Addis Ababa Agreement concluded at the first session of the Conference on National Reconciliation in Somalia

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Country/entity: Somalia
Region: Africa (excl MENA)
Agreement name: Addis Ababa Agreement concluded at the first session of the Conference on National Reconciliation in Somalia
Date: 27 Mar 1993
Agreement status: Multiparty signed/agreed
Interim arrangement: Yes
Agreement/conflict level: Intrastate/intrastate conflict
Somali Civil War (1991 - )
Originally spurred by centre-peripheral tensions, fighting broke out in 1981 between the regime of President Said Barre and the Somali National Movement, a militia primarily consisting of members from the northern Ishaq clan. Fighting intensified in the late 1980s as more clan-based militias arose. President Barre’s regime collapsed in late 1991 and as a result the UN intervened. However persistent attacks on the UN’s forces forced a withdrawal in 1994. From the mid- to late 1990s, the character of the conflict shifted as warlords fought for access to rents. Also during this period, two different peace agreements arose; the Sodere Declaration, which was mediated by Ethiopia and supported by IGAD, and the Cairo Accord, which was brokered by Egypt. Fighting, already noticeably lessened compared to the early 1990s, decreased and the more amicable environment paved the way for the Transitional Government to be formed in 2000 (replaced in 2004 by the Transitional Federal Government).

Nonetheless, opposition to the TFG arose in the form of the Islamic Courts Union (ICU), which by early 2006 had taken control of most of southern Somalia until they were ousted by an armed intervention by Ethiopia in December 2006. As a result, the ICU splintered. Hard-line ICU members formed the Takfiri organization, Harakat al-Shabaab al-Mujahideen, and launched a guerrilla campaign against the TFG. Another faction of the ICU fled to Djibouti and formed the Alliance for the Re-liberation of Somalia, which was absorbed into the ruling TFG after successful negotiations in 2007.

To deal with the new round of fighting, the UN-mandated AMISOM force was deployed in 2007. Since then, insecurity has fluctuated between the urban and rural areas as the al-Shabaab's territorial gains waver. Local militia leaders maintain de facto governance over communities. From 2009 to 2012, insecurity spilled over into the Gulf of Aden and the Indian Ocean when Somali pirates seized, looted and ransomed ships. In 2014, 'Operation Indian Ocean' was launched and in parallel with infighting among al-Shabaab, the organisation's position in Somalia has diminished slightly. However, as evidenced by large-scale attacks by al-Shabaab in northern Kenya throughout 2013-2015, the lack of security continues to destabilize the region. Al-Shabaab continues to launch surprise attacks with the aim of forcing out foreign military presence in Somalia. Targets include both military forces and civilians. The devastating attack in October 2017 in Mogadishu saw 587 fatalities and resulted in a renewed military offensive by the Somali government and African Union allies. Since 2017, the U.S. has increased its air strikes targeting al-Shabaab militants, and in December 2018 they announced to re-establish a permanent diplomatic mission in the country. Al-Shabaab has been characterized as a spoiler in the Somali peace process and have therefore been placed outside of any negotiations.
Stage: Framework/substantive - comprehensive
Conflict nature: Government
Peace process: Somalia Peace Process
Parties: Somali African Muki Org (SAMO), signed for by MR. Mohamed Ramadan Arbow, Chairman;

Somali Democratic Alliance (SDA), signed for by Mr. Mohamed Farah Abdullahi, Chairman;

Somali Democratic Movement (SDM), signed for by Mr. Abdi Muse Mayow, Chairman, and Col. Mohamed Nur Aliyou, Chairman;

Somali National Democratic Union (SNDU), signed for by Mr. Ali Ismael Abdi, Chairman;

Somali National Front (SNF), signed for by Gen. Omar Hagi Mohamed Hersi, Chairman;

Somali National Union (SNU), signed for by Dr. Mohamed Ragis Mohamed, Chairman;

Somali Patriotic Movement (SPM), signed for by Gen. Aden Abdillahi Noor, Chairman, and Ahmed Hashi Mahmoud, Vice-Chairman;

Somali Salvation Democratic Front (SSDF), signed for by Gen. Mohamed Abshir Musse, Chairman;

Southern Somali National Movement (SSNM), signed for by Col. Abdi Warsame Isaaq, Chairman;

United Somali Congress (USC), signed for by Gen. Mohamed Farah Aidid, Chairman , and Mohamed Qanyare Afrah, Chairman;

United Somali Front (USF), signed for by Mr. Abdurahman Dualeh Ali, Chairman;

United Somali Party (USP) signed for by Mr. Mohamed Abdi Hashi, Chairman;
Third parties: UN, "regional organizations", Standing Committee of the Horn
Description: An accord to end hostilities and introduces an agreed framework for progressing the process by: disarmament and security, rehabilitation and reconstruction, restoration of property and settlement of disputes, and transitional mechanisms.

Agreement document: SO_930327 Addis Ababa Agreement concluded at the first session.pdf (opens in new tab) | Download PDF

Groups

Children/youth: No specific mention.
Disabled persons: No specific mention.
Elderly/age: No specific mention.
Migrant workers: No specific mention.
Racial/ethnic/national group: No specific mention.
Religious groups: No specific mention.
Indigenous people: No specific mention.
Other groups: No specific mention.
Refugees/displaced persons: No specific mention.
Social class: No specific mention.

Gender

Women, girls and gender: Page 4, IV. Transitional mechanisms: 1. The Transitional National Council (TNC)
The TNC shall be composed of:
a. three representatives from each of the 18 regions currently recognized, including one
women from each region;
Men and boys: No specific mention.
LGBTI: No specific mention.
Family: No specific mention.

State definition

Nature of state (general): Page 4, IV. Transitional mechanisms:
The TNC will:
a. be the repository of Somali sovereignty
b. be the prime political authority having legislative functions during the period in question;
c. interact, as appropriate, with the international community, including UNOSOM;
State configuration: Page 4, IV. Transitional mechanisms:
The TNC will:
...e. appoint Officers for its various functions;
f. appoint the heads of administrative departments;
g. oversee the performance of the departments created; and
h. establish an independent Judiciary.
Self determination: No specific mention.
Referendum: No specific mention.
State symbols: No specific mention.
Independence/secession: No specific mention.
Accession/unification: No specific mention.
Border delimitation: No specific mention.
Cross-border provision: No specific mention.

Governance

Political institutions (new or reformed): Governance→Political institutions (new or reformed)→Temporary new institutions
Page 3-4, IV. Transitional mechanisms:
[Summary] Details transitional mechanisms for governance, which will last for two years, consisting of four basic transitional organs of authority: the Transitional Nartional Council (prime political authority, to appoint Transitional Charter Drafting Committee, establish an independent judiciary), Central Administrative Departments, Regional Councils (task of implementing humanitarian, social and economic programs, and an internationally supervised census, and to be responsible for law and order at the regional level), District Councils.

Page 5, V. Conclusions
The Conference agreed that the TNC shall appoint a "Peace Delegation" composed of political movements and other social elements to travel to all parts of the country for the purpose of advancing the peace and reconciliation process as well as to explain the agreements reached in Addis Ababa.
Elections: Page 5, IV.4 District Councils:
District council members shall be appointed through election or through consensus-based selection in accordance with Somali traditions.
Electoral commission: No specific mention.
Political parties reform: No specific mention.
Civil society: Page 2, II. Rehabilitation and reconstruction:
... c. Express our appreciation to donor countries for their continued humanitarian assistance to Somalia and, in particular, for the generous pledge, made at the Third Coordination Meeting, to mobilize $142 million for relief and rehabilitation efforts in Somalia;
d. Call upon UNOSOM, aid agencies and donor countries to immediately assist in the rehabilitation of essential public and social services, and of necessary infrastructure, on a priority basis by the end of June 1993;
... f. Condemn the acts of violence committed against relief workers and all forms of extortion regarding humanitarian operations;

Page 4, IV. Transitional mechanisms:
3. Regional Council (RCs):
Regional Councils shall be established in all the existing 18 regions of Somalia. At present 18 regions shall be maintained during the transitional period. The Regional Council shall be entrusted primarily with the task of implementing humanitarian, social and economic programs in coordination with the TNC and will also assist in the conducting of an internationally-supervised census.

Page 5, V. Conclusions:
Conference agreed that the TNC shall appoint a 'Peace Delegation' composed of political movements and other social elements to travel to all parts of the country for the purpose of advancing the peace and reconciliation process as well as to explain the agreements reached in Addis Ababba
Traditional/religious leaders: No specific mention.
Public administration: Page 4, IV. Transitional mechanisms:
2. The Central Administrative Departments (CADs)
The TNC will appoint the heads of the Central Administrative Departments, whose prime function will be to re-establish and operate the departments of civil administration, social affairs, economic affairs and humanitarian affairs, paving the way for the establishment and operation of a formal government.

Page 5, IV Transitional mechanisms:
4. District Councils
District Councils shall be established in the present districts in every region. District council members shall be appointed through election or through consensus-based selection in accordance with Somali traditions. The District Councils shall be responsible for managing the affairs of the district including public safety, health, education and reconstruction.
Constitution: Governance→Constitution→Constitutional reform/making
Page 4, IV. Transitional mechanisms:
The TNC will:
d. appoint various committees, including the Transitional Charter Drafting Committee, as required;

Page 5, V. Conclusions
The Conference agreed on the appointment, by the TNC, of a Transitional Charter Drafting Committee referred to in section IV 1 (d) above. In drafting the Transitional Charter, the Committee shall be guided by the basic principles of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and by Somali traditional ethics.

Power sharing

Political power sharing: Power sharing→Political power sharing→General
State level
Page 4, IV. Transitional mechanisms:
1. Transitional National Council:
The TNC shall be composed of:
a. three representatives from each of the 18 regions currently recognized, including one women from each region;
b. five additional seats for Mogadishu;
c. one nominee from each of the political factions currently participating in the first session of the National Reconciliation Conference;
Power sharing→Political power sharing→Executive coalition
State level
Summary: See above.
Power sharing→Political power sharing→Proportionality in legislature
State level
Summary: See above.
Territorial power sharing: Power sharing→Territorial power sharing→Federal or similar sub-divided government
Page 4, IV. Transitional mechanisms:
3. Regional Council (RCs):
Regional Councils shall be established in all the existing 18 regions of Somalia. At present 18 regions shall be maintained during the transitional period. The Regional Council shall be entrusted primarily with the task of implementing humanitarian, social and economic programs in coordination with the TNC and will also assist in the conducting of an internationally-supervised census.
Power sharing→Territorial power sharing→Local/municipal government
Page 4,
4. District Councils
District Councils shall be established in the present districts in every region. District council members shall be appointed through election or through consensus-based selection in District Councils shall be responsible for managing the affairs of the district including public safety, health, education and reconstruction.
Power sharing→Territorial power sharing→Other
IV. Transitional mechanisms:
1. Transitional National Council:
The TNC shall be composed of:
a. three representatives from each of the 18 regions currently recognized, including one women from each region;
b. five additional seats for Mogadishu;
Economic power sharing: No specific mention.
Military power sharing: No specific mention.

Human rights and equality

Human rights/RoL general: Page 3, IV. Transitional mechanisms:
... All of this will prepare the country to enter a constitutional phase in which the institutions of democratic governance, rule of law, decentralization of power, protection of human rights and individual liberties, and the safeguarding of the integrity of the Somali Republic are all in place.
Bill of rights/similar: No specific mention.
Treaty incorporation: No specific mention.
Civil and political rights: No specific mention.
Socio-economic rights: No specific mention.

Rights related issues

Citizenship: No specific mention.
Democracy: No specific mention.
Detention procedures: No specific mention.
Media and communication: No specific mention.
Mobility/access: No specific mention.
Protection measures: Rights related issues→Protection measures→Protection of groups
Page 2, II. Rehabilitation and reconstruction:
...e. Assure the international community of the full desire of Somali leaders to establish with the assistance of UNOSOM, a secure environment for relief, reconstruction and rehabilitation operations and the protection of relief and rehabilitation workers and supplies;
Other: Page 5, V. Conclusions
The Conference agreed on the appointment, by the TNC, of a Transitional Charter Drafting Committee referred to in section IV 1 (d) above. In drafting the Transitional Charter, the Committee shall be guided by the basic principles of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and by Somali traditional ethics.

Rights institutions

NHRI: No specific mention.
Regional or international human rights institutions: No specific mention.

Justice sector reform

Criminal justice and emergency law: No specific mention.
State of emergency provisions: No specific mention.
Judiciary and courts: IV.1.4. Transitional National Council to establish an independent judiciary;
Prisons and detention: No specific mention.
Traditional Laws: Page 5, IV.4 District Councils:
District council members shall be appointed through election or through consensus-based selection in accordance with Somali traditions.

Page 5, V. Conclusions
The Conference agreed on the appointment, by the TNC, of a Transitional Charter Drafting Committee referred to in section IV 1 (d) above. In drafting the Transitional Charter, the Committee shall be guided by the basic principles of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and by Somali traditional ethics.

Socio-economic reconstruction

Development or socio-economic reconstruction: Socio-economic reconstruction→Development or socio-economic reconstruction→Socio-economic development
Page 1, I. Disarmament and security:
1. Affirm that uprooting of banditry and crime is necessary for peace, stability, security, reconciliation, reconstruction and development in Somalia;

Page 2, II. Rehabilitation and reconstruction:
a. Affirm the need to accelerate the supply and operation of relief, reconstruction and rehabilitation programs in Somalia;

...e. Assure the international community of the full desire of Somali leaders to establish with the assistance of UNOSOM, a secure environment for relief, reconstruction and rehabilitation operations and the protection of relief and rehabilitation workers and supplies;
National economic plan: No specific mention.
Natural resources: No specific mention.
International funds: Page 2, II. Rehabilitation and reconstruction:
c. Express our appreciation to donor countries for their continued humanitarian assistance to Somalia and, in particular, for the generous pledge, made at the Third Coordination Meeting, to mobilize $142 million for relief and rehabilitation efforts in Somalia;
d. Call upon UNOSOM, aid agencies and donor countries to immediately assist in the rehabilitation of essential public and social services, and of necessary infrastructure, on a priority basis by the end of June 1993;
... g. Urge the organizations within the UN system and NGOs to effectively utilize Somali human resources in the rehabilitation and reconstruction process in Somalia.

Page 5, V. Conclusions:
The Conference also calls upon the international community and in particular on neighboring states to facilitate the noble effort at reconciliation by providing moral and material support.
Business: No specific mention.
Taxation: No specific mention.
Banks: No specific mention.

Land, property and environment

Land reform/rights: Land, property and environment→Land reform/rights→Property return and restitution
Page 3, III. Restoration of property and settlement of disputes:
... 2. Further affirm that all private or public properties that were illegally confiscated, robbed, stolen, seized, embezzled or taken by other fraudulent means must be returned to their rightful owners;
Pastoralist/nomadism rights: No specific mention.
Cultural heritage: No specific mention.
Environment: No specific mention.
Water or riparian rights or access: No specific mention.

Security sector

Security Guarantees: No specific mention.
Ceasefire: Security sector→Ceasefire→Ceasefire provision
Page 1, I. Disarmament and security:
Summary: Provisions use the 8 January 1993 Agreement as the legal foundation for a cease-fire and reaffirm their commitment to it; request a role for UNITAF/UNOSOM to assist to complete in 90 days; request the guarding of borders and assistance by neighbouring countries to make sure no weapons enter Somalia as per the UN arms embargo.
Police: Page 2, I. Disarmament and security:
9. Agree on the need to establish an impartial National and Regional Somali Police Force in all regions of the country on an urgent basis through the reinstatement of the former Somali Police Force and recruitment and training of young Somalis from all regions, and request the assistance of the international community in this regard.
Armed forces: No specific mention.
DDR: Security sector→DDR→Demilitarisation provisions
Page 1, I. Disarmament and security:
Summary: Provisions use the 8 January 1993 Agreement as the legal foundation for a cease-fire and reaffirm their commitment to it; request a role for UNITAF/UNOSOM to assist to complete in 90 days; request the guarding of borders and assistance by neighbouring countries to make sure no weapons enter Somalia as per the UN arms embargo.
Intelligence services: No specific mention.
Parastatal/rebel and opposition group forces: Page 5, V. Conclusions:
We further agree that the TNC shall appoint a National Committee to bring about reconciliation and seek solutions to outstanding political problems with the SNM.
Withdrawal of foreign forces: No specific mention.
Corruption: No specific mention.
Crime/organised crime: Page 1, I. Disarmament and security:
1. Affirm that uprooting of banditry and crime is necessary for peace, stability, security, reconciliation, reconstruction and development in Somalia;
Drugs: No specific mention.
Terrorism: No specific mention.

Transitional justice

Transitional justice general: Page 1, untitled preamble,
... By our attendance at this historic Conference, we have resolved to put an end to armed conflict and to reconcile our differences through peaceful means. We pledge to consolidate and carry forward advances in peace, security and dialogue made since the beginning of this year. National reconciliation is now the most fervent wish of the Somali people.
Amnesty/pardon: No specific mention.
Courts: No specific mention.
Mechanism: No specific mention.
Prisoner release: No specific mention.
Vetting: No specific mention.
Victims: No specific mention.
Missing persons: No specific mention.
Reparations: Transitional justice→Reparations→Material reparations
Page 3, III. Restoration of property and settlement of disputes:
1. Affirm that all disputes must henceforth be settled by dialogue, negotiations and other peaceful and legal means;
2. Further affirm that all private or public properties that were illegally confiscated, robbed, stolen, seized, embezzled or taken by other fraudulent means must be returned to their rightful owners;
3. Decide to deal with this matter within the framework specified in the report of the committee on the peaceful settlement of disputes.
Reconciliation: Page 1, untitled preamble, After long and costly years of civil war that ravaged our country, plunged it into famine, and caused acute suffering and loss of life among our people, there is the light hope at last: progress has been made towards the restoration of peace, security and reconciliation in Somalia.

Page 5, V. Conclusions, We, the undersigned, hereby pledge to abandon the logic of force for the ethic of dialogue. We will pursue the process of national reconciliation with vigor and sincerity, in accordance with this declaration and with the cooperation of the people of Somalia as a whole.

Recognizing the tragic and painful recent history of problems in our country, we pledge to achieve comprehensive national reconciliation through peaceful means. We also pledge to adopt, in all parts of Somalia, transitional measures that will contribute to harmony and healing of wounds among all the people of Somalia.

Implementation

UN signatory: No specific mention.
Other international signatory: No specific mention.
Referendum for agreement: No specific mention.
International mission/force/similar: Page 2, I. Disarmament and security:
7. Stress the need for the air, sea and land borders of Somalia to be closely guarded by UNITAF/UNOSOM in order to prevent any flow of arms into the country and to prevent violation of the territorial waters of Somalia;
Enforcement mechanism: Page 2, I. Disarmament and security:
3. UNITAF/UNOSOM to assist disarmament;

... 6. Urge UNITAF/UNOSOM to apply strong and effective sanctions against those responsible for any violation of the Cease-fire Agreement of January 1993;
Related cases: No specific mention.
Source: UCDP - http://www.ucdp.uu.se/; http://www.ucdp.uu.se/gpdatabase/peace/Som%2019930327.pdf

Addis Ababa Agreement concluded at the first session of the Conference on National Reconciliation in Somalia, 27 March 1993

Addis Ababa Agreement

concluded at the first session of the Conference on National Reconciliation in Somalia, 27 March 1993

After long and costly years of civil war that ravaged our country, plunged it into famine, and caused acute suffering and loss of life among our people, there is the light hope at last:

progress has been made towards the restoration of peace, security and reconciliation in Somalia.

We, the Somali political leaders recognize how vital it is that this process continue.

It has our full commitment.

By our attendance at this historic Conference, we have resolved to put an end to armed conflict and to reconcile our differences through peaceful means.

We pledge to consolidate and carry forward advances in peace, security and dialogue made since the beginning of this year.

National reconciliation is now the most fervent wish of the Somali people.

We commit ourselves to continuing the peace process under the auspices of the United Nations and in cooperation with the regional organizations and the Standing Committee of the Horn as well as with our neighbors in the Horn of Africa.

After an era of pain, destruction and bloodshed that turned Somalis against Somalis, we have confronted our responsibility.

We now pledge to work toward the rebirth of Somalia, to restore its dignity as a country and rightful place in the community of nations.

At the close of the Holy Month of Ramadan, we believe this is the most precious gift we can give to our people.

The serenity and shade of a tree, which according to our Somali tradition is a place of reverence and rapprochement, has been replaced by the conference hall.

Yet the promises made here are no less sacred or binding.

Therefore, we, the undersigned Somali political leaders, meeting at Africa Hall in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia between 15 and 27 March 1993, hereby reaffirm our commitment to the agreements signed during the Informal Preparatory Meeting on National Reconciliation in January 1993.

In concord to end hostilities and to build on the foundation of peace for reconstruction and rehabilitation in Somalia, we agree to proceed within the framework of the following provisions and decisions:

I. Disarmament and security:

1. Affirmthatuprootingofbanditryandcrimeisnecessaryforpeace,stability,security, reconciliation, reconstruction and development in Somalia;

2. Further affirm that disarmament must and shall be comprehensive, impartial and transparent;

Commit ourselves to complete, and simultaneous disarmament throughout the entire country in accordance with the disarmament concept and timeframe set by the Cease-fire Agreement of January 1991, and request that UNITAF/UNOSOM assist these efforts so as to achieve a substantial completion of the disarmament within 90 days;

Furtherreiterateourcommitmenttothestrict,effectiveandexpeditiousimplementation of the Cease-fire Disarmament Agreement signed on 8 and 15 January 1993;

ReaffirmourcommitmenttocomplywiththerequirementsoftheCease-fireAgreement signed in January of 1993, including the total and complete handover of weapons to UNITAF/UNOSOM;

UrgeUNITAF/UNOSOMtoapplystrongandeffectivesanctionsagainstthose responsible for any violation of the Cease-fire Agreement of January 1993;

Stresstheneedfortheair,seaandlandbordersofSomaliatobecloselyguardedby UNITAF/UNOSOM in order to prevent any flow of arms into the country and to prevent violation of the territorial waters of Somalia;

Further stress the need for maximum cooperation by neighboring countries to assure that their common borders with Somalia are not used for the movement of weapons in Somalia, in keeping with the United Nations arms embargo against Somalia;

Agree on the need to establish an impartial National and Regional Somali Police Force in all regions of the country on an urgent basis through the reinstatement of the former Somali Police Force and recruitment and training of young Somalis from all regions, and request the assistance of the international community in this regard.

II. Rehabilitation and reconstruction:

Affirm the need to accelerate the supply and operation of relief, reconstruction and rehabilitation programs in Somalia;

WelcometheconclusionoftheThirdCoordinationMeetingonHumanitarianAssistance to Somalia;

Expressourappreciationtodonorcountriesfortheircontinuedhumanitarianassistance to Somalia and, in particular, for the generous pledge, made at the Third Coordination Meeting, to mobilize $142 million for relief and rehabilitation efforts in Somalia;

Call upon UNOSOM, aid agencies and donor countries to immediately assist in the rehabilitation of essential public and social services, and of necessary infrastructure, on a priority basis by the end of June 1993;

AssuretheinternationalcommunityofthefulldesireofSomalileaderstoestablishwith the assistance of UNOSOM, a secure environment for relief, reconstruction and rehabilitation operations and the protection of relief and rehabilitation workers and supplies;

Condemn the acts of violence committed against relief workers and all forms of extortion regarding humanitarian operations;

UrgetheorganizationswithintheUNsystemandNGOstoeffectivelyutilizeSomali human resources in the rehabilitation and reconstruction process in Somalia.

III. Restoration of property and settlement of disputes:

Affirmthatalldisputesmusthenceforthbesettledbydialogue,negotiationsandother peaceful and legal means;

Furtheraffirmthatallprivateorpublicpropertiesthatwereillegallyconfiscated,robbed, stolen, seized, embezzled or taken by other fraudulent means must be returned to their rightful owners;

Decidetodealwiththismatterwithintheframeworkspecifiedinthereportofthe committee on the peaceful settlement of disputes.

IV. Transitional mechanisms:

The Somali people believe that there is concurrence among the people of Somalia that Somalia must retain its rightful place in the community of nations and that they must express their political views and make the decisions that affect them.

This is an essential component of the search for peace.

To achieve this, political and administrative structures in Somalia need to be rebuilt to provide the people as a whole with an opportunity to participate in shaping the future of the country.

In this context, the establishment of transitional mechanisms which prepare the country for a stable and democratic future is absolutely essential.

During the transitional period, which will last for a period of two years effective from the date of signature to the agreement, the emphasis will be upon the provision of essential services, complete disarmament, restoration of peace and domestic tranquility and on the attainment of reconciliation of the Somali people.

Emphasis will also be put on the rehabilitation and reconstruction of basic infrastructure and on the building of democratic institutions.

All of this will prepare the country to enter a constitutional phase in which the institutions of democratic governance, rule of law, decentralization of power, protection of human rights and individual liberties, and the safeguarding of the integrity of the Somali Republic are all in place.

Therefore we have agreed to a broad outline of a framework for a transitional system of governance to allow for the provision of essential services, the creation of a basis for long-term planning, and for the resumption of greater administrative responsibility by Somalis.

In general terms, this system will be composed of four basic administrative components that will be mandated to function during the transitional period.

Taking into account the reality of the situation in Somalia today and the need for stability, we hereby agree to the establishment of the following four basic transitional organs of authority:

1. The Transitional National Council (TNC) The TNC will:

betherepositoryofSomalisovereignty:

betheprimepoliticalauthorityhavinglegislativefunctionsduringtheperiodinquestion;

interact, as appropriate, with the international community, including UNOSOM;

appoint various committees, including the Transitional Charter Drafting Committee, as

required;

appointOfficersforitsvariousfunctions;

appoint the heads of administrative departments;

overseetheperformanceofthedepartmentscreated;and

establish an independent Judiciary.

The TNC shall be composed of:

threerepresentativesfromeachofthe18regionscurrentlyrecognized,includingone women from each region;

fiveadditionalseatsforMogadishu;

one nominee from each of the political factions currently participating in the first session

of the National Reconciliation Conference;

2. The Central Administrative Departments (CADs)

The TNC will appoint the heads of the Central Administrative Departments, whose prime function will be to re-establish and operate the departments of civil administration, social affairs, economic affairs and humanitarian affairs, paving the way for the establishment and operation of a formal government.

The CADs shall comprise skilled professionals having the ability to reinstate gradually, the administrative functions of national public administration.

The performance of these departments will be overseen by the TNC.

3. Regional Council (RCs)

Regional Councils shall be established in all the existing 18 regions of Somalia.

At present 18 regions shall be maintained during the transitional period.

The Regional Council shall be entrusted primarily with the task of implementing humanitarian, social and economic programs in coordination with the TNC and will also assist in the conducting of an internationally-supervised census.

The Regional Councils will liaise with UNOSOM II, UN specialized agencies, NGOs and other relevant organizations directly and through the Central Administrative Departments and Transitional National Council.

The Regional Councils shall also be responsible for law and order at the regional level.

In this regard, the law enforcement institution will be a regional police force and a regional judiciary.

The District Councils (see below) in each region shall send representatives who will constitute the Regional Councils.

4. District Councils

District Councils shall be established in the present districts in every region.

District council members shall be appointed through election or through consensus-based selection in accordance with Somali traditions.

The District Councils shall be responsible for managing the affairs of the district including public safety, health, education and reconstruction.

V. Conclusions

The Conference agreed on the appointment, by the TNC, of a Transitional Charter Drafting Committee referred to in section IV 1 (d) above.

In drafting the Transitional Charter, the Committee shall be guided by the basic principles of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and by Somali traditional ethics.

The Conference agreed that the TNC shall appoint a "Peace Delegation" composed of political movements and other social elements to travel to all parts of the country for the purpose of advancing the peace and reconciliation process as well as to explain the agreements reached in Addis Ababa.

We further agree that the TNC shall appoint a National Committee to bring about reconciliation and seek solutions to outstanding political problems with the SNM.

The Conference also calls upon the international community and in particular on neighboring states to facilitate the noble effort at reconciliation by providing moral and material support.

In conclusion, we the undersigned in agreeing to the above, resolve that never again will Somalia suffer the tragedy of the recent past.

Emerging from the darkness of catastrophe and war, we Somalis herald the beginning of a new era of peace, healing and rebuilding, in which cooperation and trust will overcome hatred and suspicion.

It is a message we must pass on to our children and our grandchildren, that the proud Somali family, as we knew it, can once again become whole.

We, the undersigned, hereby pledge to abandon the logic of force for the ethic of dialogue.

We will pursue the process of national reconciliation with vigor and sincerity, in accordance with this declaration and with the cooperation of the people of Somalia as a whole.

Recognizing the tragic and painful recent history of problems in our country, we pledge to achieve comprehensive national reconciliation through peaceful means.

We also pledge to adopt, in all parts of Somalia, transitional measures that will contribute to harmony and healing of wounds among all the people of Somalia.

We invite the Secretary-General of the United Nations and his Special Representative in Somalia, in accordance with the mandate entrusted to them by the Security Council, to extend all necessary assistance to the people of Somalia for the implementation of this agreement.

Signatories

1. SAMO

2. SDA

3. SDM

4. SDM (SNA) 5.

SNDU

6. SNF

7. SNU

8. SPM

9. SPM (SNA) 10.

SSDF

11. SSNM

12. USC (SWA)

13. USC 14.

USF 15.

USP

Mohamed R. Arbow Mohamed F. Abdullahi Addi Musse Mavow Mohamed Nur Alio Ali Ismail Abdi

Gen. Omar Haji Mohamed Mohamed Rajis Mohamed Gen. Aden Abdulluhi Nur Ahmed Hashi Mahmmud Gen. Mohdammed

Abshir Mussa

Abdi Warsame lsaq

Gen. Mohammed

Farah H Aidid

Mohammed Qanyare Afrah Abdurahman Dualch Al Mohamed Abdi Hashi

Chairman Chairman Chairman Chairman Chairman Chairman Chairman Chairman V/Chairman

Chairman Chairman

Chairman Chairman Chairman Chairman