Agreement to Implement on the Implementation of the cease-fire signed by Interim President Ali Mahdi Mohamed

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Country/entity: Somalia
Region: Africa (excl MENA)
Agreement name: Agreement to Implement on the Implementation of the cease-fire signed by Interim President Ali Mahdi Mohamed
Date: 3 Mar 1992
Agreement status: Unilateral document
Interim arrangement: Yes
Agreement/conflict level: Intrastate/intrastate conflict
Somali Civil War (1991 - )
Originally spurred by centre-peripheral tensions, fighting broke out in 1981 between the regime of President Said Barre and the Somali National Movement, a militia primarily consisting of members from the northern Ishaq clan. Fighting intensified in the late 1980s as more clan-based militias arose. President Barre’s regime collapsed in late 1991 and as a result the UN intervened. However persistent attacks on the UN’s forces forced a withdrawal in 1994. From the mid- to late 1990s, the character of the conflict shifted as warlords fought for access to rents. Also during this period, two different peace agreements arose; the Sodere Declaration, which was mediated by Ethiopia and supported by IGAD, and the Cairo Accord, which was brokered by Egypt. Fighting, already noticeably lessened compared to the early 1990s, decreased and the more amicable environment paved the way for the Transitional Government to be formed in 2000 (replaced in 2004 by the Transitional Federal Government).

Nonetheless, opposition to the TFG arose in the form of the Islamic Courts Union (ICU), which by early 2006 had taken control of most of southern Somalia until they were ousted by an armed intervention by Ethiopia in December 2006. As a result, the ICU splintered. Hard-line ICU members formed the Takfiri organization, Harakat al-Shabaab al-Mujahideen, and launched a guerrilla campaign against the TFG. Another faction of the ICU fled to Djibouti and formed the Alliance for the Re-liberation of Somalia, which was absorbed into the ruling TFG after successful negotiations in 2007.

To deal with the new round of fighting, the UN-mandated AMISOM force was deployed in 2007. Since then, insecurity has fluctuated between the urban and rural areas as the al-Shabaab's territorial gains waver. Local militia leaders maintain de facto governance over communities. From 2009 to 2012, insecurity spilled over into the Gulf of Aden and the Indian Ocean when Somali pirates seized, looted and ransomed ships. In 2014, 'Operation Indian Ocean' was launched and in parallel with infighting among al-Shabaab, the organisation's position in Somalia has diminished slightly. However, as evidenced by large-scale attacks by al-Shabaab in northern Kenya throughout 2013-2015, the lack of security continues to destabilize the region. Al-Shabaab continues to launch surprise attacks with the aim of forcing out foreign military presence in Somalia. Targets include both military forces and civilians. The devastating attack in October 2017 in Mogadishu saw 587 fatalities and resulted in a renewed military offensive by the Somali government and African Union allies. Since 2017, the U.S. has increased its air strikes targeting al-Shabaab militants, and in December 2018 they announced to re-establish a permanent diplomatic mission in the country. Al-Shabaab has been characterized as a spoiler in the Somali peace process and have therefore been placed outside of any negotiations.
Stage: Ceasefire/related
Conflict nature: Government/territory
Peace process: Somalia Peace Process
Parties: Interim President Ali Mahdi Mohamed
Third parties: J. Jones, signature League of Arab States, signature, Organisation of AFrican Unity, Signature, Organization of the Islamic Conference
Description: A short agreement detailing a commitment to a ceasefire, which matches with the similarly worded agreement from the other party.

Agreement document: SO_920303_Agreementlementation_of_the_ceasefire Ali Mahdi Mohamed.pdf (opens in new tab) | Download PDF

Groups

Children/youth: No specific mention.
Disabled persons: No specific mention.
Elderly/age: No specific mention.
Migrant workers: No specific mention.
Racial/ethnic/national group: No specific mention.
Religious groups: No specific mention.
Indigenous people: No specific mention.
Other groups: No specific mention.
Refugees/displaced persons: No specific mention.
Social class: No specific mention.

Gender

Women, girls and gender: No specific mention.
Men and boys: No specific mention.
LGBTI: No specific mention.
Family: No specific mention.

State definition

Nature of state (general): No specific mention.
State configuration: No specific mention.
Self determination: No specific mention.
Referendum: No specific mention.
State symbols: No specific mention.
Independence/secession: No specific mention.
Accession/unification: No specific mention.
Border delimitation: No specific mention.
Cross-border provision: No specific mention.

Governance

Political institutions (new or reformed): No specific mention.
Elections: No specific mention.
Electoral commission: No specific mention.
Political parties reform: No specific mention.
Civil society: No specific mention.
Traditional/religious leaders: No specific mention.
Public administration: No specific mention.
Constitution: No specific mention.

Power sharing

Political power sharing: No specific mention.
Territorial power sharing: No specific mention.
Economic power sharing: No specific mention.
Military power sharing: No specific mention.

Human rights and equality

Human rights/RoL general: Preamble, pg 1

Desirous of restoring peace with justice to Somalia and of brining about a return to normalcy under the Rule of Law as soon as possible
Bill of rights/similar: No specific mention.
Treaty incorporation: No specific mention.
Civil and political rights: No specific mention.
Socio-economic rights: No specific mention.

Rights related issues

Citizenship: No specific mention.
Democracy: No specific mention.
Detention procedures: No specific mention.
Media and communication: No specific mention.
Mobility/access: No specific mention.
Protection measures: No specific mention.
Other: No specific mention.

Rights institutions

NHRI: No specific mention.
Regional or international human rights institutions: No specific mention.

Justice sector reform

Criminal justice and emergency law: No specific mention.
State of emergency provisions: No specific mention.
Judiciary and courts: No specific mention.
Prisons and detention: No specific mention.
Traditional Laws: No specific mention.

Socio-economic reconstruction

Development or socio-economic reconstruction: No specific mention.
National economic plan: No specific mention.
Natural resources: No specific mention.
International funds: No specific mention.
Business: No specific mention.
Taxation: No specific mention.
Banks: No specific mention.

Land, property and environment

Land reform/rights: No specific mention.
Pastoralist/nomadism rights: No specific mention.
Cultural heritage: No specific mention.
Environment: No specific mention.
Water or riparian rights or access: No specific mention.

Security sector

Security Guarantees: No specific mention.
Ceasefire: Security sector→Ceasefire→Ceasefire provision
(Entire Agreement) The Undersigned

Having met with the Representatives of the United Nations, the League of Arab States, the Organization of African Unity and the Organization of the Islamic Conference pursuant to the Accord Signed at the United Nations Headquarters in New York on 14 February 1992,

GUIDED by the Principles of the United Nations Charter as well as by those of the League of Arab States the Organization of African Unity and the Organization of the Islamic Conference,

DESIROUS of restoring peace with justice to Somalia and of bringing about a return to normalcy under the rule Rule of Law as soon as possible,

PLEDGING my cooperation with the United Nations, the League of Arab States, the Organization of African Unity and the Organization of the Islamic Conference and with their representatives in their efforts to bring about a just peace in Somalia,

HEREBY AGREE to take immediate steps, personally as well as through the persons under my command, for the implementation of measures aimed at stabilizng the cease-fire by means of a United Nations Monitoring Mission. The measures will be formulated by a United Nations Technical Team that will arrive in Mogadicio shortly.
Police: No specific mention.
Armed forces: No specific mention.
DDR: No specific mention.
Intelligence services: No specific mention.
Parastatal/rebel and opposition group forces: No specific mention.
Withdrawal of foreign forces: No specific mention.
Corruption: No specific mention.
Crime/organised crime: No specific mention.
Drugs: No specific mention.
Terrorism: No specific mention.

Transitional justice

Transitional justice general: No specific mention.
Amnesty/pardon: No specific mention.
Courts: No specific mention.
Mechanism: No specific mention.
Prisoner release: No specific mention.
Vetting: No specific mention.
Victims: No specific mention.
Missing persons: No specific mention.
Reparations: No specific mention.
Reconciliation: No specific mention.

Implementation

UN signatory: Done at Moagadiscio, in the presence of the Undersigned, on 3 March 1992
J Jones, United Nations
Other international signatory: Done at Moagadiscio, in the presence of the Undersigned, on 3 March 1992
...

Signature Leagure of Arab States, Signature Organisation of African Unity, Signature ORganization of the Islamic Conference
Referendum for agreement: No specific mention.
International mission/force/similar: No specific mention.
Enforcement mechanism: No specific mention.
Related cases: No specific mention.
Source: UN SC Doc S/23693, 1992

Agreement on the Implementation of the cease-fire signed by Ahmed Farah Aidid

The Undersigned

Having met with the Representatives of the United Nations, the League of Arab States, the Organization of African Unity and the Organization of the Islamic Conference pursuant to the Accord Signed at the United Nations Headquarters in New York on 14 February 1992,

GUIDED by the Principles of the United Nations Charter as well as by those of the League of Arab States the Organization of African Unity and the Organization of the Islamic Conference,

DESIROUS of restoring peace with justice to Somalia and of bringing about a return to normalcy under the rule Rule of Law as soon as possible,

PLEDGING my cooperation with the United Nations, the League of Arab States, the Organization of African Unity and the Organization of the Islamic Conference and with their representatives in their efforts to bring about a just peace in Somalia,

HEREBY AGREE to take immediate steps, personally as well as through the persons under my command, for the implementation of measures aimed at stabilizng the cease-fire by means of a United Nations Monitoring Mission.

The measures will be formulated by a United Nations Technical Team that will arrive in Mogadicio shortly.

General Mahamed Farah Aidid

Chairman of the United Somali Congress

Done at Moagadiscio, in the presence of the Undersigned, on 3 March 1992

Signature

United Nations

Signature

League of Arab States

Signature

Organization of African Unity

Signature

Organization of the Islamic Conference