Decision of 28 April 1998 on additional measures for the settlement of the conflict in Abkhazia, Georgia, The Council of Heads of State of the Commonwealth of Independent State

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Country/entity: Georgia
Abkhazia
Region: Europe and Eurasia
Agreement name: Decision of 28 April 1998 on additional measures for the settlement of the conflict in Abkhazia, Georgia, The Council of Heads of State of the Commonwealth of Independent State
Date: 28 Apr 1998
Agreement status: Multiparty signed/agreed
Interim arrangement: Yes
Agreement/conflict level: Intrastate/intrastate conflict
Georgian Separatist Conflicts (1989 - )
The Abkhazia-Georgia Conflict (1992 - )
Much like other conflicts that sprung up in the wake of the collapse of the Soviet Union, the Abkhazia conflict emerged as an ethnic conflict following heighten nationalist awareness among Abkhaz and other minorities residing in the region. In 1978, protests against the Georgianization of Abkhazia emerged from Abkhaz intellectuals. Towards the end of the 1980s, both Georgian and Abkhaz nationalists demanded independence from the Soviet Union. Tensions began following clashes at Sukhumi University between pro-Unity protestors and Abkhaz nationalists in April-July 1989. However, the conflict remained a legal conflict up until August 1992 following the 1991 elections, wherein Abkhazians felt they were under-represented. War broke out between Abkhaz separatists, supported by Russian forces and hired fighters from the North Caucus. Within Abkhazia, Abkhaz separatists were generally supported by ethnically Armenian and Russian residents. Within Georgia the conflict was exacerbated following conflict in South Ossetia from 1989 onwards in addition to political strife between the supporters of the ousted president, Zviad Gamsakurdia, and the post-coup government led by Eduard Shevardnadze.

Significant human rights abuses occurred, particularly after the capture of Sukhumi in September 1993, after which Georgian residents, which consisted of 45 per cent of the population in 1989, were faced with mass expulsion and ethnic cleansing. Russian Peacekeepers acting under the umbrella of the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS), were deployed on the Abkhazia-Georgia line following a ceasefire in 1994. Atrocities towards ethnic Georgian’s continued with over 1,500 deaths post-conflict. In 1998 fighting re-erupted following a flare up of fighting in South Ossetia. Again it was resolved with a ceasefire agreement. However, as of 2016 the conflict remains unresolved.

The Russio-Georgian War (South Ossetia) (1989 - )
Following heightened nationalist awareness among Ossetians and policies undertaken at the expense of ethnic minorities by the Georgian government led by President Gamsakurdia, calls for Ossetian Independence increased. After clashes broke out in Tskhinvali during a pro-Georgia protest, the conflict began to militarize. When President Gamsakurdia maintained his position after elections in 1990, which were boycotted by South Ossetia, Ossetians organised elections for their own parliament. The central Georgian government reacted by abolishing the autonomous status previously held by South Ossetia. The formation of ethnic militias and increased attacks on civilians escalated on both sides and in December 1990 a state of emergency and an economic blockade were declared. Fighting was haphazard as fighters on both sides were poorly equipped and disciplined. The Georgian National Guard was primarily formed of volunteers due to a lack of resources and as a result fighters often acted out of self-interest. Assaults on Tskhinvali by Georgian forces were repulsed on several occasions, and Georgian forces were also noted to expel Ossetian residents and destroy villages out of revenge and as a means to re-claim territory.

The Sochi agreement (1992) established a ceasefire and security corridor, as well as divided the territory between Georgian and Ossetian administration. Relations deteriorated drastically in April 2008, and following shelling of Georgian villages on August 1, the Georgian military responded in force retaking most of Tskhinvali by August 7. Russian forces intervened on behalf of Ossetian separatists and after retaking Tskihvali, opened another front in the Kordori Gorge. A ceasefire was brokered on August 12, and the Kremlin declared its recognition of the territories of South Ossetia and Abkhazia on August 26. Russian forces have since strengthened their military presence in those regions in violation of the ceasefire.
Stage: Framework/substantive - partial
Conflict nature: Government/territory
Peace process: Abkhazia peace process
Parties: CIS states:
For the Republic of Armenia - R. KOCHARYAN
For the Republic of Moldova [unsigned]
For the Azerbaijani Republic - G. ALIYEV
For the Russian Federation - B. YELTSIN
For the Republic of Belarus [unsigned]
For the Republic of Tajikistan [unsigned]
For Georgia - E. SHEVARDNADZE
For Turkmenistan [unsigned]
For the Republic of Kazakhstan - N . NAZARBAEV
For Ukraine - [unsigned]
For the Kyrgyz Republic - A. AKAEV
For the Republic of Uzbekistan - I. KARIMOV
Third parties: -
Description: Decided to extend stay of Collective Peacekeeping Forces (CPF). Agreed to draw up plan to re-deploy CPF and called on members of CPF to take more active part in peacekeeping. Expressed concern that decision of 28 March 1997 (expansion of peacekeeping forces) remained unimplemented and agreed any further delay in process of return of refugees/displaced persons was inadmissible. Parties also agreed to seek cooperation of international community in resolving socio-economic and humanitarian problems.

Agreement document: GE_980428_Decision on additional measures for the settlement of the conflict.pdf (opens in new tab) | Download PDF

Groups

Children/youth: No specific mention.
Disabled persons: No specific mention.
Elderly/age: No specific mention.
Migrant workers: No specific mention.
Racial/ethnic/national group: No specific mention.
Religious groups: No specific mention.
Indigenous people: No specific mention.
Other groups: No specific mention.
Refugees/displaced persons: Groups→Refugees/displaced persons→Substantive
Page 2, Has decided:
... 2. To regard as inadmissible any further delay in the process of the organized return of refugees and displaced persons throughout the territory of Abkhazia and ta demand urgently that the organized return of refugees and displaced persons should begin and that their return to the Gali district (within the old borders) should be completed by the end of 1998 on the basis of the mechanisms worked aut by representatives of the parties, the Russian Federation and the Office of the United Nations High Cornrnissioner far Refugees, Only in irnrnediate, direct coordination with the process of the steady, organized return of refugees and displaced persons, above all ta the Gali district (within the old borders), should action be taken far the economic recovery of the region and the normalization of the border and customs regimes, To recornrnend urgently that the parties ta the conflict should consider and resolve the question of the establishment, at the stage of the return of refugees and the full normalization of life in the Gali district (within the old borders), ofa temporary transitional administration, which would work with the direct participation of the intermediaries, the United Nations and OSCE;

Page 2, Has decided:
... 3. That the CPF cornrnand, in coordination with the parties, should ensure the implementation of the measures envisaged in the decision of the Council of Heads of State of the Cornrnonwealth of 28 March 1997. Within one month, on the basis of a mechanism worked aut by the parties to the conflict, a plan should be drawn up ta redeploy CPF, including a plan ta bring the Unified Headquarters of CPF closer ta areas in which CPF units are deployed, and other measures associated with the organized return of refugees and displaced persons, especially to the Gali district (within the old borders).
The CPF cornrnand should devote increased attention ta ensuring, in accordance with the CPF mandate, the safe operation of vitally important structures in the
security zone, in particular, the Inguri hydroelectric power station, bridges, the water supply system, and sa on;

Page 2-3, Has decided:
... 4. ... In the event of opposition ta the return of refugees and the emergence of a threat ta peace and security in the region, ta consider the question of introducing appropriate changes in the nature and content of the peacekeeping operation on the basis of the appropriate provisions of the Charter of the United Nations applicable in such cases;
Social class: No specific mention.

Gender

Women, girls and gender: No specific mention.
Men and boys: No specific mention.
LGBTI: No specific mention.
Family: No specific mention.

State definition

Nature of state (general): No specific mention.
State configuration: No specific mention.
Self determination: No specific mention.
Referendum: No specific mention.
State symbols: No specific mention.
Independence/secession: No specific mention.
Accession/unification: No specific mention.
Border delimitation: Page 2, Has decided:
... 2. To regard as inadmissible any further delay in the process of the organized return of refugees and displaced persons throughout the territory of Abkhazia and ta demand urgently that the organized return of refugees and displaced persons should begin and that their return to the Gali district (within the old borders) should be completed by the end of 1998 on the basis of the mechanisms worked aut by representatives of the parties, the Russian Federation and the Office of the United Nations High Cornrnissioner far Refugees, Only in irnrnediate, direct coordination with the process of the steady, organized return of refugees and displaced persons, above all ta the Gali district (within the old borders), should action be taken far the economic recovery of the region and the normalization of the border and customs regimes, To recornrnend urgently that the parties ta the conflict should consider and resolve the question of the establishment, at the stage of the return of refugees and the full normalization of life in the Gali district (within the old borders), ofa temporary transitional administration, which would work with the direct participation of the intermediaries, the United Nations and OSCE;
Cross-border provision: No specific mention.

Governance

Political institutions (new or reformed): No specific mention.
Elections: No specific mention.
Electoral commission: No specific mention.
Political parties reform: No specific mention.
Civil society: No specific mention.
Traditional/religious leaders: No specific mention.
Public administration: No specific mention.
Constitution: No specific mention.

Power sharing

Political power sharing: No specific mention.
Territorial power sharing: No specific mention.
Economic power sharing: No specific mention.
Military power sharing: No specific mention.

Human rights and equality

Human rights/RoL general: No specific mention.
Bill of rights/similar: No specific mention.
Treaty incorporation: Page 2-3, Has decided:
... 4. ... In the event of opposition to the return of refugees and the emergence of a threat to peace and security in the region, to consider the question of introducing appropriate changes in the nature and content of the peacekeeping operation on the basis of the appropriate provisions of the Charter of the United Nations applicable in such cases;
Civil and political rights: No specific mention.
Socio-economic rights: No specific mention.

Rights related issues

Citizenship: No specific mention.
Democracy: No specific mention.
Detention procedures: No specific mention.
Media and communication: No specific mention.
Mobility/access: No specific mention.
Protection measures: No specific mention.
Other: No specific mention.

Rights institutions

NHRI: No specific mention.
Regional or international human rights institutions: No specific mention.

Justice sector reform

Criminal justice and emergency law: No specific mention.
State of emergency provisions: No specific mention.
Judiciary and courts: No specific mention.
Prisons and detention: No specific mention.
Traditional Laws: No specific mention.

Socio-economic reconstruction

Development or socio-economic reconstruction: Socio-economic reconstruction→Development or socio-economic reconstruction→Socio-economic development
Page 2, Has decided:
... 2. To regard as inadmissible any further delay in the process of the organized return of refugees and displaced persons throughout the territory of Abkhazia and ta demand urgently that the organized return of refugees and displaced persons should begin and that their return to the Gali district (within the old borders) should be completed by the end of 1998 on the basis of the mechanisms worked aut by representatives of the parties, the Russian Federation and the Office of the United Nations High Cornrnissioner far Refugees, Only in irnrnediate, direct coordination with the process of the steady, organized return of refugees and displaced persons, above all ta the Gali district (within the old borders), should action be taken far the economic recovery of the region and the normalization of the border and customs regimes, To recornrnend urgently that the parties ta the conflict should consider and resolve the question of the establishment, at the stage of the return of refugees and the full normalization of life in the Gali district (within the old borders), ofa temporary transitional administration, which would work with the direct participation of the intermediaries, the United Nations and OSCE;
Socio-economic reconstruction→Development or socio-economic reconstruction→Infrastructure and reconstruction
Page 2, Has decided:
... 3 ... The CPF cornrnand should devote increased attention ta ensuring, in accordance with the CPF mandate, the safe operation of vitally important structures in the security zone, in particular, the Inguri hydroelectric power station, bridges, the water supply system, and sa on;

Page 3, Has decided:
... 6. To seek the cooperation of the international community and international organizations in resolving the socio-economic and humanitarian problems of the population caused by the conflict;
National economic plan: No specific mention.
Natural resources: No specific mention.
International funds: Page 3, Has decided:
... 6. To seek the cooperation of the international community and international organizations in resolving the socio-economic and humanitarian problems of the population caused by the conflict;
Business: No specific mention.
Taxation: Socio-economic reconstruction→Taxation→Reform of taxation
Page 2, Has decided:
... 2. To regard as inadmissible any further delay in the process of the organized return of refugees and displaced persons throughout the territory of Abkhazia and ta demand urgently that the organized return of refugees and displaced persons should begin and that their return to the Gali district (within the old borders) should be completed by the end of 1998 on the basis of the mechanisms worked aut by representatives of the parties, the Russian Federation and the Office of the United Nations High Cornrnissioner far Refugees, Only in irnrnediate, direct coordination with the process of the steady, organized return of refugees and displaced persons, above all ta the Gali district (within the old borders), should action be taken far the economic recovery of the region and the normalization of the border and customs regimes, To recornrnend urgently that the parties ta the conflict should consider and resolve the question of the establishment, at the stage of the return of refugees and the full normalization of life in the Gali district (within the old borders), ofa temporary transitional administration, which would work with the direct participation of the intermediaries, the United Nations and OSCE;
Banks: No specific mention.

Land, property and environment

Land reform/rights: No specific mention.
Pastoralist/nomadism rights: No specific mention.
Cultural heritage: No specific mention.
Environment: No specific mention.
Water or riparian rights or access: No specific mention.

Security sector

Security Guarantees: Page 2, Has decided:
... 4. To express grave concern that the provisions of the decision of the Council of Heads of State of the Cornrnonwealth of 28 March 1997 concerning the expansion of the security zone have remained unimplemented.
To call on the Abkhaz party ta revert to this question, ta consider it and to resolve it favourably.

Page 2, Has decided:
... 4. ... In the event of opposition ta the return of refugees and the emergence of a threat ta peace and security in the region, ta consider the question of introducing appropriate changes in the nature and content of the peacekeeping
Ceasefire: No specific mention.
Police: No specific mention.
Armed forces: Page 3, Has decided:
... 8. To instruct the Executive Secretariat of the Commonwealth of Independent States, with the participation of the headquarters far the coordination of
military cooperation by the States members of the Commonwealth, to report on a systematic basis to the Heads of State of the Commonwealth of Independent States on the implementation of the decisions of the Council of Heads of State of the Commonwealth relating to the settlement of the conflict in Abkhazia, Georgia;
DDR: No specific mention.
Intelligence services: No specific mention.
Parastatal/rebel and opposition group forces: No specific mention.
Withdrawal of foreign forces: No specific mention.
Corruption: Page 1, [untitled preamble],
... Noting with concern the escalation of acts of sabotage and terrorism, the kidnapping of personnel of the Collective Peacekeeping Forces (CPF) and of the United Nations Observer Mission in Georgia, and other acts of violence in the conflict zone, the victims of which are the civilian population, refugees and displaced persons,
Crime/organised crime: No specific mention.
Drugs: No specific mention.
Terrorism: Page 1, [untitled preamble],
... Noting with concern the escalation of acts of sabotage and terrorism, the kidnapping of personnel of the Collective Peacekeeping Forces (CPF) and of the United Nations Observer Mission in Georgia, and other acts of violence in the conflict zone, the victims of which are the civilian population, refugees and displaced persons,

Transitional justice

Transitional justice general: No specific mention.
Amnesty/pardon: No specific mention.
Courts: No specific mention.
Mechanism: No specific mention.
Prisoner release: No specific mention.
Vetting: No specific mention.
Victims: Page 1, [untitled preamble],
... Noting with concern the escalation of acts of sabotage and terrorism, the kidnapping of personnel of the Collective Peacekeeping Forces (CPF) and of the United Nations Observer Mission in Georgia, and other acts of violence in the conflict zone, the victims of which are the civilian population, refugees and displaced persons,
Missing persons: No specific mention.
Reparations: No specific mention.
Reconciliation: Page 1, [untitled preamble],
Noting with concern that, because of the obstructive position of the Abkhaz party to the conflict, the negotiations on defining the political status of Abkhazia, Georgia, have come to a standstill,

Implementation

UN signatory: No specific mention.
Other international signatory: No specific mention.
Referendum for agreement: No specific mention.
International mission/force/similar: Page 2, Has decided:
1. To extend, with the consent of the parties, the stay of the Collective peacekeeping Forces in the conflict zone in Abkhazia, Georgia, ta 31 July 1998 ar until such time as one of the parties of the conflict, believing that the provisions of this decision have not been fuifilled, expresses its wish to terminate the operation;

Page 2, Has decided:
... 3. That the CPF cornrnand, in coordination with the parties, should ensure the implementation of the measures envisaged in the decision of the Council of Heads of State of the Cornrnonwealth of 28 March 1997. Within one month, on the basis of a mechanism worked aut by the parties to the conflict, a plan should be drawn up ta redeploy CPF, including a plan ta bring the Unified Headquarters of CPF closer ta areas in which CPF units are deployed, and other measures associated with the organized return of refugees and displaced persons, especially to the Gali district (within the old borders).
The CPF cornrnand should devote increased attention ta ensuring, in accordance with the CPF mandate, the safe operation of vitally important structures in the
security zone, in particular, the Inguri hydroelectric power station, bridges, the water supply system, and sa on;

Page 3, Has decided:
... 5. The Council of Heads of State of the Commonwealth calls upon the States members of the Commonwealth of Independent States which signed the decisions on the deployment of CPF in the Georgian-Abkhaz conflict zone and on confirming the mandate far the conduct of peacekeeping operation in the Georgian-Abkhaz conflict zone to take a more active part in the peacekeeping operation together with the Russian Federation, which is at present bearing the whole burden of this operation;

Page 3, Has decided:
... 7. To consider it essential to approach the United Nations with regard to the inclusion in the United Nations Observer Mission in Georgia of a group of
observers from the States members of the Commonwealth of Independent States;
Enforcement mechanism: Page 2, Has decided:
... 3. That the CPF cornrnand, in coordination with the parties, should ensure the implementation of the measures envisaged in the decision of the Council of Heads of State of the Cornrnonwealth of 28 March 1997. Within one month, on the basis of a mechanism worked aut by the parties to the conflict, a plan should be drawn up ta redeploy CPF, including a plan ta bring the Unified Headquarters of CPF closer ta areas in which CPF units are deployed, and other measures associated with the organized return of refugees and displaced persons, especially to the Gali district (within the old borders).
The CPF cornrnand should devote increased attention ta ensuring, in accordance with the CPF mandate, the safe operation of vitally important structures in the
security zone, in particular, the Inguri hydroelectric power station, bridges, the water supply system, and sa on;
Related cases: No specific mention.
Source: On file with author

Decision of 28 April 1998 on additional measures for the settlement of the conflict in Abkhazia, Georgia

The Council of Heads of State of the Commonwealth of Independent States.

Stressing its unwavering commitment to the sovereignty and territorial integrity of Georgia,

Welcoming the resumption of direct bilateral negotiations between the Georgian and Abkhaz parties and the active assistance of the Russian Federation in this process, and the initiative announced by Ukraine at the fifty-second seşsion of the United Nations General Assembly to intensify its participation in the settlement of the conflict in Abkhazia, Georgia,

Noting the significance of the Geneva meetings of the Georgian and Abkhaz parties in the presence of representatives of the Russian Federation in its capacity as facilitator, the Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe (OSCE) and the States which are members of the Group of Friends of the Secretary-General of the United Nations, and the entry into operation of the Coordinating Council and its working groups,

Guided by the provisions of the memorandum on the maintenance of peace and stability in the Commonwealth of Independent States (Almaty, 10 February 1995) and the statement by the Council of Heads of State of the Commonwealth (Minsk, 26 May 1995) on overcoming the threat of separatism as the most important condition for ensuring stability in the Caucasus and settling conflicts in that region, confirming its previous decisions of 19 January 1996 and 28 March 1997 aimed at achieving a comprehensive political settlement in Abkhazia, Georgia, and stressing the need for their implementation,

Once again expressing serious concern that, because of the non- implementation of a number of decisions adopted earlier within the framework of the Commonwealth, the process of the organized return of refugees has not yet begun,

Noting with concern that, because of the obstructive position of the Abkhaz party to the conflict, the negotiations on defining the political status of

Abkhazia, Georgia, have come to a standstill,

Expressing serious concern about the holding of elections to so-called organs of local self-government in Abkhazia, Georgia, that cannot be recognized as legitimate at a time when the political status of Abkhazia has not been defined and the problem of the return of refugees and displaced persons has not been resolved, which has effectively led to an exacerbation of the situation in the conflict zone and impeded progress towards a comprehensive settlement,

Noting with concern the escalation of acts of sabotage and terrorism, the kidnapping of personnel of the Collective Peacekeeping Forces (CPF) and of the United Nations Observer Mission in Georgia, and other acts of violence in the conflict zone, the victims of which are the civilian population, refugees and displaced persons,

Stressing the need far the irnrnediate implementation of the measures envisaged in the decision of the Council of Heads of State of the Cornrnonwealth of 28 March 1997, which would guarantee the beginning of the process of the organized return of refugees and displaced persons,

Has decided:

1. To extend, with the consent of the parties, the stay of the Collective peacekeeping Forces in the conflict zone in Abkhazia, Georgia, ta 31 July 1998 or until such time as one of the parties ta the con!lict, believing that the provisions of this decision have not been fuifilled, expresses its wish to terminate the operation;

2. To regard as inadmissible any further delay in the process of the organized return of refugees and displaced persons throughout the territory of Abkhazia and to demand urgently that the organized return of refugees and displaced persons should begin and that their return to the Gali district (within the old borders) should be completed by the end of 1998 on the basis of the mechanisms worked aut by representatives of the parties, the Russian Federation and the Office of the United Nations High Cornrnissioner far Refugees, Only in irnrnediate, direct coordination with the process of the steady, organized return of refugees and displaced persons, above all ta the Gali district (within the old borders), should action be taken far the economic recovery of the region and the normalization of the border and customs regimes,

To recornrnend urgently that the parties ta the conflict should consider and resolve the question of the establishment, at the stage of the return of

refugees and the full normalization of life in the Gali district (within the old borders), of a temporary transitional administration, which would work with the direct participation of the intermediaries, the United Nations and OSCE;

3. That the CPF cornrnand, in coordination with the parties, should ensure the implementation of the measures envisaged in the decision of the Council of Heads of State of the Cornrnonwealth of 28 March 1997.

Within one month, on the basis of a mechanism worked aut by the parties to the conflict, a plan should be drawn up ta redeploy CPF, including a plan ta bring the Unified Headquarters of CPF closer ta areas in which CPF units are deployed, and other measures associated with the organized return of refugees and displaced persons, especially to the Gali district (within the old borders).

The CPF cornrnand should devote increased attention ta ensuring, in accordance with the CPF mandate, the safe operation of vitally important structures in the security zone, in particular, the Inguri hydroelectric power station, bridges, the water supply system, and so on;

4. Ta express grave concern that the provisions of the decision of the Council of Heads of State of the Cornrnonwealth of 28 March 1997 concerning the expansion of the security zone have remained unimplemented.

To call on the Abkhaz party ta revert to this question, ta consider it and to resolve it favourably.

In the event of opposition ta the return of refugees and the emergence of a threat ta peace and security in the region, ta consider the question of introducing appropriate changes in the nature and content of the peacekeeping operation on the basis of the appropriate provisions of the Charter of the United Nations applicable in such cases;

5. The Council of Heads of State of the Commonwealth calls upon the States members of the Commonwealth of Independent States which signed the decisions on the deployment of CPF in the Georgian-Abkhaz conflict zone and on confirming the mandate far the conduct of peacekeeping operation in the Georgian-Abkhaz conflict zone to take a more active part in the peacekeeping operation together with the Russian Federation, which is at present bearing the whole burden of this operation;

6. To seek the cooperation of the international community and international organizations in resolving the socio-economic and humanitarian problems of the population caused by the conflict;

7. To consider it essential to approach the United Nations with regard to the inclusion in the United Nations Observer Mission in Georgia of a group of observers from the States members of the Commonwealth of Independent States;

8. To instruct the Executive Secretariat of the Commonwealth of Independent States, with the participation of the headquarters far the coordination of military cooperation by the States members of the Commonwealth, to report on a systematic basis to the Heads of State of the Commonwealth of Independent States on the implementation of the decisions of the Council of Heads of State of the

Commonwealth relating to the settlement of the conflict in Abkhazia, Georgia;

9. To inform the United Nations Security Council of this decision of the Council of Heads of State of the Commonwealth.

This decision shall enter into force on the date of its signature.

Done in the Russian language, in accordance with the procedure established in rule 20, paragraph 6, of the rules of procedure of the Council of Heads of State and the Council of Heads of Government of the Commonwealth of Independent States.

The original copy shall be deposited with the Executive Secretariat of the Commonwealth of Independent States, which shall transmit a certified copy to each State which has signed this decision.

For the Republic of Armenia For the Republic of Moldova

R. KOCHARYAN

For the Azerbaijani Republic For the Russian Federation

G. ALIYEV B. YELTSIN

For the Republic of Belarus For the Republic of Tajikistan

[...]

For Georgia For Turkmenistan

E. SHEVARDNADZE

For the Republic of Kazakhstan For Ukraine

N . NAZARBAEV

For the Kyrgyz Republic For the Republic of Uzbekistan

A. AKAEV I. KARIMOV

[1,379 words]

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