Protocol between the Government of the Russian Federation, the Government of Mongolia, and the Government of the People's Republic of China, describing the western junction point of the borders of the three states

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Country/entity: China
Mongolia
Russia
Region: Asia and Pacific
Europe and Eurasia
Agreement name: Protocol between the Government of the Russian Federation, the Government of Mongolia, and the Government of the People's Republic of China, describing the western junction point of the borders of the three states
Date: 24 Jun 1996
Agreement status: Multiparty signed/agreed
Interim arrangement: Yes
Agreement/conflict level: Interstate/interstate conflict
Sino-Soviet Border Conflict (1969 - 1991)
Lasting 7 months, this undeclared border war erupted at the height of the Sino-Soviet split in March 1969 in the area of Zhenbao on the Wusuli River. Ten years earlier, the two allies had stood as champions of communism. Indeed, Soviet Russia played a key role in supporting Communist rebels against the nationalist Koumintang. However, relations soured over differences in ideology and leadership and although a border treaty was drawn up in 1965, Nikita Krushchev refused to sign after allegations by Mao Zedong were leaked that Tsarist Russia had stripped China of its historical territory. Accounts of the conflict vary between Chinese and Russian historians. Nonetheless, a People's Liberation Army raid on a Soviet border outpost on March 2, 1969 left over a hundred dead. Although, the conflict brought both countries to the brink of a greater war, with troops amassing on both sides, this outcome was avoided. The conflict was formally ended in September 1991 with the first border demarcation agreement.Other agreements were signed with formerly-Soviet States included Kazakhstan.
Stage: Framework/substantive - partial
Conflict nature: Territory
Peace process: Russia-China-Central Asian borders interstate process
Parties: Government of the Russian Federation, the Mongolian People’s Federation and the Government of the People’s Republic of China
Third parties: -
Description: Short agreement following up on the 1994 Ulanbatoor Agreement delimiting the western junction of the borders of Russia, Mongolia and China.

Agreement document: CN_RU_MN_960624_Protocol West Junction Border.pdf (opens in new tab) | Download PDF
Agreement document (original language): CN_RU_940127_Agreement between the Government of the Russian Federation, the Government of the People's Republic of China, and the Government of Mongolia on the determination of the points of junction_RU.pdf (opens in new tab)| Download PDF

Groups

Children/youth: No specific mention.
Disabled persons: No specific mention.
Elderly/age: No specific mention.
Migrant workers: No specific mention.
Racial/ethnic/national group: No specific mention.
Religious groups: No specific mention.
Indigenous people: No specific mention.
Other groups: No specific mention.
Refugees/displaced persons: No specific mention.
Social class: No specific mention.

Gender

Women, girls and gender: No specific mention.
Men and boys: No specific mention.
LGBTI: No specific mention.
Family: No specific mention.

State definition

Nature of state (general): No specific mention.
State configuration: No specific mention.
Self determination: No specific mention.
Referendum: No specific mention.
State symbols: No specific mention.
Independence/secession: No specific mention.
Accession/unification: No specific mention.
Border delimitation: Page 1, Article 1
The western junction of the state borders of Russia, Mongolia and China is at the top of Mt Tavan Bodg-Ula (Tavan Bogd, Kuytunshan) at 4028.0m. This point is located 2297m south-southeast of Russia territory at the height of 3266.3m; 1865m west-northwest of Mongolian territory at the height of 3828.2m, and 4002m northeast of Chinese territory at the height of 3550.0m
The coordinates of these points are defined instrumentally on the ground no with more than 5m error, the heights are from the map published in the USSR in 1982 at the scale of 1:100,000. Coordinates and heights shown in the Baltic system.
The coordinates of the point of Western junction:
B=49-10’13,5 latitude north
L=87-48’56,3 longitude east
Rectangular:
X = 5448994,9 m, the Y = 15,559,477.9 m, height = 4082.0.
Due to the fact that this point is at the top, covered with eternal snow, in a remote place, the Contracting Parties have agreed not to establish border sign.

Page 1, Article 2
The location of the point of western junction of the borders of the Russian Federation, the People’s Republic of China, and Mongolia is marked by a red circle, and the borders are marked by a red line on the map with a scale of 1:25,000, which is annexed to this protocol along with a description.

Page 2, Article 3
The three state borders from the western junction go in the following directions:
The state border between Russia and Mongolia follows the Saylyugem (Siylhemiyn Nuru Saylyugemu) watershed in the north-east and then in a general easterly direction;
The state border between Mongolia and China follows the Mongolian Altai (Mongolian Altayn Nuru Aertayshanmay) watershed first in a south-south-easterly direction and then south.
The state borders between Russia and China follows the Southern Altai (Omnod Altayn Nuru Aertayshan) first in a south-westerly direction and then west.
Cross-border provision: No specific mention.

Governance

Political institutions (new or reformed): No specific mention.
Elections: No specific mention.
Electoral commission: No specific mention.
Political parties reform: No specific mention.
Civil society: No specific mention.
Traditional/religious leaders: No specific mention.
Public administration: No specific mention.
Constitution: No specific mention.

Power sharing

Political power sharing: No specific mention.
Territorial power sharing: No specific mention.
Economic power sharing: No specific mention.
Military power sharing: No specific mention.

Human rights and equality

Human rights/RoL general: No specific mention.
Bill of rights/similar: No specific mention.
Treaty incorporation: No specific mention.
Civil and political rights: No specific mention.
Socio-economic rights: No specific mention.

Rights related issues

Citizenship: No specific mention.
Democracy: No specific mention.
Detention procedures: No specific mention.
Media and communication: No specific mention.
Mobility/access: No specific mention.
Protection measures: No specific mention.
Other: No specific mention.

Rights institutions

NHRI: No specific mention.
Regional or international human rights institutions: No specific mention.

Justice sector reform

Criminal justice and emergency law: No specific mention.
State of emergency provisions: No specific mention.
Judiciary and courts: No specific mention.
Prisons and detention: No specific mention.
Traditional Laws: No specific mention.

Socio-economic reconstruction

Development or socio-economic reconstruction: No specific mention.
National economic plan: No specific mention.
Natural resources: No specific mention.
International funds: No specific mention.
Business: No specific mention.
Taxation: No specific mention.
Banks: No specific mention.

Land, property and environment

Land reform/rights: No specific mention.
Pastoralist/nomadism rights: No specific mention.
Cultural heritage: No specific mention.
Environment: No specific mention.
Water or riparian rights or access: No specific mention.

Security sector

Security Guarantees: No specific mention.
Ceasefire: No specific mention.
Police: No specific mention.
Armed forces: No specific mention.
DDR: No specific mention.
Intelligence services: No specific mention.
Parastatal/rebel and opposition group forces: No specific mention.
Withdrawal of foreign forces: No specific mention.
Corruption: No specific mention.
Crime/organised crime: No specific mention.
Drugs: No specific mention.
Terrorism: No specific mention.

Transitional justice

Transitional justice general: No specific mention.
Amnesty/pardon: No specific mention.
Courts: No specific mention.
Mechanism: No specific mention.
Prisoner release: No specific mention.
Vetting: No specific mention.
Victims: No specific mention.
Missing persons: No specific mention.
Reparations: No specific mention.
Reconciliation: No specific mention.

Implementation

UN signatory: No specific mention.
Other international signatory: No specific mention.
Referendum for agreement: No specific mention.
International mission/force/similar: No specific mention.
Enforcement mechanism: No specific mention.
Related cases: No specific mention.
Source: http://old.lawru.info/base32/part9/d32ru9848.htm

Protocol between the Government of the Russian Federation, the Government of Mongolia, and the Government of the People's Republic of China, describing the western junction point of the borders of the three states

Beijing, June 24, 1996

The Government of the Russian Federation, the Government of the People’s Republic of China and the Government of the Mongolian People’s Republic (hereinafter referred to as the contracting parties),

Considering the Joint Sino-Russia-Mongolian Working Group, in accordance with the Agreement between the Government of the Russian Federation, the Mongolian People’s Federation and the Government of the People’s Republic of China on determining the Western junction of the borders of the three states from January 27, 1994, have agreed as follows:

Article 1

The western junction of the state borders of Russia, Mongolia and China is at the top of Mt Tavan Bodg-Ula (Tavan Bogd, Kuytunshan) at 4028.0m. This point is located 2297m south-southeast of Russia territory at the height of 3266.3m;

1865m west-northwest of Mongolian territory at the height of 3828.2m, and 4002m northeast of Chinese territory at the height of 3550.0m

The coordinates of these points are defined instrumentally on the ground no with more than 5m error, the heights are from the map published in the USSR in 1982 at the scale of 1:100,000.

Coordinates and heights shown in the Baltic system.

The coordinates of the point of Western junction:

B=49-10’13,5 latitude north

L=87-48’56,3 longitude east

Rectangular:

X = 5448994,9 m, the Y = 15,559,477.9 m, height = 4082.0.

Due to the fact that this point is at the top, covered with eternal snow, in a remote place, the Contracting Parties have agreed not to establish border sign.

Article 2

The location of the point of western junction of the borders of the Russian Federation, the People’s Republic of China, and Mongolia is marked by a red circle, and the borders are marked by a red line on the map with a scale of 1:25,000, which is annexed to this protocol along with a description.

Article 3

The three state borders from the western junction go in the following directions:

The state border between Russia and Mongolia follows the Saylyugem (Siylhemiyn Nuru Saylyugemu) watershed in the north-east and then in a general easterly direction;

The state border between Mongolia and China follows the Mongolian Altai (Mongolian Altayn Nuru Aertayshanmay) watershed first in a south-southeasterly direction and then south.

The state borders between Russia and China follows the Southern Altai (Omnod Altayn Nuru Aertayshan) first in a southwesterly direction and then west.

Article 4

This protocol comes into force from the date of the last written notification of the completion of appropriate procedures in accordance with the laws of each contracting party.

Completed at Beijing on June 24, 1996, in triplicate in the Russian, Mongolian and Chinese languages, all three texts are equally authentic.