Agreement between the HVO Santici and representatives of the Muslim people of Ahmici, concluded at the home of Nenad Santic on 22 October 1992

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Country/entity: Bosnia and Herzegovina
Yugoslavia (former)
Region: Europe and Eurasia
Agreement name: Agreement between the HVO Santici and representatives of the Muslim people of Ahmici, concluded at the home of Nenad Santic on 22 October 1992
Date: 22 Oct 1992
Agreement status: Multiparty signed/agreed
Interim arrangement: Yes
Agreement/conflict level: Intrastate/local conflict
Balkan Conflicts (1991 - 1995) (1998 - 2001)
Former Yugoslavia

The disintegration of former Yugoslavia post cold war saw conflicts which became mediated and produced peace agreements in Slovenia (where the brief independence conflict was mediated by the EC Troika in 1991), Croatia (between Croatian and Serb populations 1991-1995), in Bosnia (between Croatian, Serb and Bosniak populations 1992-1995), in Macedonia (where mediation played a key pre-emptive role in preventing large scale conflict in 2001), in Kosovo (between Kosovar Albanians and Serbian population and the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (FRY), but also between FRY and NATO, 1998-1999), and a conflict in the Presevo Valley (between Albanians in South Serbia and FRY, 2000-2001). The continued fall-out of the disintegration of former Yugoslavia also saw mediated agreement and ultimate dissolution of the Union between Serbia and Montenegro.

Bosnia-Herzegovina

In 1991, after nationalist parties won the first multi-party elections in the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, a violent process of disintegration commenced. With its mixed population, Bosnia-Herzegovina became the centre of the following civil war that began in 1992 between the newly formed army of the Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina (mostly Muslim Bosniacs), and the parastatal forces of self-declared Bosnian Croat (Herzeg-Bosnia) and Bosnian Serb (Republika Srpska) entities within Bosnia-Herzegovina, supported by Croatia and Serbia, with various, often short-lived, coalitions. The General Framework Agreement (Dayton Peace Agreement), signed in 1995, split the country into two ethno-federal entities, the Bosniak-Croat Federation and the Republika Srpska, and included continued peacekeeping and institutional administration by international actors.

Kosovo

The conflict between Serbs and Kosovar Albanians has a long history and always involved territorial disputes as well as ethno-political, cultural and linguistic factors. The most recent phase of the conflict began in November 1997 when the Albanian Kosovo Liberation Army (KLA or UCK) began their campaign for the independence of Kosovo from the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (FRY – then Serbia and Montenegro). The subsequent war lasted until the NATO intervention, which undertook bombing campaigns of Belgrade and other places in Serbia during spring 1999. The main agreements solving the conflict were internationally driven and, finally, a UNSC resolution imposed a post-conflict arrangement in the wake of what was essentially a NATO military victory. In February 2008, Kosovo’s parliament declared independence, but independence is still internationally disputed.
Stage: Pre-negotiation/process
Conflict nature: Government/territory
Peace process: Bosnia Local peace processes
Parties: For the HVO [signatures illegible]; For the Muslim People [signatures illegible]
Third parties: -
Description: In this short agreement, the Muslim inhabitants of Ahmici agree to surrender weapons to the HVO-Santici, under the guarantee of safety and that the HVO will form a mixed Muslim-Croat unit. The agreement also provides for the safe return of Muslim and Croatian refugees.

Agreement document: BA_921022_Agreement between the HVO and representatives of the Muslim people of Ahmici.PDF (opens in new tab) | Download PDF

Groups

Children/youth: No specific mention.
Disabled persons: No specific mention.
Elderly/age: No specific mention.
Migrant workers: No specific mention.
Racial/ethnic/national group: Groups→Racial/ethnic/national group→Substantive
Page 1
The Muslim inhabitants of Ahmici are required to make a list of their weapons and submit them to the HVO in the interest of preserving the peace in Santici and Ahmici. To this end, the HVO-Santici shall provide every guarantee to and ensure the safety of the Muslim people in these areas. The HVO will, in the foreseeable future, establish a mixed unit of Croats and Muslims for the purpose of defending the area from the aggressor (Chetniks). This mixed unit, that is to say, the Muslims from this unit, will not be used in combat actions against the Muslims or Croats in any area. On the basis of the above, the return of both Muslim and Croatian refugees to their homes is guaranteed, as is their peaceful coexistence (this guarantee shall be provided by the mixed unit of both parties).
Religious groups: No specific mention.
Indigenous people: No specific mention.
Other groups: No specific mention.
Refugees/displaced persons: Groups→Refugees/displaced persons→Substantive
Page 1
...This mixed unit, that is to say, the Muslims from this unit, will not be used in combat actions against the Muslims or Croats in any area. On the basis of the above, the return of both Muslim and Croatian refugees to their homes is guaranteed, as is their peaceful coexistence (this guarantee shall be provided by the mixed unit of both parties).
Social class: No specific mention.

Gender

Women, girls and gender: No specific mention.
Men and boys: No specific mention.
LGBTI: No specific mention.
Family: No specific mention.

State definition

Nature of state (general): No specific mention.
State configuration: No specific mention.
Self determination: No specific mention.
Referendum: No specific mention.
State symbols: No specific mention.
Independence/secession: No specific mention.
Accession/unification: No specific mention.
Border delimitation: No specific mention.
Cross-border provision: No specific mention.

Governance

Political institutions (new or reformed): No specific mention.
Elections: No specific mention.
Electoral commission: No specific mention.
Political parties reform: No specific mention.
Civil society: No specific mention.
Traditional/religious leaders: No specific mention.
Public administration: No specific mention.
Constitution: No specific mention.

Power sharing

Political power sharing: No specific mention.
Territorial power sharing: No specific mention.
Economic power sharing: No specific mention.
Military power sharing: Power sharing→Military power sharing→Merger of forces
Page 1
...The HVO will, in the foreseeable future, establish a mixed unit of Croats and Muslims for the purpose of defending the area from the aggressor (Chetniks). This mixed unit, that is to say, the Muslims from this unit, will not be used in combat actions against the Muslims or Croats in any area...

Human rights and equality

Human rights/RoL general: No specific mention.
Bill of rights/similar: No specific mention.
Treaty incorporation: No specific mention.
Civil and political rights: No specific mention.
Socio-economic rights: No specific mention.

Rights related issues

Citizenship: No specific mention.
Democracy: No specific mention.
Detention procedures: No specific mention.
Media and communication: No specific mention.
Mobility/access: No specific mention.
Protection measures: No specific mention.
Other: No specific mention.

Rights institutions

NHRI: No specific mention.
Regional or international human rights institutions: No specific mention.

Justice sector reform

Criminal justice and emergency law: No specific mention.
State of emergency provisions: No specific mention.
Judiciary and courts: No specific mention.
Prisons and detention: No specific mention.
Traditional Laws: No specific mention.

Socio-economic reconstruction

Development or socio-economic reconstruction: No specific mention.
National economic plan: No specific mention.
Natural resources: No specific mention.
International funds: No specific mention.
Business: No specific mention.
Taxation: No specific mention.
Banks: No specific mention.

Land, property and environment

Land reform/rights: No specific mention.
Pastoralist/nomadism rights: No specific mention.
Cultural heritage: No specific mention.
Environment: No specific mention.
Water or riparian rights or access: No specific mention.

Security sector

Security Guarantees: No specific mention.
Ceasefire: No specific mention.
Police: No specific mention.
Armed forces: No specific mention.
DDR: Security sector→DDR→Demilitarisation provisions
Page 1
The Muslim inhabitants of Ahmici are required to make a list of their weapons and submit them to the HVO in the interest of preserving the peace in Santici and Ahmici...
Intelligence services: No specific mention.
Parastatal/rebel and opposition group forces: Page 1
The Muslim inhabitants of Ahmici are required to make a list of their weapons and submit them to the HVO in the interest of preserving the peace in Santici and Ahmici. To this end, the HVO-Santici shall provide every guarantee to and ensure the safety of the Muslim people in these areas. The HVO will, in the foreseeable future, establish a mixed unit of Croats and Muslims for the purpose of defending the area from the aggressor (Chetniks). This mixed unit, that is to say, the Muslims from this unit, will not be used in combat actions against the Muslims or Croats in any area...
Withdrawal of foreign forces: No specific mention.
Corruption: No specific mention.
Crime/organised crime: No specific mention.
Drugs: No specific mention.
Terrorism: No specific mention.

Transitional justice

Transitional justice general: No specific mention.
Amnesty/pardon: No specific mention.
Courts: No specific mention.
Mechanism: No specific mention.
Prisoner release: No specific mention.
Vetting: No specific mention.
Victims: No specific mention.
Missing persons: No specific mention.
Reparations: No specific mention.
Reconciliation: No specific mention.

Implementation

UN signatory: No specific mention.
Other international signatory: No specific mention.
Referendum for agreement: No specific mention.
International mission/force/similar: No specific mention.
Enforcement mechanism: No specific mention.
Related cases: No specific mention.
Source: ICTY Court Records, Kordic-Cerkez trial exhibit 245
http://icr.icty.org/

Agreement between the HVO Santici and representatives of the Muslim people of Ahmici, concluded at the home of Nenad Santic on 22 October 1992

The Muslim inhabitants of Ahmici are required to make a list of their weapons and submit them to the HVO in the interest of preserving the peace in Santici and Ahmici.

To this end, the HVO-Santici shall provide every guarantee to and ensure the safety of the Muslim people in these areas.

The HVO will, in the foreseeable future, establish a mixed unit of Croats and Muslims for the purpose of defending the area from the aggressor (Chetniks).

This mixed unit, that is to say, the Muslims from this unit, will not be used in combat actions against the Muslims or Croats in any area.

On the basis of the above, the return of both Muslim and Croatian refugees to their homes is guaranteed, as is their peaceful coexistence (this guarantee shall be provided by the mixed unit of both parties).

For the HVO [signatures illegible]

For the Muslim People [signatures illegible]