Agreement between the Government of the Russian Federation, the Government of the People's Republic of China, and the Government of Mongolia on the determination of the points of junction of the national borders of the three states

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Country/entity: China
Mongolia
Russia
Region: Asia and Pacific
Europe and Eurasia
Agreement name: Agreement between the Government of the Russian Federation, the Government of the People's Republic of China, and the Government of Mongolia on the determination of the points of junction of the national borders of the three states
Date: 27 Jan 1994
Agreement status: Multiparty signed/agreed
Interim arrangement: Yes
Agreement/conflict level: Interstate/interstate conflict
Sino-Soviet Border Conflict (1969 - 1991)
Lasting 7 months, this undeclared border war erupted at the height of the Sino-Soviet split in March 1969 in the area of Zhenbao on the Wusuli River. Ten years earlier, the two allies had stood as champions of communism. Indeed, Soviet Russia played a key role in supporting Communist rebels against the nationalist Koumintang. However, relations soured over differences in ideology and leadership and although a border treaty was drawn up in 1965, Nikita Krushchev refused to sign after allegations by Mao Zedong were leaked that Tsarist Russia had stripped China of its historical territory. Accounts of the conflict vary between Chinese and Russian historians. Nonetheless, a People's Liberation Army raid on a Soviet border outpost on March 2, 1969 left over a hundred dead. Although, the conflict brought both countries to the brink of a greater war, with troops amassing on both sides, this outcome was avoided. The conflict was formally ended in September 1991 with the first border demarcation agreement.Other agreements were signed with formerly-Soviet States included Kazakhstan.
Stage: Framework/substantive - partial
Conflict nature: Territory
Peace process: Russia-China-Central Asian borders interstate process
Parties: Governments of Russian Federation; People's Republic of China; People's Republic of Mongolia
Third parties: -
Description: Agreement delineating the border junction of Mongolia, Russia and China and establishes a joint working group to be located at the eastern border junction to describe and establish protocols for the two junctions.

Agreement document: CN_RU_940127_Agreement between the Government of the Russian Federation, the Government of the People's Republic of China, and the Government of Mongolia on the determination of the points of junction.pdf (opens in new tab) | Download PDF
Agreement document (original language): CN_RU_940127_Agreement between the Government of the Russian Federation, the Government of the People's Republic of China, and the Government of Mongolia on the determination of the points of junction_RU.pdf (opens in new tab)| Download PDF

Groups

Children/youth: No specific mention.
Disabled persons: No specific mention.
Elderly/age: No specific mention.
Migrant workers: No specific mention.
Racial/ethnic/national group: No specific mention.
Religious groups: No specific mention.
Indigenous people: No specific mention.
Other groups: No specific mention.
Refugees/displaced persons: No specific mention.
Social class: No specific mention.

Gender

Women, girls and gender: No specific mention.
Men and boys: No specific mention.
LGBTI: No specific mention.
Family: No specific mention.

State definition

Nature of state (general): Page 1, Guided by the principles of mutual respect for sovereignty, territorial integrity, equality and mutual benefit, and peaceful coexistence,
State configuration: No specific mention.
Self determination: No specific mention.
Referendum: No specific mention.
State symbols: No specific mention.
Independence/secession: No specific mention.
Accession/unification: No specific mention.
Border delimitation: Page 1, Article 1
The eastern junction of the border between China, Russia and Mongolia is located in the centre of Tarbes-Dah at the height of 645. This point is located about 5km south of the territory of the Russian Federation marked at height 741.4, approximately 14.8km north of the territory of Mount Xilin Haolayin-Ula located in the People’s Republic of China at 709 and approximately 6.1km east-north-east of the territory in Mongolia at 692.4.

At the east junction of the three borders (Tarbes-Dah) a boundary marker will be set, consisting of a single border post at number ‘0’). The rectangular coordinates of the east point of junction of the frontiers of the three states are determined instrumentally.

Page 2, Article 2
The west point of junction between Russia, China and Mongolia is on the top of Mt. Tavan Bogd-Ula (Kuytunshan, Tavan Bogd-Ula) marked at 4082.0 and (4104.0). This point is located approximately 9.4km west-southwest of the Russian territory marked at 3511.5, about 4.8km north-northeast of the Chinese territory marked at 3608.0 and approximately 6.1km west-northwest of Mongolian territory marked at the height of 3884.0.
The Contracting Parties have agreed not to mark the west point junction on the ground between the three states. The Rectangular coordinates of the west point junction the borders of three states is determined instrumentally.

Page 2, Article 3
Referred to in article 1 of this Agreement the Eastern Point border junction of the three states is shown on the map of the Russian party with the scale of 1:100000, the 1981 edition (annex 1).
1. Referred to in article 2 of this Agreement the Western border junction point of the three states is shown on the map of the Russian party with the scale of 1:100000, the 1982 edition (annex 2).
2. These maps are the annexed to this Agreement. The above-mentioned distance and points heights are on the Maps.
The geographical names are designated in the Russian, Chinese and Mongolian languages.

Page 2, Article 4
[Summary] Article establishes a joint working group to be stationed at East border junction 'Tarbes-Dah' to establish protocols and descriptions of the two border junctions.
Cross-border provision: Page 2, Article 4
[Summary] Article establishes a joint working group to be stationed at East border junction 'Tarbes-Dah' to establish protocols and descriptions of the two border junctions.

Governance

Political institutions (new or reformed): No specific mention.
Elections: No specific mention.
Electoral commission: No specific mention.
Political parties reform: No specific mention.
Civil society: No specific mention.
Traditional/religious leaders: No specific mention.
Public administration: No specific mention.
Constitution: No specific mention.

Power sharing

Political power sharing: No specific mention.
Territorial power sharing: No specific mention.
Economic power sharing: No specific mention.
Military power sharing: No specific mention.

Human rights and equality

Human rights/RoL general: No specific mention.
Bill of rights/similar: No specific mention.
Treaty incorporation: No specific mention.
Civil and political rights: No specific mention.
Socio-economic rights: No specific mention.

Rights related issues

Citizenship: No specific mention.
Democracy: No specific mention.
Detention procedures: No specific mention.
Media and communication: No specific mention.
Mobility/access: No specific mention.
Protection measures: No specific mention.
Other: No specific mention.

Rights institutions

NHRI: No specific mention.
Regional or international human rights institutions: No specific mention.

Justice sector reform

Criminal justice and emergency law: No specific mention.
State of emergency provisions: No specific mention.
Judiciary and courts: No specific mention.
Prisons and detention: No specific mention.
Traditional Laws: No specific mention.

Socio-economic reconstruction

Development or socio-economic reconstruction: No specific mention.
National economic plan: No specific mention.
Natural resources: No specific mention.
International funds: No specific mention.
Business: No specific mention.
Taxation: No specific mention.
Banks: No specific mention.

Land, property and environment

Land reform/rights: No specific mention.
Pastoralist/nomadism rights: No specific mention.
Cultural heritage: No specific mention.
Environment: No specific mention.
Water or riparian rights or access: No specific mention.

Security sector

Security Guarantees: No specific mention.
Ceasefire: No specific mention.
Police: No specific mention.
Armed forces: No specific mention.
DDR: No specific mention.
Intelligence services: No specific mention.
Parastatal/rebel and opposition group forces: No specific mention.
Withdrawal of foreign forces: No specific mention.
Corruption: No specific mention.
Crime/organised crime: No specific mention.
Drugs: No specific mention.
Terrorism: No specific mention.

Transitional justice

Transitional justice general: No specific mention.
Amnesty/pardon: No specific mention.
Courts: No specific mention.
Mechanism: No specific mention.
Prisoner release: No specific mention.
Vetting: No specific mention.
Victims: No specific mention.
Missing persons: No specific mention.
Reparations: No specific mention.
Reconciliation: No specific mention.

Implementation

UN signatory: No specific mention.
Other international signatory: No specific mention.
Referendum for agreement: No specific mention.
International mission/force/similar: No specific mention.
Enforcement mechanism: No specific mention.
Related cases: No specific mention.
Source: Lawru: http://old.lawru.info/base33/part6/d33ru6020.htm

Agreement between the Government of the Russian Federation, the Government of the People's Republic of China, and the Government of Mongolia on the determination of the points of junction of the national borders of the three states

Ulaanbaatar, 27 January 1994

The Government of the Russian Federation, the Government of China Republic of China and the Government of Mongolia, hereinafter referred to as the Contracting Parties,

In order to strengthen and develop friendly and good-neighborly relations between the three States,

Guided by the principles of mutual respect for sovereignty, territorial integrity, equality and mutual benefit, and peaceful coexistence,

In an effort to make the border areas of the three states a zone of lasting peace, friendship and cooperation,

On the basis of the need for a treaty determining the points of junction of the national borders of the three states,

In accordance with the Agreement on the Eastern Section of the Boundary between the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics and the People's Republic of China of 16 May 1991, as well as relevant Russian and Chinese Treaties on the border between the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics and the People’s Republic of Mongolia in the western section from mark 4104.0 at the top of Mount Tavan Bogd-Ula (Tavan Bogd) to the top of Askhatiin-Dabani Ridge (Asgat Pass Ridge) going east to mark 2855.8 on the top of Big Sayan Ridge to Tarvagan Dah of 19 October 1976, and the Treaty on the State Border between the People’s Republic of Mongolia and the People’s Republic of China of 26 December 1962.

Have agreed on the following:

Article 1

The eastern junction of the border between China, Russia and Mongolia is located in the centre of Tarbes-Dah at the height of 645.

This point is located about 5km south of the territory of the Russian Federation marked at height 741.4, approximately 14.8km north of the territory of Mount Xilin Haolayin-Ula located in the People’s Republic of China at 709 and approximately 6.1km east-north-east of the territory in Mongolia at 692.4.

At the east junction of the three borders (Tarbes-Dah) a boundary marker will be set, consisting of a single border post at number ‘0’).

The rectangular coordinates of the east point of junction of the frontiers of the three states are determined instrumentally.

Article 2

The west point of junction between Russia, China and Mongolia is on the top of Mt. Tavan Bogd-Ula (Kuytunshan, Tavan Bogd-Ula) marked at 4082.0 and (4104.0).

This point is located approximately 9.4km west-southwest of the Russian territory marked at 3511.5, about 4.8km north-northeast of the Chinese territory marked at 3608.0 and approximately 6.1km west-northwest of Mongolian territory marked at the height of 3884.0.

The Contracting Parties have agreed not to mark the west point junction on the ground between the three states.

The Rectangular coordinates of the west point junction the borders of three states is determined instrumentally.

Article 3

Referred to in article 1 of this Agreement the Eastern Point border junction of the three states is shown on the map of the Russian party with the scale of 1:100000, the 1981 edition (annex 1).

Referred to in article 2 of this Agreement the Western border junction point of the three states is shown on the map of the Russian party with the scale of 1:100000, the 1982 edition (annex 2).

These maps are the annexed to this Agreement.

The above-mentioned distance and points heights are on the Maps.

The geographical names are designated in the Russian, Chinese and Mongolian languages.

Article 4

To determine the specific provisions of the two junction points of the state borders of the Russian Federation, China and Mongolia, the parties decided to establish a joint working group responsible for the establishment of protocols and descriptions of the two border junctions of the three States, annexed to the Protocol and the description of the East border junction on the Map on the scale 1:10000, annexed to the protocol, and the description of West border junction on the maps on the scale 1:25000, to be installed at East border junction at "Tarbes-Dah" and the protocol specified border mark.

The above Protocols, descriptions attached to the map and the protocol of the border plate signed by the Contracting Parties.

After the entry into force of the specified the documentation the work of the Joint Working Group is complete.

The present Agreement shall enter into force from the moment of signing.

Done in Ulaanbaatar on 27 January 1994 in three copies, each in the Russian and Chinese and Mongolian languages, all three texts are of equal force.

(Signatures)