brotherly understanding, and the principles of brotherhood and forgiveness among all.

If these methods are not successful, then the state is responsible for solving these matters, in accordance with the law and the constitution.

Eighth:

The detainees and bodies of the dead shall be exchanged in the three days after the date of the signing of the agreement, and this shall be done under the supervision of the committee.

Ninth:

The implementation of the provisions of this agreement and adhering to them is guaranteed by the state and is its responsibility through Gen. Ali Al Jaifi, the commander of the Reserve Forces.

Gen. Al Jaifi shall rely on Allah and on the committee to do this, and there shall also be tribal guarantees from both sides.

We pray that Allah guide all of us during this new period of brotherhood, tolerance, coexistence, cooperation, and freedom of belief and affiliation.

May Allah guide us all.

The Representatives of the Two Sides:

Sheikh Faris Mujahid Al Jubari Sheikh Mansour Ali Al Hanq

Guarantors:

Sheikh Nabeeh Muhsin Abu Nashtan / Sheikh Muhammad Jaber Al Jamrah

Sheikh Muhammad Sawa / Sheikh Muhammad Nawfal

Sheikh Fadhel Al Qaseer / Sheikh Hayel Saeed Muhsin Marih

Sheikh Muhsin Abu Hadi / Sheikh Abdullah Muhammad Sinan

Hisham Radman / Sheikh Ali Alwan Al Marrani

Abdoh Mahmoud Al Subahi / Sheikh Dakam Muhammad Sawa

Muhammad Ali Al Mahras / Sheikh Mabkhout Bakir

Sheikh Ali Nawfal / Sheikh Ali Muhammad Radman

The Committee Tasked with Resolving the Conflict and Its Effects in Arhab:

Gen. Ali bin Ali Al Jaifi Committee Head and Commander of Reserve Forces

Sheikh Muhammad Abdullah Badr Al Din

Sheikh Rabees Ali Wahban

Sheikh Abdulkareem Ahmad Al Maqdashi

Sheikh Mardhi bin Ka’lan

Sheikh Naif Al Awaj

Sheikh Hunain Muhammad Qatinah

Sheikh Ahmad bin Ahmad Mijawhan

Sheikh Naji Murait

Gen. Abdulqadir bin Ali Hilal

Sheikh Omar Al Arhabi