Algiers Preliminary Platform for the Inclusive Inter-Malian Dialogue

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Country/entity: Mali
Azawad
Region: Africa (excl MENA)
Agreement name: Algiers Preliminary Platform for the Inclusive Inter-Malian Dialogue
Date: 14 Jun 2014
Agreement status: Multiparty signed/agreed
Interim arrangement: Yes
Agreement/conflict level: Intrastate/intrastate conflict
Tuareg Wars (1962 - )
Mali-Azawad
The nomadic Tuareg in the north of Mali maintained a long-standing revolt against a government traditionally dominated by southern politicians shortly after Mali became independent from France in 1960. The uprisings focused in and around the Azawad region, north of Timbuktu. After several outbreaks of violence during the 1980s, violence peaked with the 1990 outbreak of the Tuareg Rebellion. Following an initial defeat by the Malian Armed Forces, reparations by the government of Alpha Konare included the creation of the self-governing Kidal region. Violence in 1994 died down following peace between moderates on both sides in 1995 and a negotiated peace agreement. Violence continued due to a lack of integration by combatants, but it was not until 2011 that the situation again escalated in the aftermath of the Arab Spring and the disintegration of Libya, which resulted in a heavy inflow of small arms, and the increased involvement by Algeria. In January 2012, the National Movement for the Liberation of Azawad (MNLA) together with several other groups took full control of the region. Disputes on how to handle the situation led to a military coup against President Touré in March 2012 that, in turn, resulted in further turmoil. The MNLA declared the independence of Azawad, but soon lost control of most of the territory to radical Islamist militias including Ansar Dine. A French intervention in January 2013 paved the way for a UN mission, which was established in April of that year. In June 2015 multiple declarations culminated in a final agreement between several Azawad-affiliated groups, including MNLA, and the government of Mali to end hostilities. However, inadequate implementation of the agreement results in continual armed confrontations between pro-government militias, Azawad-affiliated groups, dissidents of Azawad-affiliated groups, ethnically oriented groups, and increasingly since 2017, radical Islamist militias.

Niger-Aïr-Azawad
In 1990 the nomadic Tuareg in northern Niger explicitly sought greater political autonomy following decades of grievances on local political exclusion. With the first armed group Aïr and Azawad Liberation Front (FLAA) to be established in 1991, fighting between 1990 to 1995 took place largely in the Air Mountains. A short-lived truce was agreed in 1994 between the Niger Government and the Tuareg umbrella organisation Coordination of Armed Resistance (CRA), later called Organisation of Armed Resistance (ORA). Another accord was signed in April 1995 in Ouagadougou with various other Tuareg groups and some Toubou, the last signing in 1998. After ten years of relative peace, Movement of Nigeriens for Justice (MNJ) reinvigorated conflicts in 2007 following little follow up by the Nigeriene government on the signed peace agreements.
Stage: Pre-negotiation/process
Conflict nature: Inter-group
Peace process: Mali-Azawad Inter-Azawad peace process
Parties: (Signed) Ahmed Ould Sidi Mohamed
Secretary-General Mouvement arabe de l’Azawad

(Signed) Mohamed Ousmane Ag Mohamedoun, pp Ibrahim Ag Mohamed Assaleh
Chair Coalition du peuple pour l’Azawad

(Signed) Harouna Toureh
Chair Coordination des mouvements et forces patriotiques de résistance
Third parties: -
Description: This is an agreement between three different groups in Azawad/North Mali reaffirming their support for a political solution to their grievances, reiterating their demands and thanking Algeria for its cooperation and support.

Agreement document: ML_140614_AlgiersPlatform.pdf (opens in new tab) | Download PDF

Groups

Children/youth: No specific mention.
Disabled persons: No specific mention.
Elderly/age: No specific mention.
Migrant workers: No specific mention.
Racial/ethnic/national group: Groups→Racial/ethnic/national group→Rhetorical
Page 1, untitled preamble:
[...]
Reiterating their firm determination to help realize the aspirations of the populations of the regions of northern Mali, referred to by some as the Azawad (a term recognized in the previous peace agreements), through inclusive dialogue and a respect for the provisions of United Nations Security Council resolution 2100 (2013) and the previous peace agreements, which have allowed the territorial integrity of Mali to be preserved;
[...]

Page 2, Article 3:
To enter into constructive dialogue and negotiations with the Government of Mali on a new form of governance that will satisfy the deep aspirations and legitimate claims of the populations of the regions of northern Mali, referred to by some as the Azawad (a term recognized in the previous peace agreements), aspirations and claims which in fact reflect the geographic, social and cultural diversity of Mali;
Religious groups: No specific mention.
Indigenous people: No specific mention.
Other groups: No specific mention.
Refugees/displaced persons: Groups→Refugees/displaced persons→Substantive
Page 2, Article 6:
To request the Government to speed up the confidence-building measures by freeing prisoners and creating better conditions for the return of refugees once a comprehensive and definitive agreement has been signed;
Social class: No specific mention.

Gender

Women, girls and gender: No specific mention.
Men and boys: No specific mention.
LGBTI: No specific mention.
Family: No specific mention.

State definition

Nature of state (general): Page 1, Untitled preamble:
[...]
Having renewed their firm commitment to respect the territorial integrity and unity of Mali, the secular nature of the State and its republican form, in accordance with the previous peace agreements;
[...]
Reiterating their firm determination to help realize the aspirations of the populations of the regions of northern Mali, referred to by some as the Azawad (a term recognized in the previous peace agreements), through inclusive dialogue and a respect for the provisions of United Nations Security Council resolution 2100 (2013) and the previous peace agreements, which have allowed the territorial integrity of Mali to be preserved;
[...]
State configuration: No specific mention.
Self determination: Page 1, Untitled preamble:
[...]
Convinced that the approach taken by Algeria and the efforts made by the international community to stabilize the situation in Mali will be in vain so long as the root problems are not properly resolved politically without resorting to force, namely, by considering and endorsing the legitimate aspirations of the populations of the regions of northern Mali, referred to by some as the Azawad (a term recognized in the previous peace agreements);
[...]
Referendum: No specific mention.
State symbols: No specific mention.
Independence/secession: No specific mention.
Accession/unification: No specific mention.
Border delimitation: No specific mention.
Cross-border provision: No specific mention.

Governance

Political institutions (new or reformed): No specific mention.
Elections: No specific mention.
Electoral commission: No specific mention.
Political parties reform: No specific mention.
Civil society: Page 2, Article 10:
The armed movements (MAA, CM-FPR, CPA) have welcomed with satisfaction the humanitarian aid being sent by Algeria to assist the populations of northern Mali, referred to by some as the Azawad (a term recognized in the previous peace agreements);
Traditional/religious leaders: No specific mention.
Public administration: No specific mention.
Constitution: No specific mention.

Power sharing

Political power sharing: No specific mention.
Territorial power sharing: Power sharing→Territorial power sharing→Federal or similar sub-divided government
Page 1, Untitled preamble:
[...]
Desiring to enter into constructive dialogue and negotiations with the Government of Mali on a new form of governance that will satisfy the deep aspirations and legitimate claims of the populations of the regions of northern Mali, referred to by some as the Azawad (a term recognized in the previous peace agreements), aspirations and claims which in fact reflect the geographic, social and cultural diversity of Mali;
[...]

Page 2, Article 3:
To enter into constructive dialogue and negotiations with the Government of Mali on a new form of governance that will satisfy the deep aspirations and legitimate claims of the populations of the regions of northern Mali, referred to by some as the Azawad (a term recognized in the previous peace agreements), aspirations and claims which in fact reflect the geographic, social and cultural diversity of Mali;

Page 2, Article 4:
To develop a new form of governance reflecting the specificity and the diversity of the communities in these regions;

Page 2, Article 5:
To promote greater participation by our populations in the management of their own affairs and of public affairs and a greater and more balanced participation by their communities in the various political and administrative organs of the State;
Economic power sharing: No specific mention.
Military power sharing: No specific mention.

Human rights and equality

Human rights/RoL general: No specific mention.
Bill of rights/similar: No specific mention.
Treaty incorporation: No specific mention.
Civil and political rights: No specific mention.
Socio-economic rights: No specific mention.

Rights related issues

Citizenship: No specific mention.
Democracy: No specific mention.
Detention procedures: No specific mention.
Media and communication: No specific mention.
Mobility/access: Page 2, Article 10:
The armed movements (MAA, CM-FPR, CPA) have welcomed with satisfaction the humanitarian aid being sent by Algeria to assist the populations of northern Mali, referred to by some as the Azawad (a term recognized in the previous peace agreements);
Protection measures: No specific mention.
Other: No specific mention.

Rights institutions

NHRI: No specific mention.
Regional or international human rights institutions: No specific mention.

Justice sector reform

Criminal justice and emergency law: No specific mention.
State of emergency provisions: No specific mention.
Judiciary and courts: No specific mention.
Prisons and detention: No specific mention.
Traditional Laws: No specific mention.

Socio-economic reconstruction

Development or socio-economic reconstruction: No specific mention.
National economic plan: No specific mention.
Natural resources: No specific mention.
International funds: No specific mention.
Business: No specific mention.
Taxation: No specific mention.
Banks: No specific mention.

Land, property and environment

Land reform/rights: No specific mention.
Pastoralist/nomadism rights: No specific mention.
Cultural heritage: Land, property and environment→Cultural heritage→Promotion
Page 1, Untitled preamble:
[...]
Desiring to enter into constructive dialogue and negotiations with the Government of Mali on a new form of governance that will satisfy the deep aspirations and legitimate claims of the populations of the regions of northern Mali, referred to by some as the Azawad (a term recognized in the previous peace agreements), aspirations and claims which in fact reflect the geographic, social and cultural diversity of Mali;
[...]

Page 2, Article 3:
To enter into constructive dialogue and negotiations with the Government of Mali on a new form of governance that will satisfy the deep aspirations and legitimate claims of the populations of the regions of northern Mali, referred to by some as the Azawad (a term recognized in the previous peace agreements), aspirations and claims which in fact reflect the geographic, social and cultural diversity of Mali;
Environment: No specific mention.
Water or riparian rights or access: No specific mention.

Security sector

Security Guarantees: Page 1, Untitled preamble:
[...]
Having studied objectively and in depth the political, security, humanitarian, economic, social and cultural situation in the regions of northern Mali, referred to by some as the Azawad (a term recognized by the previous peace agreements), in the light of continuing developments;
[...]
Ceasefire: No specific mention.
Police: No specific mention.
Armed forces: No specific mention.
DDR: No specific mention.
Intelligence services: No specific mention.
Parastatal/rebel and opposition group forces: Page 2, Article 10:
The armed movements (MAA, CM-FPR, CPA) have welcomed with satisfaction the humanitarian aid being sent by Algeria to assist the populations of northern Mali, referred to by some as the Azawad (a term recognized in the previous peace agreements);

Page 2-3, Article 11:
The armed movements (MAA, CM-FPR, CPA) express their thanks to the President of the People’s Democratic Republic of Algeria, Abdelaziz Bouteflika, and to the Algerian people and Government, for the generous hospitality they have received during their stay in Algeria.
Withdrawal of foreign forces: No specific mention.
Corruption: No specific mention.
Crime/organised crime: No specific mention.
Drugs: No specific mention.
Terrorism: Page 1, Untitled preamble:
[...]
Convinced also that a political settlement of the conflict is likely to advance the struggle against the scourge of terrorism and related activities, which are always present in the region, and to help eradicate them;
[...]

Transitional justice

Transitional justice general: No specific mention.
Amnesty/pardon: No specific mention.
Courts: No specific mention.
Mechanism: No specific mention.
Prisoner release: Page 2, Article 6:
To request the Government to speed up the confidence-building measures by freeing prisoners and creating better conditions for the return of refugees once a comprehensive and definitive agreement has been signed;
Vetting: No specific mention.
Victims: Page 1, Untitled preamble:
[...]
Concerned by the unending abandonment and widespread distress of the populations in the regions of northern Mali, referred to by some as the Azawad (a term recognized by the previous peace agreements), in the absence of a definitive settlement of the conflict whose devastating effects they continue to endure;
[...]

Page 1-2, Untitled preamble:
[...]
Expressing the desire to unify their forces and their activities and to promote inter-community harmony within all components of the regions of northern Mali, referred to by some as the Azawad;
Deploring the tragic events which occurred in Kidal on 17 and 21 May 2014 and addressing their deep condolences to the families of all the victims;
[...]
Missing persons: No specific mention.
Reparations: No specific mention.
Reconciliation: Page 1-2, Untitled preamble:
[...]
Expressing the desire to unify their forces and their activities and to promote inter-community harmony within all components of the regions of northern Mali, referred to by some as the Azawad;
[...]

Implementation

UN signatory: No specific mention.
Other international signatory: No specific mention.
Referendum for agreement: No specific mention.
International mission/force/similar: No specific mention.
Enforcement mechanism: No specific mention.
Related cases: No specific mention.
Source: UN DAG Repository:

http://repository.un.org/

Algiers Preliminary Platform for the Inclusive Inter-Malian Dialogue

The Mouvement arabe de l’Azawad (MAA), the Coordination des mouvements et forces patriotiques de résistance (CM-FPR) and the Coalition du peuple pour l’Azawad (CPA), signatories to the Preliminary Agreement to the Presidential Election and the Inclusive Peace Talks in Mali concluded on 18 June 2013 in Ouagadougou:

Having met in Algiers at the urging of Algeria in a continuing effort to align more closely the positions of the armed movements in northern Mali so as to create all the conditions for the success of the future negotiations with the Government of Mali;

Having renewed their firm commitment to respect the territorial integrity and unity of Mali, the secular nature of the State and its republican form, in accordance with the previous peace agreements;

Having studied objectively and in depth the political, security, humanitarian, economic, social and cultural situation in the regions of northern Mali, referred to by some as the Azawad (a term recognized by the previous peace agreements), in the light of continuing developments;

Concerned by the unending abandonment and widespread distress of the populations in the regions of northern Mali, referred to by some as the Azawad (a term recognized by the previous peace agreements), in the absence of a definitive settlement of the conflict whose devastating effects they continue to endure;

Convinced that the approach taken by Algeria and the efforts made by the international community to stabilize the situation in Mali will be in vain so long as the root problems are not properly resolved politically without resorting to force, namely, by considering and endorsing the legitimate aspirations of the populations of the regions of northern Mali, referred to by some as the Azawad (a term recognized in the previous peace agreements);

Convinced also that a political settlement of the conflict is likely to advance the struggle against the scourge of terrorism and related activities, which are always present in the region, and to help eradicate them;

Reiterating their firm determination to help realize the aspirations of the populations of the regions of northern Mali, referred to by some as the Azawad (a term recognized in the previous peace agreements), through inclusive dialogue and a respect for the provisions of United Nations Security Council resolution 2100 (2013) and the previous peace agreements, which have allowed the territorial integrity of Mali to be preserved;

Desiring to enter into constructive dialogue and negotiations with the Government of Mali on a new form of governance that will satisfy the deep aspirations and legitimate claims of the populations of the regions of northern Mali, referred to by some as the Azawad (a term recognized in the previous peace agreements), aspirations and claims which in fact reflect the geographic, social and cultural diversity of Mali;

Insisting on the need to put in place effective and internationally guaranteed follow-up and support mechanisms for the implementation of the commitments to be agreed;

Expressing the desire to unify their forces and their activities and to promote inter-community harmony within all components of the regions of northern Mali, referred to by some as the Azawad;

Deploring the tragic events which occurred in Kidal on 17 and 21 May 2014 and addressing their deep condolences to the families of all the victims;

Have agreed as follows:

1. To encourage the efforts of Algeria to consolidate the ongoing dynamic of peace in the region;

2. To create synergies in the approach to a political, peaceful and definitive settlement with the Government of Mali, as facilitated by Algeria and supported and guaranteed by the international community;

3. To enter into constructive dialogue and negotiations with the Government of Mali on a new form of governance that will satisfy the deep aspirations and legitimate claims of the populations of the regions of northern Mali, referred to by some as the Azawad (a term recognized in the previous peace agreements), aspirations and claims which in fact reflect the geographic, social and cultural diversity of Mali;

4. To develop a new form of governance reflecting the specificity and the diversity of the communities in these regions;

5. To promote greater participation by our populations in the management of their own affairs and of public affairs and a greater and more balanced participation by their communities in the various political and administrative organs of the State;

6. To request the Government to speed up the confidence-building measures by freeing prisoners and creating better conditions for the return of refugees once a comprehensive and definitive agreement has been signed;

7. To acknowledge the credible and constructive role Algeria has played in the effort to promoteand find adefinitive way out of the crisis,and convey to Algeria their full confidence in its continuing efforts to bring about the definitive settlement so long sought by the Malian people;

8. To assure Algeria of their full cooperation and support in its mission and, welcoming the contacts it has made in that connection with its partners, to urge it to maintain those contacts and modify them in keeping with the aspirations of the populations of the regions of northern Mali, referred to by some as the Azawad (a term recognized in the previous peace agreements);

9. To continue the consultations they have begun in Algiers, within the framework of appropriate mechanisms meeting on a regular basis, with a view to completingtheharmonizationoftheirpositionsinadvanceoftheinter-Malian dialogue;

10. The armed movements (MAA, CM-FPR, CPA) have welcomed with satisfaction the humanitarian aid being sent by Algeria to assist the populations of northern Mali, referred to by some as the Azawad (a term recognized in the previous peace agreements);

11. The armed movements (MAA, CM-FPR, CPA) express their thanks to the President of the People’s Democratic Republic of Algeria, Abdelaziz Bouteflika, and to the Algerian people and Government, for the generous hospitality they have received during their stay in Algeria.

Algiers, 14 June 2014

(Signed) Ahmed Ould Sidi Mohamed

Secretary-General Mouvement arabe de l’Azawad

(Signed) Mohamed Ousmane Ag Mohamedoun, pp Ibrahim Ag Mohamed Assaleh

Chair Coalition du peuple pour l’Azawad

(Signed) Harouna Toureh

Chair Coordination des mouvements et forces patriotiques de résistance