Agreement Freedom of Movement for Civilians Linked with the Safety of the Airport

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Country/entity: Bosnia and Herzegovina
Yugoslavia (former)
Region: Europe and Eurasia
Agreement name: Agreement Freedom of Movement for Civilians Linked with the Safety of the Airport
Date: 13 Dec 1992
Agreement status: Multiparty signed/agreed
Interim arrangement: Yes
Agreement/conflict level: Intrastate/intrastate conflict
Balkan Conflicts (1991 - 1995) (1998 - 2001)
Former Yugoslavia

The disintegration of former Yugoslavia post cold war saw conflicts which became mediated and produced peace agreements in Slovenia (where the brief independence conflict was mediated by the EC Troika in 1991), Croatia (between Croatian and Serb populations 1991-1995), in Bosnia (between Croatian, Serb and Bosniak populations 1992-1995), in Macedonia (where mediation played a key pre-emptive role in preventing large scale conflict in 2001), in Kosovo (between Kosovar Albanians and Serbian population and the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (FRY), but also between FRY and NATO, 1998-1999), and a conflict in the Presevo Valley (between Albanians in South Serbia and FRY, 2000-2001). The continued fall-out of the disintegration of former Yugoslavia also saw mediated agreement and ultimate dissolution of the Union between Serbia and Montenegro.

Bosnia-Herzegovina

In 1991, after nationalist parties won the first multi-party elections in the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, a violent process of disintegration commenced. With its mixed population, Bosnia-Herzegovina became the centre of the following civil war that began in 1992 between the newly formed army of the Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina (mostly Muslim Bosniacs), and the parastatal forces of self-declared Bosnian Croat (Herzeg-Bosnia) and Bosnian Serb (Republika Srpska) entities within Bosnia-Herzegovina, supported by Croatia and Serbia, with various, often short-lived, coalitions. The General Framework Agreement (Dayton Peace Agreement), signed in 1995, split the country into two ethno-federal entities, the Bosniak-Croat Federation and the Republika Srpska, and included continued peacekeeping and institutional administration by international actors.

Kosovo

The conflict between Serbs and Kosovar Albanians has a long history and always involved territorial disputes as well as ethno-political, cultural and linguistic factors. The most recent phase of the conflict began in November 1997 when the Albanian Kosovo Liberation Army (KLA or UCK) began their campaign for the independence of Kosovo from the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (FRY – then Serbia and Montenegro). The subsequent war lasted until the NATO intervention, which undertook bombing campaigns of Belgrade and other places in Serbia during spring 1999. The main agreements solving the conflict were internationally driven and, finally, a UNSC resolution imposed a post-conflict arrangement in the wake of what was essentially a NATO military victory. In February 2008, Kosovo’s parliament declared independence, but independence is still internationally disputed.
Stage: Pre-negotiation/process
Conflict nature: Government/territory
Peace process: Bosnia peace process
Parties: Separate copies of the same text signed by General Stjepan Siber [Army of Bosnia and Herzegovina]; for the general staff of the HVO, Colonel Dario Kordic; and for the general staff of the Army Republika Srpska [believed to be Major General Stanislav Galić]
Third parties: All copies signed by General Philippe Morillon, UNPROFOR
Description: -

Agreement document: BA_921213_Agreement on Freedom of Movement Sarajevo.pdf (opens in new tab) | Download PDF

Groups

Children/youth: No specific mention.
Disabled persons: No specific mention.
Elderly/age: No specific mention.
Migrant workers: No specific mention.
Racial/ethnic/national group: Groups→Racial/ethnic/national group→Anti-discrimination
Page 1,
We, the undersigned, the authorized representatives of our respective Military Commands, agree that three corridors for freedom of movement for civilians irrespective of ethnic background or religion under UNPROFOR control will be opened in the region of SARAJEVO...
Religious groups: Groups→Religious groups→Anti-discrimination
Page 1,
We, the undersigned, the authorized representatives of our respective Military Commands, agree that three corridors for freedom of movement for civilians irrespective of ethnic background or religion under UNPROFOR control will be opened in the region of SARAJEVO...
Indigenous people: No specific mention.
Other groups: No specific mention.
Refugees/displaced persons: No specific mention.
Social class: No specific mention.

Gender

Women, girls and gender: No specific mention.
Men and boys: No specific mention.
LGBTI: No specific mention.
Family: No specific mention.

State definition

Nature of state (general): No specific mention.
State configuration: No specific mention.
Self determination: No specific mention.
Referendum: No specific mention.
State symbols: No specific mention.
Independence/secession: No specific mention.
Accession/unification: No specific mention.
Border delimitation: No specific mention.
Cross-border provision: No specific mention.

Governance

Political institutions (new or reformed): No specific mention.
Elections: No specific mention.
Electoral commission: No specific mention.
Political parties reform: No specific mention.
Civil society: No specific mention.
Traditional/religious leaders: No specific mention.
Public administration: No specific mention.
Constitution: No specific mention.

Power sharing

Political power sharing: No specific mention.
Territorial power sharing: No specific mention.
Economic power sharing: No specific mention.
Military power sharing: No specific mention.

Human rights and equality

Human rights/RoL general: No specific mention.
Bill of rights/similar: No specific mention.
Treaty incorporation: No specific mention.
Civil and political rights: No specific mention.
Socio-economic rights: No specific mention.

Rights related issues

Citizenship: No specific mention.
Democracy: No specific mention.
Detention procedures: No specific mention.
Media and communication: No specific mention.
Mobility/access: Page 1,
We, the undersigned, the authorized representatives of our respective Military Commands, agree that three corridors for freedom of movement for civilians irrespective of ethnic
background or religion under UNPROFOR control will be opened in the region of SARAJEVO...

Page 2, THE MIXED MILITARY WORKING GROUP (MMWG)
...Today, as a further concrete step to demonstrate this commitment towards ending the state of war, the undersigned agree to freedom of movement within and around SARAJEVO as defined in the attached agreement.
Protection measures: No specific mention.
Other: No specific mention.

Rights institutions

NHRI: No specific mention.
Regional or international human rights institutions: No specific mention.

Justice sector reform

Criminal justice and emergency law: No specific mention.
State of emergency provisions: No specific mention.
Judiciary and courts: No specific mention.
Prisons and detention: No specific mention.
Traditional Laws: No specific mention.

Socio-economic reconstruction

Development or socio-economic reconstruction: No specific mention.
National economic plan: No specific mention.
Natural resources: No specific mention.
International funds: No specific mention.
Business: No specific mention.
Taxation: No specific mention.
Banks: No specific mention.

Land, property and environment

Land reform/rights: No specific mention.
Pastoralist/nomadism rights: No specific mention.
Cultural heritage: No specific mention.
Environment: No specific mention.
Water or riparian rights or access: No specific mention.

Security sector

Security Guarantees: No specific mention.
Ceasefire: Security sector→Ceasefire→Ceasefire provision
Page 2, THE MIXED MILITARY WORKING GROUP (MMWG)
...Decides: That all sides reaffirm their commitment to an unconditional cease fire throughout Bosnia Hercegovina.
Police: No specific mention.
Armed forces: No specific mention.
DDR: No specific mention.
Intelligence services: No specific mention.
Parastatal/rebel and opposition group forces: No specific mention.
Withdrawal of foreign forces: No specific mention.
Corruption: No specific mention.
Crime/organised crime: No specific mention.
Drugs: No specific mention.
Terrorism: No specific mention.

Transitional justice

Transitional justice general: No specific mention.
Amnesty/pardon: No specific mention.
Courts: No specific mention.
Mechanism: No specific mention.
Prisoner release: No specific mention.
Vetting: No specific mention.
Victims: No specific mention.
Missing persons: No specific mention.
Reparations: No specific mention.
Reconciliation: No specific mention.

Implementation

UN signatory: All copies signed by General Philippe Morillon, UNPROFOR
Other international signatory: No specific mention.
Referendum for agreement: No specific mention.
International mission/force/similar: Page 1,
We, the undersigned, the authorized representatives of our respective Military Commands, agree that three corridors for freedom of movement for civilians irrespective of ethnic
background or religion under UNPROFOR control will be opened in the region of SARAJEVO...
Enforcement mechanism: No specific mention.
Related cases: No specific mention.
Source: ICTY Prlic et. al exhibit 2D00798.E

AGREEMENT

FREEDOM OF MOVEMENT FOR CIVILIANS LINKED WITH THE SAFETY OF THE AIRPORT

We, the undersigned, the authorized representatives of our respective Military Commands, agree that three corridors for freedom of movement for civilians irrespective of ethnic background or religion under UNPROFOR control will be opened in the region of SARAJEVO.

The details of the agreement will be worked out not later than 18 December 1992 on the sub-committee level.

THE MIXED MILITARY WORKING GROUP (MMWG)

- Reaffirming the good will of all sides to implement Security Council Resolution 787,

- Acknowledging the difficulties which have occured since the signing of the cease fire on November 10,1992,

- Determined that this earlier commitment being sincerely embarked upon should not only be maintained, but strengthened,

Decides :

- That all sides reaffirm their commitment to an unconditional cease fire throughout Bosnia Hercegovina.

- Today, as a further concrete step to demonstrate this committment towards ending the state of war, the undersigned agree to freedom of movement within and around SARAJEVO as defined in the attached agreement.