Kafanchan Peace Declaration between Grazers and Farmers

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Country/entity: Nigeria
Region: Africa (excl MENA)
Agreement name: Kafanchan Peace Declaration between Grazers and Farmers
Date: 23 Mar 2016
Agreement status: Multiparty signed/agreed
Interim arrangement: Yes
Agreement/conflict level: Intrastate/local conflict
Nigerian Civil War (1967), Delta Unrest (1990 - ), Communal Conflicts (1978 - ), and Boko Haram Insurgency (2009 - )
Since 1960 when Nigeria became independent, it has seen a number of coup d’etats and instability. In 1967, after confederation plans for the Nigerian regions to gain more independence failed, the Eastern region seceded as the Republic of Biafra and this caused the Nigerian Civil War. The conflict resulted from political, economic, ethnic and religious tensions which had existed since before Britain drew new borders when colonising the area. The discovery of oil in the Niger Delta heightened the intensity of the conflict. With the aid of British forces, the Nigerian military managed to take back the territory in 1970. Since then, ethnic violence has persisted.

Nigerian Delta Unrest (1990 - )
Conflict in the Niger Delta arose in the 1990s between foreign oil companies and ethnic groups which felt exploited after being forced to abandon their land. The Nigerian military caused international consternation in 1995 when members of the Ogoni tribe of the Niger Delta were found hanged without due process. The proliferation of arms in the region has encouraged the rise of armed groups which have targeted oil companies and pipelines. This came to a head in 2004 when Shell withdrew personnel from two oil fields in response to attacks on wells and pipelines by rebels. The military have attempted to clamp down on militant groups in the Niger Delta but it was not until the establishment of the Presidential amnesty program in 2009 which required the surrender of weapons by militants in exchange for amnesty. In 2016 a new militant group called the Niger Delta Avengers has announced its existence in the Niger Delta illustrating the continued instability in that region.

Boko Haram Insurgency (2009 - )
Sectarian violence has also been rife in Nigeria and since 2002, the radical Islamist group Boko Haram have been violently seeking to establish sharia law throughout Nigeria and an Islamic caliphate in the Northern part of the country. In 2009 they began an official insurgency which spread to Cameroon, Chad and Niger. In 2014 the group kidnapped 276 girls from a college in Chibok and bombed the town of Jos. The insurgency is the result of Muslim – Christian tensions in the country which is a constant source of instability and violence. In 2015 the military led a regional coalition of forces on a counter-offensive against Boko Haram and they were successful in taking ground. There are also conflicts between Fulani herdsmen and Christian peasants in the Middle belt. Widespread corruption and lack of state authority exacerbate these many complex tensions.

Central Nigerian communal conflicts (1978 - )
Unrest in Nigeria is a product of socio-economic pressures between migrating herdsmen and settled agriculturists, exacerbated by firearms proliferation, ethnic conflict, sectarianism and banditry. Since 2001, attacks have adopted a more sectarian character involving suicide bombings and shooting at churches by the jihadist group, Boko Haram. Peaks of violence occurred in 2004 and 2011, patoral/farmer conflict has resulted in the deaths of thousands since the Fourth Nigerian Republic was founded in 1999. The Land Use Act of 1978, exacerbated conflict by allowing longtime occupants 'indigeneship' and the ability to apply for a certificate of occupancy, putting migrating communities at a disadvantage.
Stage: Framework/substantive - comprehensive
Conflict nature: Inter-group
Peace process: Nigeria - local agreements
Parties: Jema'a Local Government Area
Bajju
1. Samuel Yakubu Ninyio
2. Chief Dakachi Diem Anthony
3. Bulus Haruna
4. Mrs. Janet James
5. Rev. Cassimir M. Yabo
6. Mr. Gregory Namadi

Fantswam
1. Mammuda Z. Habu
2. Chief Ayuba Yaya
3. Mr. Jospeh Yakusa
4. Esther M. Adamu
5. Rev. Joshua Chechet
6. John B. Awodi

Fulani
1. Alh. Haruna Usman
2. Ardo Sulaiman Yashi
3. Abdulhamid Musa
4. Maryam Suleiman
5. Abubkar S. Sadiq
6. Ardo Abubakar Gamba

Gwong
1. Hon. Hussaini Dogara
2. Sen. Babale Maikarfi
3. Paul M. Bonnet
4. Hon. Naomi Waziri
5. Maj. Gen. Adamu Dyeri Rtd.

Hausa
1. Danjuma Musa
2. Alh. Garba Abdullahi Maisukuni
3. Alh. Kabir Abdu
4. Maimuna G. Abdullahi
5. Alh. Kabir Mami Kasim
6. Alh. Haruna Saluhu

Igbo
1. Chief Chibu-eze Akpu
5. Hon. Christopher Oriala

Kaninkon
1. Alh. Ismail Suleiman
2. William B. Gimba
3. Willisi Sati
4. Monica A. Tete
5. Pastor Ishaku Maman
6. Samuel B. Tete

Kachia Local Government Area
Adara
1. Norman Shekarau
2. Stephen A. Garba
3. Yusuf Kaura
4. Hauwa Kadarko
5. Rev. Peter Kimbe
6. Stephen Yakubu

Bajju
1. Mr. Musa Adwak
2. Mr. Sani Tawai
3. Raphael Augustine Dogo
4. Mrs. Victoria Anthony
5. Rev. Jesse Mallam
6. Mr. Goliath Gandu

Fulani
1. Adamu Dauda
2. Ardo Ayuba Hassan
3. Alh. Ardo Konkwa
4. Hajiya Karimatu Wakili Musa
5. Mallam Usman Garba Mohammed
6. Alh. Yusuf Usman

Hausa
1. Alh. Rabiu Suleiman
2. Sabiu Suleiman
3. Alh. Sirajo Jibrin
4. Malama Bilkisu Bako
5. Mal. Idris Yunusa
6. Alh. Ibrahim Alkasim

Jaba
1. Mr. Danladi Dare
2. Wakili Danjuma Amana
3. Mr. Daniel Shehu
4. Mrs. Theresa Bala
5. Rev. Habila Yohanna
6. Mr. Gabriel Adamu

Ikulu
1. Emmanuel Ayuba
2. Ishaya Bulus
3. Yakubu Dodo

Kuturmi
1. Capt. Christopher Maidawa
2. Mr. Samaila Danfulani
3. Mr. Sunday Yakubu
4. Mrs. Christiana A. Joseph
5. Rev. Ayuba Dogon Yaro
6. Yohanna Danfulani

Kaura Local Government Area
Fulani
1. Ardo Alhaji Hari
2. Ardo Bayero Ahmadu
3. Alh. Abubakar Nasiru Nace
4. Hajiya Zainab Adamu
5. Abdullahi Bayero
6. Malam Musa Abubakar

Hausa
1. Kasimu Abubakar (Chr)
2. Mustapha Muhammadu
3. Alh. Dahiru Mu'azu
4. Maryam Sa'adu
5. Shehu Danjuma
6. Ahmed Haruna

Igbo
1. Chief Sunday Ezekiel

Kagoro
1. Philip N. Suku (Chr)
2. David P. Datiyong
3. Andrew Simon Kazah
4. Mrs. Kande Ishaya
5. Rev. Joshua Z. Yamang
6. Ajim Bonatson

Sholio (Moro'a)
1. Naman Ishaya Auta
2. Mr. Shehu Abui (Chr)
3. Gideon Laaki Ninyio
4. Mary Julius
5. Rev. Goar
6. Thomas D. Kazah

Takad
1. Ignatius Raymond
2. Mr. Alphonsus Ngu B.
3. Mr. Raphael Soja
4. Angelina I. Boye
5. Rev. Irimiya Zango
6. Rtd. Pastor Joseph Bakugde
Sanga Local Government Area

Ayu
1. Mal. Labaran Hassan (Chr)
2. Rtd. Inp Danjuma Garba
3. Dauda Aliyu Abdullahi
4. Malama Salamatu Isa
5. Rev. Dadut John
6. Mal Musa Abubakar

Fulani
1. Alh. Alhassan Abdulkarim (Chr)
2. Ardo Abdulrahman Ya'u
3. Malam Usman Sa'idu
4. Hajiya Hairu Yakuba
5. Abdullahi Mohammad
6. Alh. Dere Kantoma Wakili

Gwandara
1. Mr. Danjuma Yakubu
2. Mal Bala Adawet
3. Mal Bala Zakariah (Chr)
4. Mrs. Christina Bitrus
5. Rev. Danladi Agbun Danboyi
6. Mr. Yohanna Madaki

Hausa
1. Mal Aliyu Adamu
2. Hon. Alh. Salau Babale
3. Mal Bala Aminu
4. Malama Binta Mohammed
5. Mal Musa Abdullahi
6. Yahaya Barau (Chr)

Mada
1. Mr. Daniel Jatau
2. Mr. John Lange
3. Mr. Amos Waziri
4. Mrs. Gloria Monday
5. Rev. Yakubu Bulus
6. Hon. Bitrus Danboyi Dogari

Nandu
1. Mr. Nuhu Tukura
2. Rtd. Pastor Yohanna Aloko
3. Mr. Ruden Lawal
4. Mrs. Jumai Danladi
5. Rev Danladi Ali
6. Mr. Danladi Adamu (Chr)

Ninzo
1. Abdullahi Nuhu
2. Mal Aminu Abdullahi
3. Elisha Aku
4. Christie E. Musa
5. Ali Y. Jetau
6. Mr. Joel Adamu Mande (Chr)

Numana
1. Mr. Gambo A. Danjuma (Chr)
2. Chief Jibrin S. Kogi
3. Barr I.B. Yakubu
4. Mrs. Comfort Habila
5. Rev. Isa Tanko
6. Rtd. C.S.C. Adamu Shamaki

Zangon-Kataf Local Government Area
Atyap
1. Bulus Yayit
2. Deacon Simon CB Saddih (Magajin Rafi Atyap)
3. Joseph Timbuwak (Sarkin Samari Atyap)
4. Martina Ignatius
5. Rev. Jonathan Nkom
6. ACP. Juri B. Ayok (rtd)

Bajju
1. Air Comdr Emmanuel Jakada
2. Chief Jospeh Jatau
3. Comrade Gad Ezekiel
4. Mrs. Naomi Ambut
5. Pastor Sharia Chawai
6. Dr. Solomon Yabaya

Fulani
1. Alh. Shu'aibu Mogauri
2. Ardo Rabo (Wakilin Fulbe)
3. Mal. Suleiman Abdullahi
4. Haj. Sa'ad Dawobe
5. Mal. Muhammed Abubakar
6. Ardo Ruguni Pate

Hausa
1. Mallam Nuhu Yusuf
2. Alh. Lawal ATK
3. Gambo Matsirga
4. Aisha Saleiman
5. Mallam Adamu Jibrin
6. Abdullahi Jibrin

Ikulu
1. Shamaki Dodo
2. Mal. Yohanna Barde
3. Dauda Yohanna
4. Asabaru Yaro
5. Rev. Fr. Andrew Dodo
6. Moses C. John

Kamantan
1. Markus Farngan
2. Michael Ballason
3. Micah Audu
4. Caroline B. Usman
5. Bishop Joshua I. Banai
6. Barr. Jacob A. Madaki
Third parties: Signed by the Following Witnesses:
HD Advisors
Alice Wairimu Nderitu, Senior Advisor and Lead Mediator
Dr. Yakubu Sankey
Khadijah Hawaja Gambo
Baba Bala Muhammad
Joseph Tanko Atang
Salihu Musa Umar
Dr. Lydia Umar

State/Local Government and Security Agency
Nasir Ahmed El-Rufai, Governor, Kaduna State
Rt. Hon. Simon Lalong, Governor, Plateau State
[Unintelligible] - Catholic Bishop, Kapanchan
[Unintelligible] - Jama'atu Nasril Islam
[Unintelligible] - Ambassdor, Norway to Nigeria
Eoghan McSwiney - Deputy Head of Mission, Ireland
Amina Dyeris Sijunde - Atorney General, Kaduna State

Kaduna HD Women's Steering Committee Members:
Sanga LGA
Comfort Habila (Chairperson)
Catherine Chukwu
Patuma Haruna
Hassana Usman
Jummai Danladi

Jema'a LGA
Monica A. Tete (Chairperson)
Haj. Maimuna Abdullahi
Hadiza Umar
Esther M. Adamu
Grace Joel

Kaura LGA
Mary Julius (Chairperson)
Maryam Sa'adu
Angelina I. Boye
Kande Ishaya
Zainab Adamu

Kachia LGA
Christina Joseph (Chairperson)
Victoria Anthony
Karimatu Anthony
Hauwa Kadarko
Bilkisu Baku

Zangon-Kataf LGA
[Unintelligible] Yaro (Chairperson)
Elizabeth Olaniran
Blessing Goje
Rebecca H. Akut
Haj. Zainab Ibrahim
Bukola Ajao
Amina Kazaure
Badiyya Sa'eed
Lovina Dasat
Deborah Ishaya
Description: Agreements dealing with inter-communal clashes over cattle, and use of small arms.

Agreement document: NG_160316_Kafanchan Peace Declaration between Grazers and Farmers.pdf (opens in new tab) | Download PDF

Groups

Children/youth: Groups→Children/youth→Substantive
Page 16, Section XIII, Article iii
Improve representation of women, youth and persons with disability in efforts to address inter communal conflict and commit to ensure gender inclusion elements across all activities in the implementation plans of this Declaration.
Disabled persons: Groups→Disabled persons→Substantive
Page 16, Section XIII, Article iii
Improve representation of women, youth and persons with disability in efforts to address inter communal conflict and commit to ensure gender inclusion elements across all activities in the implementation plans of this Declaration.
Elderly/age: No specific mention.
Migrant workers: No specific mention.
Racial/ethnic/national group: No specific mention.
Religious groups: No specific mention.
Indigenous people: No specific mention.
Other groups: No specific mention.
Refugees/displaced persons: No specific mention.
Social class: No specific mention.

Gender

Women, girls and gender: Page 15, Section XI, Article ii
Support inclusion of farmer/grazer women in local level peace-building.

Page 16, Section XIII, Article iii
Improve representation of women, youth and persons with disability in efforts to address inter communal conflict and commit to ensure gender inclusion elements across all activities in the implementation plans of this Declaration.

Page 17, Signed by the Following Witnesses:
...
Kaduna HD Women's Steering Committee Members:
Sanga LGA
Comfort Habila (Chairperson)
Catherine Chukwu
Patuma Haruna
Hassana Usman
Jummai Danladi
-
Jema'a LGA
Monica A. Tete (Chairperson)
Haj. Maimuna Abdullahi
Hadiza Umar
Esther M. Adamu
Grace Joel
-
Kaura LGA
Mary Julius (Chairperson)
Maryam Sa'adu
Angelina I. Boye
Kande Ishaya
Zainab Adamu
-
Kachia LGA
Christina Joseph (Chairperson)
Victoria Anthony
Karimatu Anthony
Hauwa Kadarko
Bilkisu Baku
-
Zangon-Kataf LGA
[Unintelligible] Yaro (Chairperson)
Elizabeth Olaniran
Blessing Goje
Rebecca H. Akut
Haj. Zainab Ibrahim
Bukola Ajao
Amina Kazaure
Badiyya Sa'eed
Lovina Dasat
Deborah Ishaya
Men and boys: No specific mention.
LGBTI: No specific mention.
Family: No specific mention.

State definition

Nature of state (general): No specific mention.
State configuration: No specific mention.
Self determination: No specific mention.
Referendum: No specific mention.
State symbols: No specific mention.
Independence/secession: No specific mention.
Accession/unification: No specific mention.
Border delimitation: No specific mention.
Cross-border provision: No specific mention.

Governance

Political institutions (new or reformed): No specific mention.
Elections: No specific mention.
Electoral commission: No specific mention.
Political parties reform: No specific mention.
Civil society: Page 15, Section XI, Article i
Establishing and strengthening (grazer and farmer) associations and civil society initiatives to increase local dialogue.

Page 15, Section XI, Article ii
Support the establishment of farmer/grazer peace and development, conflict prevention and longer-term peace building committees.

Page 15, Section XII
A monitoring and dialogue committee made up of farmers and grazers for each LGA shall be set up to ensure respect of the commitments of parties and execution of the following mandate.
Traditional/religious leaders: Page 13, Section VIII, 1.1 Commitments, Article vi
Seek amicable solutions, through dialogue, between farmers and grazers and refer unresolved cases to the traditional and religious leaders.

Page 13, Section IX, 1.3 Commitments, Article vi
Seek amicable solutions, through dialogue, between farmers and grazers and refer unresolved cases to the traditional and religious leaders.
Public administration: Page 14, Section X, Article [Call for the resuscitation and strengthening of the conflict management committee and dialogue, as enshrined in the Kaduna State Grazing Reserves Law of 1987.]
Constitution: No specific mention.

Power sharing

Political power sharing: No specific mention.
Territorial power sharing: No specific mention.
Economic power sharing: No specific mention.
Military power sharing: No specific mention.

Human rights and equality

Human rights/RoL general: Page 13, Section VIII, 1.1 Commitments, Article i
Not to cause injury to farmers.

Page 13, Section VIII, Article ii
Not to cause the death of farmers.

Page 13, Section VIII, 1.2 Claims, Article i
Not to attack herdsmen.

Page 13, Section IX, 1.3 Commitments, Article i
Not to cause injuries to herdsmen.

Page 13, Section IX, 1.3 Commitments, Article ii
Not to cause the death of herdsmen.

Page 14, Section IX, 1.4 Claims, Article vii
Not to beat up, injure or kill farmers.
Bill of rights/similar: No specific mention.
Treaty incorporation: No specific mention.
Civil and political rights: No specific mention.
Socio-economic rights: Human rights and equality→Socio-economic rights→Education
Page 14, Section X, Article xi
Enhance education among nomadic communities, to include peace education and modern ranching methods.

Rights related issues

Citizenship: No specific mention.
Democracy: No specific mention.
Detention procedures: No specific mention.
Media and communication: No specific mention.
Mobility/access: No specific mention.
Protection measures: Rights related issues→Protection measures→Other
Page 14, Section X, Article vii
Ensure the security of both farmers and grazers.
Other: No specific mention.

Rights institutions

NHRI: No specific mention.
Regional or international human rights institutions: No specific mention.

Justice sector reform

Criminal justice and emergency law: No specific mention.
State of emergency provisions: No specific mention.
Judiciary and courts: No specific mention.
Prisons and detention: No specific mention.
Traditional Laws: Page 12, Preamble, Article xv
Clash of traditional models of governance that include access to water and pasture with statute laws.

Page 13, Section VII, 1.2 Claims, Article v
Exhaust local remedies such as commensurate fines before taking grazers to the police because of cattle trespassing on farms.

Page 14, Section X, Article iii
Involve Government security agencies as a last resort after the failure of traditional intervention.

Page 15, Section XI, Article ii
Support efforts to strengthen the capacity of communities to prevent and solve communal conflicts by building their capacities on conducting of conflict analysis and alternative dispute resolution methods including customary or traditional procedures.

Socio-economic reconstruction

Development or socio-economic reconstruction: Socio-economic reconstruction→Development or socio-economic reconstruction→Socio-economic development
Page 14, Section X, Article viii
Provide technical assistance to grazers to reduce their and their animals' vulnerability (examples include controlling tsetse flies, ticks, wells as well as cheap or free provision of veterinary services.

Page 14, Section X, Article xii
Provide mobile services for nomadic communities such as financial services, mobile libraries, mobile health provision and insurance schemes.

Page 15, Section XI, Article ii
Assist farmers and grazers with capital during the dry season to restock their herds and to buy equipment, seeds and other inputs to replenish their farms.

Page 15, Section XI, Article ii
Support the capacity of the Ministry of Agriculture and individual herders to support the modernization of agricultural and livestock production.
National economic plan: No specific mention.
Natural resources: No specific mention.
International funds: No specific mention.
Business: No specific mention.
Taxation: No specific mention.
Banks: No specific mention.

Land, property and environment

Land reform/rights: Land, property and environment→Land reform/rights→Land reform and management
Page 12, Preamble, Article xiv
Inadequate land tenure policies that have tended towards nomadic communities relying on communal grazing rights.

Page 14, Section X, Article i
Establish a clear land-use plan strategically identifying and placing water points for livestock. This will assist in securing access to water for both farmers and grazers through promotion of shared management of the resource; mark livestock corridors and stock routes; identify areas under grazers and farmers ownership; create cattle resting areas and grazing reserves. A clear land-use plan decreases potential for conflicts by placing water points away from sensitive zones and enabling risk-free movement for grazers.

Page 14, Section X, Article ii
Work with communities to identify grazing reserves and areas.

Page 15, Section XI, Article ii
Review the impacts on risks of conflict of current development policies and laws and regulations relating to land tenure and access to water.

Page 15, Section XI, Article ii
Support programs to ensure access to water and pasture during drought to reduce the risk of violence between farmers and grazers.

Page 15, Section XI, Article ii
Support the development of regulations on land tenure relating to access to pasture land and water for both farmers and grazers.
Pastoralist/nomadism rights: Page 12, Preamble
Southern Kaduna is characterised by frequent clashes between farmers and grazers over grazing areas. Both farmers and grazers exacerbate the problem; grazers in protecting and defending their livestock and farmers in defending their crops. It is a problem compounded by the availability of small arms. Nomadic movements require cooperative arrangements with sedentary mainly farmer communities which in many cases does not happen. Risks of violent conflict increase during the dry season where lack of provision for pastoralist needs for pasture and water lead to invasions on farmland.

Page 13, Section VIII
We grazers, commit ourselves to the following in relation to the farmers:
i. Not to cause injury of farmers.
ii. Not to cause the death of farmers.
iii. Prohibit our herders from letting the cattle invade farms and in the event that this happens, discuss with the farmers on forgiveness or reparation of damages.
iv. In the event of destruction of farmland, encourage herders to contact the owner of the farm, as previously done traditionally.
v. Not to use insulting, hurtful or abusive words towards the farmer.
vi. Seek amicable solutions, through dialogue, between farmers and grazers and refer unresolved cases to the traditional and religious leaders.
1.2Claims
We grazers, call on the farmers to do as follows;
i. Not to attack herdsmen.
ii. Not to kill the cattle if found feeding on the crops.
iii. Not to shoot, poison, beat, or injure the cattle.
iv. Not to impound the cattle.
v. Exhaust local remedies such as commensurate fines before taking grazers to the Police because of cattle trespassing on farms.
vi. Not to burn the fields.

Page 13-14, Section IX
We farmers, commit ourselves to the following in relations to the grazers.
i. Not to cause injuries to herdsmen.
ii. Not to cause the death of herdsmen.
iii. Prohibit our herders from letting the cattle invade farms and in the event that this happens, discuss with the farmers on forgiveness or reparation of damages.
iv. Not to cause the death of cattle, through shooting, poisoning, beating or in any way whatsoever.
v. Not to use insulting, hurtful or abusive words towards the grazer.
vi. Seek amicable solutions, through dialogue, between farmers and grazers and refer unresolved cases to the traditional and religious leaders.
1.4 Claims
We farmers, ask of the grazers;
i. Not to graze their cattle on our crops.
ii. Not to attack farmers.
iii. To give clear instructions to herders not to graze on crops.
iv. Not to steal crops from the fields for purposes of feeding the cattle.
v. To entrust the grazing of their cattle to adults. .
vi. Not to carry weapons such as guns and intimidate farmers.
vii. Not to beat up, injure or kill farmers.
viii. Not to threaten other ethnic groups from rearing cattle.]
Page 14, Section X, Article vi [Adopt pastoral laws and code. Pastorialists, due to their movements, rely mostly on customary and not legally defined grazing reserves that are however increasingly used by either expanding agricultural or industrial activities.

Page 14, Section X, Article ix
Increase bilateral cooperation between countries where transhumance crosses borders. As nomadic movements are trans-national, dialogue with partnering countries can be decisive in order to tackle the issue on both sides of the border.

Page 15, Section XI, Article i
Strengthen interdependency between farmers-herders particularly through shared markets, schools and social activities.

Page 15, Section XI, Article ii
Mainstreaming efforts to prevent conflict involving farmers and grazers in all development assistance programs, ensuring that such issues are addressed in organizational strategic plans.

Page 16, Section VII, Article b and c
Cooperate and collaborate in tracking and recovering stolen livestock; Take part in dialogues between farmers and grazers on contested issues.
Cultural heritage: No specific mention.
Environment: No specific mention.
Water or riparian rights or access: Page 14, Section X, Article i
Establish a clear land-use plan strategically identifying and placing water points for livestock. This will assist in securing access to water for both farmers and grazers through promotion of shared management of the resource; mark livestock corridors and stock routes; identify areas under grazers and farmers ownership; create cattle resting areas and grazing reserves. A clear land-use plan decreases potential for conflicts by placing water points away from sensitive zones and enabling risk-free movement for grazers.

Page 15, Section XI, Article ii
Review the impacts on risks of conflict of current development policies and of laws and regulations relating to land tenure and access to water.

Page 15, Section XI, Article ii
Support programs to ensure access to water and pasture during drought to reduce the risk of violence between farmers and grazers.

Page 15, Section XI, Article ii
Support the development of regulations on land tenure relating to access to access to pasture land and water for both farmers and grazers.

Security sector

Security Guarantees: Page 13, Section VIII
We grazers, commit ourselves to the following in relation to the farmers:
i. Not to cause injury of farmers.
ii. Not to cause the death of farmers.
iii. Prohibit our herders from letting the cattle invade farms and in the event that this happens, discuss with the farmers on forgiveness or reparation of damages.
iv. In the event of destruction of farmland, encourage herders to contact the owner of the farm, as previously done traditionally.
v. Not to use insulting, hurtful or abusive words towards the farmer.
vi. Seek amicable solutions, through dialogue, between farmers and grazers and refer unresolved cases to the traditional and religious leaders.
1.2Claims
We grazers, call on the farmers to do as follows;
i. Not to attack herdsmen.
ii. Not to kill the cattle if found feeding on the crops.
iii. Not to shoot, poison, beat, or injure the cattle.
iv. Not to impound the cattle.
v. Exhaust local remedies such as commensurate fines before taking grazers to the Police because of cattle trespassing on farms.
vi. Not to burn the fields.

Page 13-14, Section IX
We farmers, commit ourselves to the following in relations to the grazers.
i. Not to cause injuries to herdsmen.
ii. Not to cause the death of herdsmen.
iii. Prohibit our herders from letting the cattle invade farms and in the event that this happens, discuss with the farmers on forgiveness or reparation of damages.
iv. Not to cause the death of cattle, through shooting, poisoning, beating or in any way whatsoever.
v. Not to use insulting, hurtful or abusive words towards the grazer.
vi. Seek amicable solutions, through dialogue, between farmers and grazers and refer unresolved cases to the traditional and religious leaders.
1.4 Claims
We farmers, ask of the grazers;
i. Not to graze their cattle on our crops.
ii. Not to attack farmers.
iii. To give clear instructions to herders not to graze on crops.
iv. Not to steal crops from the fields for purposes of feeding the cattle.
v. To entrust the grazing of their cattle to adults. .
vi. Not to carry weapons such as guns and intimidate farmers.
vii. Not to beat up, injure or kill farmers.
viii. Not to threaten other ethnic groups from rearing cattle.
Ceasefire: No specific mention.
Police: Page 12, Preamble, Article xii
Inadequate land tenure policies that have increased the insecurity and the tendency towards self-defense and retaliation.
Armed forces: No specific mention.
DDR: No specific mention.
Intelligence services: No specific mention.
Parastatal/rebel and opposition group forces: No specific mention.
Withdrawal of foreign forces: No specific mention.
Corruption: No specific mention.
Crime/organised crime: Page 12, Preamble, Article xi
Proliferation of small arms, including automatic and semi-automatic weapons.

Page 15, Section XI, Article ii
Provide co-operation for efforts by Nigeria and State Government of Kaduna to tackle small arms proliferation and end illicit arms trafficking across borders.
Drugs: No specific mention.
Terrorism: No specific mention.

Transitional justice

Transitional justice general: No specific mention.
Amnesty/pardon: No specific mention.
Courts: No specific mention.
Mechanism: No specific mention.
Prisoner release: No specific mention.
Vetting: No specific mention.
Victims: No specific mention.
Missing persons: No specific mention.
Reparations: No specific mention.
Reconciliation: Page 16, Section XVI
To achieve this, we want to be the first to say to each other that we have wronged each other and are sorry for the suffering that each of our communities has contributed to and has suffered even as we understand that reconciliation is difficult and has to be owned by the communities - those who have to live with its consequences.

Implementation

UN signatory: No specific mention.
Other international signatory: No specific mention.
Referendum for agreement: No specific mention.
International mission/force/similar: No specific mention.
Enforcement mechanism: No specific mention.
Related cases: No specific mention.
Source: Centre for Humanitarian Dialogue
https://www.hdcentre.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/Kafanchan-Peace-Declaration-23.03.2016.pdf

THE KAFANCHAN PEACE DECLARATION BETWEEN FARMERS AND GRAZERS

PREAMBLE

Southern Kaduna is characterised by frequent clashes between farmers and grazers over grazing areas.

Both farmers and grazers exacerbate the problem;

grazers in protecting and defending their livestock and farmers in defending their crops.

It is a problem compounded by the availability of small arms.

Nomadic movements require cooperative arrangements with sedentary mainly farmer communities which in many cases does not happen.

Risks of violent conflict increase during the dry season where lack of provision for pastoralist needs for pasture and water lead to invasions on farmland.

We, the parties to this Declaration outline the following as the causes of violence;

Laxity of the cow herders.

Cattle rustling.

Growing number of herds.

Shortage of pasture available for the grazing of cows.

Shortage of farmland.

Reprisal attacks by both farmers and grazers.

Lack of accountability for herders responsible for damage.

Over population.

Porous borders that allow for free entry of cattle across national borders.

Criminal networks operating across borders.

Proliferation of small arms, including automatic and semi-automatic weapons.

Inadequate policing and state security policies that have increased the insecurity and the tendency towards self- defence and retaliation.

Creation of vigilante groups in response to security problems.

Inadequate land tenure policies that have tended towards nomadic communities relying on communal grazing rights.

Clash of traditional models of governance that include access to water and pasture with statute law.

Growing desertification caused by climate change.

Encroachment on grazing reserves.

Displacement of communities.

Fears and mistrust between farmers and grazers.

The use of underage grazers.

The lack of or use of non-use of modernized grazing systems.

RESOLUTIONS

We the communities of Sanga, Kachia, Kaura, Zangon Kataf and Jema’a, having suffered negative effects of violent conflict between us, hereby commit to dialogue and peaceful settlement of disputes without resorting to violence.

We have agreed on the following practical solutions that shall contribute to our peaceful co-existence as farmers and grazers.

VIII.COMMITMENTS AND CLAIMS OF GRAZERS 1.1Commitments

We grazers, commit ourselves to the following in relation to the farmers:

Not to cause injury of farmers.

Not to cause the death of farmers.

Prohibit our herders from letting the cattle invade farms and in the event that this happens, discuss with the farmers on forgiveness or reparation of damages.

In the event of destruction of farmland, encourage herders to contact the owner of the farm, as previously done traditionally.

Not to use insulting, hurtful or abusive words towards the farmer.

Seek amicable solutions, through dialogue, between farmers and grazers and refer unresolved cases to the traditional and religious leaders.

1.2Claims

We grazers, call on the farmers to do as follows;

Not to attack herdsmen.

Not to kill the cattle if found feeding on the crops.

Not to shoot, poison, beat, or injure the cattle.

Not to impound the cattle.

Exhaust local remedies such as commensurate fines before taking grazers to the Police because of cattle trespassing on farms.

Not to burn the fields.

IX.COMMITMENTS AND CLAIMS OF FARMERS 1.3Commitments

We farmers, commit ourselves to the following in relations to the grazers.

Not to cause injuries to herdsmen.

Not to cause the death of herdsmen.

Prohibit our herders from letting the cattle invade farms and in the event that this happens, discuss with the farmers on forgiveness or reparation of damages.

Not to cause the death of cattle, through shooting, poisoning, beating or in any way whatsoever.

Not to use insulting, hurtful or abusive words towards the grazer.

Seek amicable solutions, through dialogue, between farmers and grazers and refer unresolved cases to the traditional and religious leaders.

1.4 Claims

We farmers, ask of the grazers;

Not to graze their cattle on our crops.

Not to attack farmers.

To give clear instructions to herders not to graze on crops.

Not to steal crops from the fields for purposes of feeding the cattle.

To entrust the grazing of their cattle to adults. .

Not to carry weapons such as guns and intimidate farmers.

Not to beat up, injure or kill farmers.

Not to threaten other ethnic groups from rearing cattle.

X.POLICY RECOMMENDATIONS FOR STATE GOVERNMENT OF KADUNA AND FEDERAL GOVERNMENT OF NIGERIA

Establish a clear land-use plan strategically identifying and placing water points for livestock.

This will assist in securing access to water for both farmers and grazers through promotion of shared management of the resource;

mark livestock corridors and stock routes;

identify areas under grazers and farmers ownership;

create cattle resting areas and grazing reserves.

A clear land-use plan decreases potential for conflicts by placing water points away from sensitive zones and enabling risk-free movement for grazers.

Work with communities to identify grazing reserves and areas.

Involve Government security agencies as a last resort after the failure of traditional intervention.

In the programming of projects of public interest, take into consideration the concerns of farmers and grazers.

Demarcate unclaimed land as it legally belongs to the Nigerian State and codify its usage.

Adopt pastoral laws and codes.

Pastoralists, due to their movements, rely mostly on customary and not legally defined grazing reserves that are however increasingly used by either expanding agricultural or industrial activities.

Ensure the security of both farmers and grazers.

Provide technical assistance to grazers to reduce their and their animals’ vulnerability (examples include controlling tsetse flies, ticks, wells as well as cheap or free provision of veterinary services)

Increase bilateral cooperation between countries where transhumance crosses borders.

As nomadic movements are trans-national, dialogue with partnering countries can be decisive in order to tackle the issue on both sides of the border.

Improve Markets to combine both farmers and grazers products enhancing cohesion but also boosting Nigeria’s economy.

Enhance education among nomadic communities, to include peace education and modern ranching methods.

Provide mobile services for nomadic communities such as financial services, mobile libraries, mobile health provision and insurance schemes.

Call for the resuscitation and strengthening of the conflict management committee and dialogue, as enshrined in the Kaduna State Grazing reserves Law of 1987.

XI.RECOMMENDATIONS FOR THE INTERNATIONAL COMMUNITY, CIVIL SOCIETY AND OTHER STAKEHOLDERS WORKING IN KADUNA STATE

Strengthen civil society by;

Establishing and strengthening informal (grazer and farmer) associations and civil society initiatives to increase local dialogue.

Strengthen interdependency between farmers-herders particularly through shared markets, schools and social activities.

Build capacity of farmers and grazers in Alternative Dispute Resolutions mechanisms (ADRs).

Encourage and support policies to enhance the viability of the nomadic life by:

Mainstreaming efforts to prevent conflicts involving farmers and grazers in all development assistance programmes, ensuring that such issues are addressed in organizational strategic plans.

Review the impacts on risks of conflict of current development policies and of laws and regulations relating to land tenure and access to water.

Support programs to ensure access to water and pasture during drought to reduce the risk of violence between farmers and grazers.

Assist farmers and grazers with capital during the dry season to restock their herds and to buy equipment, seeds and other inputs to replenish their farms.

Support the capacity of the Ministry of Agriculture and individual herders to support the modernization of agricultural and livestock production.

Support the development of regulations on land tenure relating to access to access to pasture land and water for both farmers and grazers.

Provide co-operation for efforts by Nigeria and the State Government of Kaduna to tackle small arms proliferation and end illicit arms trafficking across the borders.

Support efforts to strengthen the capacity of communities to prevent and solve communal conflicts by building their capacities on conducting of conflict analysis and alternative dispute resolution methods including customary or traditional procedures.

Support the establishment of farmer/grazer peace and development, conflict prevention and longer-term peace building committees.

Support inclusion of farmer/ grazer women in local level peace-building;

XII.ESTABLISHMENT OF A MONITORING COMMITTEE

A monitoring and dialogue committee made up of farmers and grazers for each LGA shall be set up to ensure respect of the commitments of parties and execution of the following mandate.

Mandate of the Committee

Hold meetings to exchange advice and information

Cooperate and collaborate in tracking and recovering stolen livestock.

Take part in dialogues between farmers and grazers on contested issues.

Ensure respect of this contract between parties.

Facilitate dialogue between the parties in case of conflict.

XIII.SHARED STIPULATIONS

The signatories of this declaration agree to:

Improve co-ordination and information sharing between communities in and across each of the LGAs on conflict prevention and peace-building initiatives.

Identify and disseminate best practice from other parts of Nigeria and the world and lessons learnt with other States.

Improve the representation of women, youth and persons with disability in efforts to address inter communal conflict and commit to ensure gender inclusion elements across all activities in the implementation plans of this Declaration.

XIV.REVIEW OF THIS DECLARATION

We acknowledge that the situation still requires constant monitoring.

We shall therefore meet to review the progress made under this declaration as necessary and in any event no later than three months after its signature.

XV.WALKING FORWARD TOGETHER

The current situation in Southern Kaduna presents challenges and opportunities to harness and utilize resources, deliberately create a shared and broad-based sense of joint efforts and seek solutions, together.

We shall endeavor to find common positions and understanding as means of resolving current problems and averting future violence.

XVI.PUBLIC APOLOGY

We, representing some of the communities from the five Local Government Areas (LGA’s) of Southern Kaduna;

Sanga, Kachia, Kaura, Zangon Kataf and Jema’a cannot in ourselves, deliver reconciliation.

Many of us belong to a generation that remembers when Kaduna was a peaceful place in which ethnic and religious communities co- existed peacefully.

We want to go back to that Kaduna;

a Kaduna in which there is an end to violent conflict and issues are solved amicably.

To achieve this, we want to be the first to say to each other that we have wronged each other and are sorry for the suffering that each of our communities has contributed to and has suffered even as we understand that reconciliation is difficult and has to be owned by the communities – those who have to live with its consequences.

This Declaration is the culmination of the first step of a process that has provided us with the promise that we may yet see the peaceful Kaduna we long for;

a Declaration that makes an important contribution towards creating the conditions to ensure that violence does not occur between us in future.

XVII.SIGNATURES

Founding Signatories:

Comprising representatives of the communities of five Local Government Areas (LGA’s) of Southern Kaduna;

Sanga, Kachia, Kaura, Zangon Kataf and Jema’a who participated in the making of this Declaration and who accept responsibility for upholding its terms.

Witnesses:

Comprising people in any organizational, official or personal capacities who wish to record that they were present at and personally witnessed the signing on March 23rd 2016.

Joining signatories:

Comprising representatives from other communities, groups, or individuals in Kaduna State who wish to embrace this Declaration and share in the responsibilities of furthering its objectives and terms.

Signatories in this category may join at any time in procedures to be established by the Founding Signatories.

Welcoming signatories:

Comprising any other people, anywhere in Nigeria or internationally, who wish to acknowledge this Declaration and welcome its objectives and terms.

Signatories in this category may join at any time in procedures to be established by the Founding Signatories.

KAFANCHAN PEACE DECLARATION AND SIGNATURE PAGE OF THE FIVE (5) FLASHPOINT LGAS OF SOUTHERN KADUNA, KADUNA STATE.

JEMA'A LOCAL GOVERNMENT AREA

NAME

Bajju

1 Samuel Yakubu Ninvio

2 Chief Dakachi Diem Antho

3 Bulus Haruna

4 Mrs. Janet James

5 Reva Cassimir M. Yabo

6 Mr. Greqorv Namadi

Fantswam

1 Mammuda Z. Habu

2 Chief Ayuba Yava

3 Mr. Joseph Yakusa

4 Esther M. Adamu

5 Rev. Joshua Chechet

6 John B. Awodi

Fulani

1 Alh.

Haruna Usman

2 Ardo Sulaiman Yashi

3 Abdufhamid Musa

4 Maryam Suleiman

5 Abubkar S. Sadia

6 Ardo Abubakar Gamba

Gwona

1 Hon .

Hus saini Doqara

2 Sen. Babale Maikarfi

3 Paul M. Bonnet

4 Hon.

Naomi Waziri

5 Mai.

Gen. Adamu Dveri Rt

Hausa

1 Danjuma Musa

Alh. Garba Abdullahi

2 Maisukuni

3 Alh.

Kabir Abdu

4 Maimuna G. Abdullahi

5 Alh.

Kabir Marni Kasim

6 Alh.

Haruna Saluhu

labo

1 Chief Chibu-eze Akpu

5 Hon.

Christopher Oriala

Kaninkon

1 Alh.

Ismail Suleiman

2 William B. Gimba

3 Willisi Sati

4 Monica A Tete

5 Pastor lshaku Maman

6 Samuel B. Tete

Kachia Local Government Area

Adara

1 Norman Shekarau

2 Stephen A. Garba

3 Yusuf Kaura

4 Hauwa Kadarko

5 Rev. Peter Kimbe

6 Stephen Yakubu

Bajju

1 Mr. Musa Adwak

2 Mr. Sani Tawai

3 Raphael Augustine Dogo

4 Mrs. Victoria Anthony

5 Rev. Jesse M allam

6 Mr. Goliath Gandu

Fulani

1 Adamu Dauda

2 Ardo Ayuba Hassan

3 Alh.

Ardo Konkwa

4 Hajiya Karimat u Wakili Mu Mallam Usman Garba

5 Mohammed

6 Alh.

Yusuf Usman

Hausa

1. Alh.

Rabiu Suleiman

2 Sabiu Suleiman

3 Alh.

Sirajo Jibrin

4 Malama Bilkisu Bako

5 Mal.

Idris Yunusa

6 Alh.

Ibrahim Alkasim

Jaba

1 Mr. Danladi Dare

2 Wakili Danjuma Amana

3 Mr. Daniel Shehu

4 Mrs. Theresa Bala

5 Rev. Habila Yohanna

6 Mr. Gabriel Adamu

lkulu

1 Emmanuel Ayuba

2 lshaya Bulus

3 Yakubu Dodo

Kuturmi

1 Capt .

Christopher Maidawa

2 Mr. Samaila Danfu lani

3 Mr. Sunday Yakubu

4 Mrs. Christiana A. Joseph

5 Rev. Ayuba Dagon Yaro

6 Yohanna Danfulan i

Kaura Local Government Area

Fulani

1 Ardo Alhaji Hari

2 Ardo Bayero Ahmadu

3 Alh.

Abubakar Nasiru Nace

4 Hajiya Zainab Adamu

5 Abdullahi Bayero

6 Malam Musa Abubakar

Hausa

1 Kasimu Abubakar (Chr)

2 Mustapha Muhammadu

3 Alh.

Dahiru Mu'azu

4 Maryam Sa'adu

5 Shehu Danjuma

6 Ahmed Haruna

lgbo

1 Chief Sunday Ezekiel

Kagoro

1 Philip N. Suku (Chr)

2 David P. Datiyong

3 Andrew Simon Kazah

4 Mrs. Kande lshaya

5 Rev. Joshua Z. Yamang

6 Ajim Bonatson

Sholio {Moro'a)

1 Naman lshaya Auta

2 Mr. Shehu Abui (Chr)

3 Gideon Laaki Ninyio

4 Mary Julius

5 Rev. Goar

6 Thomas D. Kazah

Takad

1 Ignatius Raymond

2 Mr. Alphonsus Ngu B.

3 Mr. Raphael Soja

4 Angelina I. Boye

5 Rev. lrimiya Zango

6 Rtd.

Pastor Joseph Bak.ugde

Sanga Local Government Area

Ayu

1 Mal.

Labaran Hassan (C

2 Rtd.

lnp Danjuma Garba

3 Dauda Aliyu Abdullahi

4 Ma l am a Salamatu Isa

5 Rev. DadutJohn

6 Mal Musa Abubakar

Fulani

1 Alh.

Alhassan Abdulkari

2 Ardo Abdulrahman Ya'u

3 Malam Usman Sa'idu

4 Hajiya Hairu Yakubu

5 Abdullahi Mohammad

6 Alh.

Dere Kantoma Wak

Gwandara

1 Mr. Danjuma Yakubu

2 Mal Bala Adawet

3 Mal Bala Zakariah (Chr)

4 Mrs. Christiana Bitrus

5 Rev. Danladi Agbun Danboyi

6 Mr. Yohanna Madaki

Hausa

1 Mal Aliyu Adamu

2 Hon Alh.

Salau Babale

3 Mal Bala Aminu

4 Malama Binta Mohammed

5 Mal Musa Abdullahi

6 Yahaya Barau (Chr)

Mada

1 Mr. Daniel Jatau

2 Mr. John Lange

3 Mr. Amos Waziri

4 Mrs. Gloria Monday

5 Rev. Yakubu Bulus

6 Hon Bitrus Danboy Dogari

Nandu

1 Mr. Nuhu Tukura

2 Rtd .

Pastor Yohanna Aloko

3 Mr. Ruben Lawal '

4 Mrs. Jumai Danladi

5 Rev Danladi Ali

6 M r .

Danladi Adamu (Chr)

Ninzo

1 Abdullahi Nuhu

2Mal Aminu Abdullahi

3 Elisha Aku

4 Christie E. Musa

5 Ali Y. Jetau

6 Mr. Joel Adamu Mande (Chr)

Numana

1 Mr. Gambo A. Danjuma (Chr)

2 Chief Jibrin S. Kogi

3 Barr.

I.B. Yakubu

4 Mrs. Comfort Habila

5 Rev. Isa Tanko

6 Rtd.

C.S.C. Adamu Shamaki