Agreement on Establishing a Ceasefire and Cessation of Hostilities

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Country/entity: Bosnia and Herzegovina
Yugoslavia (former)
Region: Europe and Eurasia
Agreement name: Agreement on Establishing a Ceasefire and Cessation of Hostilities
Date: 5 Oct 1992
Agreement status: Multiparty signed/agreed
Interim arrangement: Yes
Agreement/conflict level: Intrastate/intrastate conflict
Balkan Conflicts (1991 - 1995) (1998 - 2001)
Former Yugoslavia

The disintegration of former Yugoslavia post cold war saw conflicts which became mediated and produced peace agreements in Slovenia (where the brief independence conflict was mediated by the EC Troika in 1991), Croatia (between Croatian and Serb populations 1991-1995), in Bosnia (between Croatian, Serb and Bosniak populations 1992-1995), in Macedonia (where mediation played a key pre-emptive role in preventing large scale conflict in 2001), in Kosovo (between Kosovar Albanians and Serbian population and the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (FRY), but also between FRY and NATO, 1998-1999), and a conflict in the Presevo Valley (between Albanians in South Serbia and FRY, 2000-2001). The continued fall-out of the disintegration of former Yugoslavia also saw mediated agreement and ultimate dissolution of the Union between Serbia and Montenegro.

Bosnia-Herzegovina

In 1991, after nationalist parties won the first multi-party elections in the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, a violent process of disintegration commenced. With its mixed population, Bosnia-Herzegovina became the centre of the following civil war that began in 1992 between the newly formed army of the Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina (mostly Muslim Bosniacs), and the parastatal forces of self-declared Bosnian Croat (Herzeg-Bosnia) and Bosnian Serb (Republika Srpska) entities within Bosnia-Herzegovina, supported by Croatia and Serbia, with various, often short-lived, coalitions. The General Framework Agreement (Dayton Peace Agreement), signed in 1995, split the country into two ethno-federal entities, the Bosniak-Croat Federation and the Republika Srpska, and included continued peacekeeping and institutional administration by international actors.

Kosovo

The conflict between Serbs and Kosovar Albanians has a long history and always involved territorial disputes as well as ethno-political, cultural and linguistic factors. The most recent phase of the conflict began in November 1997 when the Albanian Kosovo Liberation Army (KLA or UCK) began their campaign for the independence of Kosovo from the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (FRY – then Serbia and Montenegro). The subsequent war lasted until the NATO intervention, which undertook bombing campaigns of Belgrade and other places in Serbia during spring 1999. The main agreements solving the conflict were internationally driven and, finally, a UNSC resolution imposed a post-conflict arrangement in the wake of what was essentially a NATO military victory. In February 2008, Kosovo’s parliament declared independence, but independence is still internationally disputed.
Stage: Ceasefire/related
Conflict nature: Government/territory
Peace process: Bosnia Local peace processes
Parties: THE REPUBLIKA SRPSKA, REPRESENTED BY:
‐ The Prime Minister, Prof. Branko Djerić,
‐ Deputy Prime Minister Milan Trbojević,
‐ Commander of the Republika Srspka Army, Lieutenant Colonel General Ratko Mladić,
‐ Minister of Defence of the Republika Srpska, Bogdan Subotić
‐ Koljević [name added by hand]

THE HRVATSKA ZAJEDNICA HERCEG‐BOSNA, REPRESENTED BY: [unsigned]

THIS AGREEMENT IS RATIFIED BY:
1. Dr Radovan Karadžić, President of the Republika Srpska
2. Mate Boban, President of the Council of the Hrvatska Zajednica Herceg‐Bosna
Third parties: -
Description: Agreement between the Republika Srpska and Hrvatska Zajednica Herceg‐Bosna for an unconditional and complete ceasefire along the current front lines of conflict. Parties agree not to cooperate with a third (Muslim) party against each other, free movement of civilians and humanitarian aid, prisoner exchange, and establishing cross-government bodies to rebuild infrastructure and boundary demarcation.

Agreement document: BA_921005_Sporazum o prekidu vatre i uspostavi primirja zaklucen izmedju ovlascenih predstavnika_tr.pdf (opens in new tab) | Download PDF
Agreement document (original language): BA_921005_Sporazum o prekidu vatre i uspostavi primirja zaklucen izmedju ovlascenih predstavnika_CR.pdf (opens in new tab)| Download PDF

Groups

Children/youth: No specific mention.
Disabled persons: No specific mention.
Elderly/age: No specific mention.
Migrant workers: No specific mention.
Racial/ethnic/national group: No specific mention.
Religious groups: No specific mention.
Indigenous people: No specific mention.
Other groups: No specific mention.
Refugees/displaced persons: No specific mention.
Social class: No specific mention.

Gender

Women, girls and gender: No specific mention.
Men and boys: No specific mention.
LGBTI: No specific mention.
Family: No specific mention.

State definition

Nature of state (general): No specific mention.
State configuration: No specific mention.
Self determination: No specific mention.
Referendum: No specific mention.
State symbols: No specific mention.
Independence/secession: No specific mention.
Accession/unification: No specific mention.
Border delimitation: No specific mention.
Cross-border provision: No specific mention.

Governance

Political institutions (new or reformed): No specific mention.
Elections: No specific mention.
Electoral commission: No specific mention.
Political parties reform: No specific mention.
Civil society: No specific mention.
Traditional/religious leaders: No specific mention.
Public administration: No specific mention.
Constitution: No specific mention.

Power sharing

Political power sharing: No specific mention.
Territorial power sharing: Power sharing→Territorial power sharing→Other
Page 2, III, 2.
The Parties will establish a joint commission which will work on boundary demarcation; they will also enable the populations in disputed territories to freely express their will on where they want to live, as well as on how they want local and governmental bodies to be formed in these territories.
Economic power sharing: No specific mention.
Military power sharing: No specific mention.

Human rights and equality

Human rights/RoL general: No specific mention.
Bill of rights/similar: No specific mention.
Treaty incorporation: No specific mention.
Civil and political rights: No specific mention.
Socio-economic rights: No specific mention.

Rights related issues

Citizenship: No specific mention.
Democracy: No specific mention.
Detention procedures: No specific mention.
Media and communication: Rights related issues→Media and communication→Media roles
Page 2, II, 1.
The Parties agree to: Form cross‐government bodies ‐ commissions, which will carry out tasks such as establishing vital energy supplies, water, telecommunications, traffic routes, and other supplies/infrastructure such as are beneficial for the population and economy on both sides. Re‐establishing water, power and gas supplies should be made a priority in order to meet the needs of the populations and economy.
Rights related issues→Media and communication→Other
Page 1, I, Item 9.
The parties will establish telephone lines between their respective brigade commanders
and higher command staff.
Mobility/access: Page 1, I, Item 7.
The parties will enable the free supply of humanitarian aid to the affected areas and populations in need.

Page 1, I, Item 8.
The parties will allow free movement of civilians in accordance with their wishes and
needs.
Protection measures: No specific mention.
Other: No specific mention.

Rights institutions

NHRI: No specific mention.
Regional or international human rights institutions: No specific mention.

Justice sector reform

Criminal justice and emergency law: No specific mention.
State of emergency provisions: No specific mention.
Judiciary and courts: No specific mention.
Prisons and detention: No specific mention.
Traditional Laws: No specific mention.

Socio-economic reconstruction

Development or socio-economic reconstruction: Socio-economic reconstruction→Development or socio-economic reconstruction→Humanitarian assistance
Page 1, I, Item 7.
The parties will enable the free supply of humanitarian aid to the affected areas and populations in need.
Socio-economic reconstruction→Development or socio-economic reconstruction→Infrastructure and reconstruction
Page 2, II, 1.
The Parties agree to: Form cross‐government bodies ‐ commissions, which will carry out tasks such as establishing vital energy supplies, water, telecommunications, traffic routes, and other supplies/infrastructure such as are beneficial for the population and economy on both sides. Re‐establishing water, power and gas supplies should be made a priority in order to meet the needs of the populations and economy.
National economic plan: No specific mention.
Natural resources: No specific mention.
International funds: No specific mention.
Business: No specific mention.
Taxation: No specific mention.
Banks: No specific mention.

Land, property and environment

Land reform/rights: No specific mention.
Pastoralist/nomadism rights: No specific mention.
Cultural heritage: No specific mention.
Environment: No specific mention.
Water or riparian rights or access: Page 2, II, 1.
The Parties agree to: Form cross‐government bodies ‐ commissions, which will carry out tasks such as establishing vital energy supplies, water, telecommunications, traffic routes, and other supplies/infrastructure such as are beneficial for the population and economy on both sides. Re‐establishing water, power and gas supplies should be made a priority in order to meet the needs of the populations and economy.

Security sector

Security Guarantees: No specific mention.
Ceasefire: Security sector→Ceasefire→Ceasefire provision
Page 1, I, Item 1.
An unconditional and complete ceasefire and cessation of hostilities will come into force on 7 October 1992, at midnight.

Page 1, I, Item 2.
The specific terms of the unconditional and complete ceasefire are as follows:
‐ current front lines may not be moved,
‐ no arms and equipment may be used,
‐ forces and equipment may not be re‐grouped; forces may not be deployed onto the front line except when this involves replacing or providing rest for the forces, which is to be planned in advance and both parties will be required to give 24 hours’ notice before such activities occur,
‐ parties may not supply forces, arms, ammunition and military equipment to a third (Muslim) party within their own territory.

Page 1, I, Item 3.
All parties to the Agreement are required to give 24 hours’ notice if they want to replace
their forces from the front line or withdraw their forces from the front to the rear.

Page 1, I, Item 4.
All parties will unconditionally withdraw, and may not deploy or use military or
paramilitary forces outside their own territories.
Police: No specific mention.
Armed forces: No specific mention.
DDR: No specific mention.
Intelligence services: No specific mention.
Parastatal/rebel and opposition group forces: Page 1, I, Item 2.
The specific terms of the unconditional and complete ceasefire are as follows:
... ‐ parties may not supply forces, arms, ammunition and military equipment to a third (Muslim) party within their own territory.

Page 1, I, Item 5.
The parties may not cooperate with or engage in any manner with a third (Muslim) party against a party which is a signatory to the Agreement.
Withdrawal of foreign forces: No specific mention.
Corruption: No specific mention.
Crime/organised crime: No specific mention.
Drugs: No specific mention.
Terrorism: No specific mention.

Transitional justice

Transitional justice general: No specific mention.
Amnesty/pardon: No specific mention.
Courts: No specific mention.
Mechanism: No specific mention.
Prisoner release: Page 1, I, Item 6.
The parties agree to an unconditional exchange of all prisoners of war and civilians. The
final deadline for the exchange is 15 October 1992.
Vetting: No specific mention.
Victims: No specific mention.
Missing persons: No specific mention.
Reparations: No specific mention.
Reconciliation: No specific mention.

Implementation

UN signatory: No specific mention.
Other international signatory: No specific mention.
Referendum for agreement: No specific mention.
International mission/force/similar: Page 2, I, Item 10.
International monitoring forces (members of UNPROFOR) will be deployed inside the ceasefire zone to supervise and control the peace agreement.
Enforcement mechanism: No specific mention.
Related cases: No specific mention.
Source: Slobodan Praljak
www.slobodanpraljak.com

AGREEMENT

ON ESTABLISHING A CEASEFIRE AND CESSATION OF HOSTILITIES BETWEEN OFFICIAL REPRESENTATIVES FROM

A) THE REPUBLIKA SRSPSKA, REPRESENTED BY:

- The Prime Minister, Prof. Branko Djerić,

- Deputy Prime Minister Milan Trbojević,

- Commander of the Republika Srspka Army, Lieutenant Colonel General Ratko Mladić,

- Minister of Defence of the Republika Srpska, Bogdan Subotić

- Koljević [name added by hand]

B) THE HRVATSKA ZAJEDNICA HERCEG-BOSNA, REPRESENTED BY:

All parties present agreed the following:

Item 1. -

An unconditional and complete ceasefire and cessation of hostilities will come into force on 7 October 1992, at midnight.

Item 2. -

The specific terms of the unconditional and complete ceasefire are as follows:

- current front lines may not be moved,

- no arms and equipment may be used,

- forces and equipment may not be re-grouped;

forces may not be deployed onto the front line except when this involves replacing or providing rest for the forces, which is to be planned in advance and both parties will be required to give 24 hours’ notice before such activities occur,

- parties may not supply forces, arms, ammunition and military equipment to a third (Muslim) party within their own territory.

Item 3. -

All parties to the Agreement are required to give 24 hours’ notice if they want to replace their forces from the front line or withdraw their forces from the front to the rear.

Item 4. -

All parties will unconditionally withdraw, and may not deploy or use military or para-military forces outside their own territories.

Item 5. -

The parties may not cooperate with or engage in any manner with a third (Muslim) party against a party which is a signatory to the Agreement.

Item 6. -

The parties agree to an unconditional exchange of all prisoners of war and civilians.

The final deadline for the exchange is 15 October 1992.

Item 7. -

The parties will enable the free supply of humanitarian aid to the affected areas and populations in need.

Item 8. -

The parties will allow free movement of civilians in accordance with their wishes and needs.

Item 9. -

The parties will establish telephone lines between their respective brigade commanders and higher command staff.

Item 10. -

International monitoring forces (members of UNPROFOR) will be deployed inside the ceasefire zone to supervise and control the peace agreement.

The Parties agree to:

Form cross-government bodies - commissions, which will carry out tasks such as establishing vital energy supplies, water, telecommunications, traffic routes, and other supplies/infrastructure such as are beneficial for the population and economy on both sides.

Re-establishing water, power and gas supplies should be made a priority in order to meet the needs of the populations and economy.

III

[illegible handwritten addition]

1. The Parties agree to mutually recognise each other, to withdraw their representatives from the governing bodies and the Presidency of the former Bosnia and Herzegovina or to officially renounce their activities and actions.

2. The Parties will establish a joint commission which will work on boundary demarcation;

they will also enable the populations in disputed territories to freely express their will on where they want to live, as well as on how they want local and governmental bodies to be formed in these territories.

FOR THE REPUBLIKA SRPSKA FOR THE HRVATSKA ZAJEDNICA HERCEG-BOSNA

Prime Minister

Prof. Branko Djerić

THIS AGREEMENT IS RATIFIED BY:

1. Dr Radovan Karadžić, President of the Republika Srpska

2. Mate Boban, President of the Council of the Hrvatska Zajednica Herceg-Bosna

Pečuj, 5 October 1992