Agreement on the Western Section of the Boundary Between the PRC and the Russian Federation Signed by Foreign Ministers – Andrei Kozyrev and Qian Qichen

Country/entity
China
Russia
Region
Asia and Pacific
Europe and Eurasia
Agreement name
Agreement on the Western Section of the Boundary Between the PRC and the Russian Federation Signed by Foreign Ministers – Andrei Kozyrev and Qian Qichen
Date
3 Sep 1994
Agreement status
Multiparty signed/agreed
Interim arrangement
Yes
Agreement/conflict level
Interstate/interstate conflict
Stage
Framework/substantive - partial
Conflict nature
Territory
Peace process
China-Russia border dispute peace process
Parties
People’s Republic of China
Plenipotentiary
Qian Qichen

Russian Federation
Plenipotentiary
Andrei Kozyrev
Third parties
-
Description
Border demarcation agreement building on the 1991 Sino-Russian Border agreement marking the boundary in the Western section.


Groups

Children/youth

No specific mention.

Disabled persons

No specific mention.

Elderly/age

No specific mention.

Migrant workers

No specific mention.

Racial/ethnic/national group

No specific mention.

Religious groups

No specific mention.

Indigenous people

No specific mention.

Other groups

No specific mention.

Refugees/displaced persons

No specific mention.

Social class

No specific mention.


Gender

Women, girls and gender

No specific mention.

Men and boys

No specific mention.

LGBTI

No specific mention.

Family

No specific mention.


State definition

Nature of state (general)

No specific mention.

State configuration

No specific mention.

Self determination

No specific mention.

Referendum

No specific mention.

State symbols

No specific mention.

Independence/secession

No specific mention.

Accession/unification

No specific mention.

Border delimitation
[Summary] Entire Agreement is a border demarcation agreement.

Page 1, Article 1
The Contracting Parties agree to use the existing Sino-Russian border treaty as a basis and to act in accordance with international standards, based on the spirit of equal consultation, mutual understanding and mutual accommodation. They agree to act according to the agreement reached during border negotiations, to equally and fairly resolve the historical issue of the Sino-Russian borderline, and to clarify and determine the direction of the boundary line between the two countries.

Page 1, Article 2
[Summary] Demarcates border from the western-most point of the Sino-Russian-Mongolian border to the second boundary marker at Kaladier (3318m).

Page 1-2, Article 3
In order to define the Sino-Russian border which is described in article 2 of this agreement, the Contracting Parties decided, in accordance with the principal of equal treatment, to establish a joint boundary surveying committee. They decided to give this committee the task of boundary surveying work, defining the exact location of the dividing line of the mountains, and establishing landmarks in accordance with article 4 of this agreement. In addition, they gave this committee the task of drawing up boundary surveying documents, drawing detailed boundary surveying maps, and also resolving and completing the specific issues related to the above mentioned tasks.

Page 2, Article 4
The Contracting Parties agree [that] the border line that is described in article 2 of this agreement follows along the dividing line. The exact location of this dividing line shall be specifically defined at the time of boundary surveying.

Page 2, Article 5
The Contracting Parties agree that the border between the People's Republic of China, the Russian Federation and the Republic of Kazakhstan will be determined by the three countries separately.

Page 2, Article 6
The Contracting Parties agree that the Russian-Chinese boundary marked on the ground should also be divided vertically into the air and the subsoil.

Page 2, Article 7
Any natural change that may occur in the field on the border shall not affect the location of the demarcated western section of the Sino-Russian boundary unless otherwise agreed by the Contracting Parties.

Page 2, Article 8
[Summary] Stipulates the ratification of the treaty.
Cross-border provision

No specific mention.


Governance

Political institutions (new or reformed)

No specific mention.

Elections

No specific mention.

Electoral commission

No specific mention.

Political parties reform

No specific mention.

Civil society

No specific mention.

Traditional/religious leaders

No specific mention.

Public administration

No specific mention.

Constitution

No specific mention.


Power sharing

Political power sharing

No specific mention.

Territorial power sharing

No specific mention.

Economic power sharing

No specific mention.

Military power sharing

No specific mention.


Human rights and equality

Human rights/RoL general

No specific mention.

Bill of rights/similar

No specific mention.

Treaty incorporation

No specific mention.

Civil and political rights

No specific mention.

Socio-economic rights

No specific mention.


Rights related issues

Citizenship

No specific mention.

Democracy

No specific mention.

Detention procedures

No specific mention.

Media and communication

No specific mention.

Mobility/access

No specific mention.

Protection measures

No specific mention.

Other

No specific mention.


Rights institutions

NHRI

No specific mention.

Regional or international human rights institutions

No specific mention.


Justice sector reform

Criminal justice and emergency law

No specific mention.

State of emergency provisions

No specific mention.

Judiciary and courts

No specific mention.

Prisons and detention

No specific mention.

Traditional Laws

No specific mention.


Socio-economic reconstruction

Development or socio-economic reconstruction

No specific mention.

National economic plan

No specific mention.

Natural resources

No specific mention.

International funds

No specific mention.

Business

No specific mention.

Taxation

No specific mention.

Banks

No specific mention.


Land, property and environment

Land reform/rights

No specific mention.

Pastoralist/nomadism rights

No specific mention.

Cultural heritage

No specific mention.

Environment

No specific mention.

Water or riparian rights or access

No specific mention.


Security sector

Security Guarantees

No specific mention.

Ceasefire

No specific mention.

Police

No specific mention.

Armed forces

No specific mention.

DDR

No specific mention.

Intelligence services

No specific mention.

Parastatal/rebel and opposition group forces

No specific mention.

Withdrawal of foreign forces

No specific mention.

Corruption

No specific mention.

Crime/organised crime

No specific mention.

Drugs

No specific mention.

Terrorism

No specific mention.


Transitional justice

Transitional justice general

No specific mention.

Amnesty/pardon

No specific mention.

Courts

No specific mention.

Mechanism

No specific mention.

Prisoner release

No specific mention.

Vetting

No specific mention.

Victims

No specific mention.

Missing persons

No specific mention.

Reparations

No specific mention.

Reconciliation

No specific mention.


Implementation

UN signatory

No specific mention.

Other international signatory

No specific mention.

Referendum for agreement

No specific mention.

International mission/force/similar

No specific mention.

Enforcement mechanism

No specific mention.

Related cases

No specific mention.

Source
The National People's Congress of the People's Republic of China; http://www.npc.gov.cn/wxzl/wxzl/2001-01/02/content_3265.htm

Agreement on the Western Section of the Boundary between the PRC and the Russian Federation Signed by Foreign Ministers, 3 September 1994

The People’s Republic of China and the Russian Federation, in order to clarify and confirm the direction of the Sino-Russian borderline, have reached the following agreement:

Article 1

The Contracting Parties agree to use the existing Sino-Russian border treaty as a basis and to act in accordance with international standards, based on the spirit of equal consultation, mutual understanding and mutual accommodation.

They agree to act according to the agreement reached during border negotiations, to equally and fairly resolve the historical issue of the Sino-Russian borderline, and to clarify and determine the direction of the boundary line between the two countries.

Article 2

The Contracting Parties agree that the western section of the boundary between China and Russia is as follows:

The first boundary point of the western section of the Sino-Russian border is located at the most western point of the boundary shared by China, Russia and Mongolia.

This boundary point is located at an altitude of 4104m on Khuiten peak in the Altai Mountains (4082.0 on Tavan-Bogdo-Ula in the Altai Mountain Range on the former Soviet Union map).

This point lies approximately 4.8km north northeast of Chinese territory which sits at an altitude of 3608m (3608.0 on the former Soviet Union map), and approximately 9.4km west southwest of Russian territory which sits at an altitude of 3513m (3511.5m on the former Soviet Union map).

From the first boundary point, the western section of the Sino-Russian border line follows along the dividing line of the Altai Mountains (Altai Mountain Range on the former Soviet Union map) generally west.

It passes through altitudes of 3129m (3131.1m on the former Soviet Union map), 3452m (3440.7m on Kanas Mountain on the former Soviet Union map), until it reaches the second boundary point.

This boundary point is located on the above mentioned dividing line.

It lies approximately 4.4km north northwest of Chinese territory which sits at an altitude of 3318m on Kaladier (3318.0m on the former Soviet Union map), approximately 9.6km northeast of Chinese territory which sits at an altitude of 2956m (2993.0m on the former Soviet Union map), and approximately 10.2km south of Russian territory which sits at an altitude of 2534m (2547m on the former Soviet Union map).

The above mentioned Sino-Russian border is marked with a red line onto a map of China and the former Soviet Union with a scale of 1:100,000.

The lengths used in the description of the national boundary line are measured from these maps.

The above-mentioned map with the red line to mark the Sino-Russian boundary is attached to this Agreement and is an integral part thereof.

Article 3

In order to define the Sino-Russian border which is described in article 2 of this agreement, the Contracting Parties decided, in accordance with the principal of equal treatment, to establish a joint boundary surveying committee.

They decided to give this committee the task of boundary surveying work, defining the exact location of the dividing line of the mountains, and establishing landmarks in accordance with article 4 of this agreement.

In addition, they gave this committee the task of drawing up boundary surveying documents, drawing detailed boundary surveying maps, and also resolving and completing the specific issues related to the above mentioned tasks.

Article 4

The Contracting Parties agree [that] the border line that is described in article 2 of this agreement follows along the dividing line.

The exact location of this dividing line shall be specifically defined at the time of boundary surveying.

Article 5

The Contracting Parties agree that the border between the People's Republic of China, the Russian Federation and the Republic of Kazakhstan will be determined by the three countries separately.

Article 6

The Contracting Parties agree that the Russian-Chinese boundary marked on the ground should also be divided vertically into the air and the subsoil.

Article 7

Any natural change that may occur in the field on the border shall not affect the location of the demarcated western section of the Sino-Russian boundary unless otherwise agreed by the Contracting Parties.

Article 8

This agreement shall be subject to ratification and shall enter into force on the date of the exchange of the instruments of ratification.

The instruments of ratification shall be exchanged as soon as possible in Beijing.

This agreement was drawn up in Moscow on the 3rd September 1994.

Two identical copies were made in both Chinese and Russian, both copies being equally valid.

People’s Republic of China Russian Federation

Plenipotentiary Plenipotentiary

Qian Qichen Andrei Kozyrev

(Signed name) (Signed name)