Pledge of Agreement and Peaceful Coexistence Between Zintan and Zuwara

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Country/entity: Libya
Region: Middle East and North Africa
Agreement name: Pledge of Agreement and Peaceful Coexistence Between Zintan and Zuwara
Date: 29 Jun 2015
Agreement status: Multiparty signed/agreed
Interim arrangement: Yes
Agreement/conflict level: Intrastate/local conflict
Libyan Conflicts (1969 - 1994) (2011 - )
Agreements relate to two distinct conflict dyads.
Libya-Chad. Since the 1970s, Libya under Colonel Muammar Gaddafi had a tense relationship with its neighbour Chad, predominantly focused on the resource-rich Aouzou Strip in northern Chad. Libyan claims of the Aouzou Strip were held in an un-ratified treaty between France and Italy in 1935, similarly Chadian claims of the Strip were argued with support of a 1955 treaty between Libya and France. In 1973, Libya effectively annexed the Strip to gain access to natural resources. This spurred cross-border clashes between 1979 until 1987 until escalated to a brief war known as the Toyota War, wherein Chadian government troops succeeded in repelling Libyan forces. A brief and repeatedly violated ceasefire was held from 1987-88, followed by a series of unsuccessful negotiations, until an International Court of Justice ruling in 1994, which granted sovereignty of the Strip to Chad.

Libya post-Gaddafi. Gaddafi’s downfall following the Libyan Civil War in 2011-2012, led to several factions fighting for the country’s leadership. Since 2013, the country effectively split into three entities, with the National Army controlling the east including the city of Benghazi, and the New General National Congress and their militias such as the Golden Dawn controlling the northwest including the capital of Tripoli. Significant portions of the country in the south-west are currently held by Tuareg forces. The civil war and chaos continued into 2014 as the General National Congress refused to disband after the expiry of its mandate, resulting in eruption of mass protests. The UN efforts continue to broker peace between the Libyan Army and the Libya Dawn factions, and a partial ceasefire was declared in January 2015. A new interim-government (Tunisia-based) called ‘Government of National Accord’ is formed with the backing of UN despite the refusal of the other forces to recognise its authority and arrived to Tripoli with the UN in 2016. A state of emergency was declared by the UN backed government amid clashed between rival militia in Tripoli’s southern suburbs. Since April 2019 there has been sustained fighting between the Libyan National Army and the UN-backed government in Tripoli as the Libyan National Army aims to seize Tripoli.
Stage: Ceasefire/related
Conflict nature: Inter-group
Peace process: Libyan local processes
Parties: - First Party: Named Zuwara and represents Greater Zuwara
- Second Party: Named Al Zintan and represents the tribes of Al Zintan
The wise men and elders of both sides, represented by the Committee for Dialogue and Reconciliation that is made up of both sides...

Zintan Committee:

Saud Ali Muhammad Karash
al-Ramah Muhammad al-Dahnus
al-Mabruk al-Tahir Aburaqiqa
Musa Amr al-Qib
al-Sadiq Arhumah Ashissa
Salea Saad al-Duwib Amr

Zuwara Committee:

al-Tahir al-Sanoussi Yusef
Issa Said Salim
Ibrahim Ibrahim Jabara
Abd al-Aziz Musa al-Qurawi
Manji Muhammad al-Mansuri
Wasim Fathi 'Ashini
Third parties: -
Description: Agreement primarily deals with criminal justice and delimitation of rule of law between the two groups, prohibiting interference into each others affairs. Further provisions deal with (1) ending hostile media; (2) securing roads; (3) withdrawal of Zintan from Zuwara.

Agreement document: LY_150629_Zintan and Zuwara Agreement_EN.pdf (opens in new tab) | Download PDF
Agreement document (original language): LY_150629_Zintan and Zuwara Agreement_AR.pdf (opens in new tab)| Download PDF

Groups

Children/youth: No specific mention.
Disabled persons: No specific mention.
Elderly/age: No specific mention.
Migrant workers: No specific mention.
Racial/ethnic/national group: No specific mention.
Religious groups: No specific mention.
Indigenous people: No specific mention.
Other groups: No specific mention.
Refugees/displaced persons: No specific mention.
Social class: No specific mention.

Gender

Women, girls and gender: No specific mention.
Men and boys: No specific mention.
LGBTI: No specific mention.
Family: No specific mention.

State definition

Nature of state (general): No specific mention.
State configuration: No specific mention.
Self determination: No specific mention.
Referendum: No specific mention.
State symbols: No specific mention.
Independence/secession: No specific mention.
Accession/unification: No specific mention.
Border delimitation: No specific mention.
Cross-border provision: No specific mention.

Governance

Political institutions (new or reformed): No specific mention.
Elections: No specific mention.
Electoral commission: No specific mention.
Political parties reform: No specific mention.
Civil society: No specific mention.
Traditional/religious leaders: Page 1, The wise men and elders of both sides, represented by the Committee for Dialogue and Reconciliation that is made up of both sides, met in the Hospitality Palace in Zuwara on Monday, 29/6/2015, where they discussed the administrative situation of both sides and reached the following agreement:
Public administration: No specific mention.
Constitution: No specific mention.

Power sharing

Political power sharing: No specific mention.
Territorial power sharing: No specific mention.
Economic power sharing: No specific mention.
Military power sharing: No specific mention.

Human rights and equality

Human rights/RoL general: No specific mention.
Bill of rights/similar: No specific mention.
Treaty incorporation: No specific mention.
Civil and political rights: No specific mention.
Socio-economic rights: No specific mention.

Rights related issues

Citizenship: No specific mention.
Democracy: No specific mention.
Detention procedures: Page 1, 2. It is prohibited to arrest individuals based on their identity, except in criminal cases, and these individuals that are arrested must be taken to the formal authorities while the other side is informed of the procedures that were taken against them.
Media and communication: Rights related issues→Media and communication→Media roles
Page 1, 4. All hostile media campaigns between the two sides shall be stopped.
Mobility/access: Page 1, 3. The sovereign roads must be secured by each side within their administrative borders, and each side has the freedom to safely move in either area as long as they do not subject that area to danger or cause security problems there.
Protection measures: No specific mention.
Other: No specific mention.

Rights institutions

NHRI: No specific mention.
Regional or international human rights institutions: No specific mention.

Justice sector reform

Criminal justice and emergency law: Justice sector reform→Criminal justice and emergency law→Criminal Justice System reform
Page 1, 2. It is prohibited to arrest individuals based on their identity, except in criminal cases, and these individuals that are arrested must be taken to the formal authorities while the other side is informed of the procedures that were taken against them.
Justice sector reform→Criminal justice and emergency law→Delimitation of powers in Criminal Justice System
Page 1, 5. Each side shall be completely responsible for its members who commit violations of the agreement or break the law, and there shall be an exchange of intelligence information in this regard.

Page 1, 10. Each side shall be responsible for the problems caused by their members, and they must take the necessary measures against these members and inform the other side of what steps were taken.
State of emergency provisions: No specific mention.
Judiciary and courts: Page 1, 7. Armed violence shall not be used, or any other type of violence, to solve any problems that come up, and peaceful means shall be used, starting with dialogue and finally the courts, to solve these problems. This is in order to stop any bloodshed among Libyans.
Prisons and detention: No specific mention.
Traditional Laws: No specific mention.

Socio-economic reconstruction

Development or socio-economic reconstruction: No specific mention.
National economic plan: No specific mention.
Natural resources: No specific mention.
International funds: No specific mention.
Business: No specific mention.
Taxation: No specific mention.
Banks: No specific mention.

Land, property and environment

Land reform/rights: No specific mention.
Pastoralist/nomadism rights: No specific mention.
Cultural heritage: No specific mention.
Environment: No specific mention.
Water or riparian rights or access: No specific mention.

Security sector

Security Guarantees: Page 1, 8. No side shall interfere in the affairs of the other side.
Ceasefire: Security sector→Ceasefire→Ceasefire provision
Page 1, 7. Armed violence shall not be used, or any other type of violence, to solve any problems that come up, and peaceful means shall be used, starting with dialogue and finally the courts, to solve these problems. This is in order to stop any bloodshed among Libyans.

6. No force shall be allowed to use the lands controlled by either side to cause a disturbance or threaten the peace of the other side, or to pass through the lands controlled by either side to cause problems for the other side.

7. Armed violence shall not be used, or any other type of violence, to solve any problems that
come up, and peaceful means shall be used, starting with dialogue and finally the courts, to solve these problems. This is in order to stop any bloodshed among Libyans.

8. No side shall interfere in the affairs of the other side.

9. All forces from Al Zintan shall withdraw from the lands of Zuwara.

10. Each side shall be responsible for the problems caused by their members, and they must take the necessary measures against these members and inform the other side of what steps were taken.

11. A follow-up committee shall be formed of both sides to follow up with the implementation of this agreement.
Police: No specific mention.
Armed forces: No specific mention.
DDR: No specific mention.
Intelligence services: No specific mention.
Parastatal/rebel and opposition group forces: Page 1, 6. No force shall be allowed to use the lands controlled by either side to cause a disturbance or threaten the peace of the other side, or to pass through the lands controlled by either side to cause problems for the other side.

Page 1, 9. All forces from Al Zintan shall withdraw from the lands of Zuwara.
Withdrawal of foreign forces: No specific mention.
Corruption: No specific mention.
Crime/organised crime: No specific mention.
Drugs: No specific mention.
Terrorism: No specific mention.

Transitional justice

Transitional justice general: No specific mention.
Amnesty/pardon: No specific mention.
Courts: No specific mention.
Mechanism: No specific mention.
Prisoner release: No specific mention.
Vetting: No specific mention.
Victims: No specific mention.
Missing persons: No specific mention.
Reparations: No specific mention.
Reconciliation: No specific mention.

Implementation

UN signatory: No specific mention.
Other international signatory: No specific mention.
Referendum for agreement: No specific mention.
International mission/force/similar: No specific mention.
Enforcement mechanism: Page 1, 1. This agreement is binding for both sides that have signed below, and violating the items of the agreement shall lead to consequences that the violating entity shall bear before the signatories below.

Page 1, 11. A follow-up committee shall be formed of both sides to follow up with the implementation of this agreement.
Related cases: No specific mention.
Source: Assabah News (2015), Libya .. Signing a reconciliation document between the cities of Zuwara and Zintan, June 30, https://web.archive.org/save/http://www.assabahnews.tn/article/106416/ليبيا-التوقيع-على-وثيقة-تصالح-بين-مدينتي-زوارة-والزنتان

In the Name of Allah, Most Gracious, Most Merciful

Pledge of Agreement and Peaceful Coexistence Between Zintan and Zuwara

29 June 2015

Introduction:

All praises be to Allah, who guides us to that which is good, helps us overcome obstacles, and enables us, through His mercy, to agree and purify our intentions, and peace and blessings be upon the most honorable of mankind, Muhammad bin Abdullah, and upon his family, companions, and all who follow him until the Last Day.

Introduction to the Parties to the Agreement:

First Party:

Named Zuwara and represents Greater Zuwara

Second Party:

Named Al Zintan and represents the tribes of Al Zintan

The wise men and elders of both sides, represented by the Committee for Dialogue and Reconciliation that is made up of both sides, met in the Hospitality Palace in Zuwara on Monday, 29/6/2015, where they discussed the administrative situation of both sides and reached the following agreement:

This agreement is binding for both sides that have signed below, and violating the items of the agreement shall lead to consequences that the violating entity shall bear before the signatories below.

It is prohibited to arrest individuals based on their identity, except in criminal cases, and these individuals that are arrested must be taken to the formal authorities while the other side is informed of the procedures that were taken against them.

The sovereign roads must be secured by each side within their administrative borders, and each side has the freedom to safely move in either area as long as they do not subject that area to danger or cause security problems there.

All hostile media campaigns between the two sides shall be stopped.

Each side shall be completely responsible for its members who commit violations of the agreement or break the law, and there shall be an exchange of intelligence information in this regard.

No force shall be allowed to use the lands controlled by either side to cause a disturbance or threaten the peace of the other side, or to pass through the lands controlled by either side to cause problems for the other side.

Armed violence shall not be used, or any other type of violence, to solve any problems that come up, and peaceful means shall be used, starting with dialogue and finally the courts, to solve these problems.

This is in order to stop any bloodshed among Libyans.

No side shall interfere in the affairs of the other side.

All forces from Al Zintan shall withdraw from the lands of Zuwara.

Each side shall be responsible for the problems caused by their members, and they must take the necessary measures against these members and inform the other side of what steps were taken.

A follow-up committee shall be formed of both sides to follow up with the implementation of this agreement.

And Peace Be Upon You, and Allah’s Blessings and Mercy

Zuwara Committee

Dr. Al Taher Al Sanousi Yusuf [SIGNED]

Issa Saeed Salem [SIGNED]

Ibrahim Ibrahim Jubarah [SIGNED]

Abdulaziz Musa Al Qarawi [SIGNED]

Munji Muhammad Al Mansouri [SIGNED]

Waseem Fatthi Ushaini

Al Zintan Committee

Masoud Ali Muhammad Kawsh [SIGNED]

Al Rammah Muhammad Al Dahnoush [SIGNED]

Al Mabrouk Al Taher Abu Ruqqayah [SIGNED]

Musa Omar Al Qayb [SIGNED]

Saleh Saeed Al Duwaib [SIGNED]

For Approval

The Supreme Council of the Al Zintan Tribes

Issued in Zuwara on 29 June 2015