Declaration Finale, Ouagadougou

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Country/entity: Mali
Azawad
Region: Africa (excl MENA)
Agreement name: Declaration Finale, Ouagadougou
Date: 28 Aug 2014
Agreement status: Multiparty signed/agreed
Interim arrangement: Yes
Agreement/conflict level: Intrastate/intrastate conflict
Tuareg Wars (1962 - )
Mali-Azawad
The nomadic Tuareg in the north of Mali maintained a long-standing revolt against a government traditionally dominated by southern politicians shortly after Mali became independent from France in 1960. The uprisings focused in and around the Azawad region, north of Timbuktu. After several outbreaks of violence during the 1980s, violence peaked with the 1990 outbreak of the Tuareg Rebellion. Following an initial defeat by the Malian Armed Forces, reparations by the government of Alpha Konare included the creation of the self-governing Kidal region. Violence in 1994 died down following peace between moderates on both sides in 1995 and a negotiated peace agreement. Violence continued due to a lack of integration by combatants, but it was not until 2011 that the situation again escalated in the aftermath of the Arab Spring and the disintegration of Libya, which resulted in a heavy inflow of small arms, and the increased involvement by Algeria. In January 2012, the National Movement for the Liberation of Azawad (MNLA) together with several other groups took full control of the region. Disputes on how to handle the situation led to a military coup against President Touré in March 2012 that, in turn, resulted in further turmoil. The MNLA declared the independence of Azawad, but soon lost control of most of the territory to radical Islamist militias including Ansar Dine. A French intervention in January 2013 paved the way for a UN mission, which was established in April of that year. In June 2015 multiple declarations culminated in a final agreement between several Azawad-affiliated groups, including MNLA, and the government of Mali to end hostilities. However, inadequate implementation of the agreement results in continual armed confrontations between pro-government militias, Azawad-affiliated groups, dissidents of Azawad-affiliated groups, ethnically oriented groups, and increasingly since 2017, radical Islamist militias.

Niger-Aïr-Azawad
In 1990 the nomadic Tuareg in northern Niger explicitly sought greater political autonomy following decades of grievances on local political exclusion. With the first armed group Aïr and Azawad Liberation Front (FLAA) to be established in 1991, fighting between 1990 to 1995 took place largely in the Air Mountains. A short-lived truce was agreed in 1994 between the Niger Government and the Tuareg umbrella organisation Coordination of Armed Resistance (CRA), later called Organisation of Armed Resistance (ORA). Another accord was signed in April 1995 in Ouagadougou with various other Tuareg groups and some Toubou, the last signing in 1998. After ten years of relative peace, Movement of Nigeriens for Justice (MNJ) reinvigorated conflicts in 2007 following little follow up by the Nigeriene government on the signed peace agreements.
Stage: Pre-negotiation/process
Conflict nature: Inter-group
Peace process: Mali-Azawad Inter-Azawad peace process
Parties: For the coordination of movements the politico-military of the Azawad/North Mali (MNLA, HCUA, MAA and CMFPR2) Algabass AG INTALLA

For the coordination of movements the politico-military of the Azawad signatories of the Platform of Algiers of 14 June 2014 (CPA, MAA and CMFPR) Pr Ahmed Ould Sidi Mohamed
Third parties: -
Description: An agreement between the political-military movements of Azawad, North Mali, signed between four groups who had agreed to cooperate as part of the Platform of Alger on 9 and 14 June 2014, and two additional non-signatory groups and key members. This agreement brought together condensed commitments from the two agreements of the previous day and addressed the rivalries between the armed opposition groups which marked the preceding months, and had been addressed by the earlier 2014 agreements. The agreement provides for a ceasefire and provides for ad hoc committess to address the unity and stability of L'Azawad/North Mali.

Agreement document: ML_140828_Declaration Finale Eng.pdf (opens in new tab) | Download PDF
Agreement document (original language): ML_140828_Declaration Finale.pdf (opens in new tab)| Download PDF

Groups

Children/youth: No specific mention.
Disabled persons: No specific mention.
Elderly/age: No specific mention.
Migrant workers: No specific mention.
Racial/ethnic/national group: Groups→Racial/ethnic/national group→Rhetorical
Page 1:
[…]
The meeting took place in an atmosphere of frankness and openness of mind. At the end of the discussions, the parties have acknowledged:
- the legitimacy of the struggle of the people of the Azawad/North Mali for more than 50 years to enjoy a special status in conformity with its geographical, economic, security, social and cultural realities; - that this fight has never led to a just, comprehensive and final solution;
[…]
Religious groups: No specific mention.
Indigenous people: No specific mention.
Other groups: No specific mention.
Refugees/displaced persons: No specific mention.
Social class: No specific mention.

Gender

Women, girls and gender: No specific mention.
Men and boys: Gender→Men and boys→Gender neutral wording
Page 1, Also the parties are agreed:
[…]
- Of the cessation of hostilities and any form of violence between all the children (lit: sons) of the Azawad/North Mali and undertake to promote a climate of peace and to consolidate it.
[…]
LGBTI: No specific mention.
Family: No specific mention.

State definition

Nature of state (general): No specific mention.
State configuration: No specific mention.
Self determination: No specific mention.
Referendum: No specific mention.
State symbols: No specific mention.
Independence/secession: No specific mention.
Accession/unification: No specific mention.
Border delimitation: No specific mention.
Cross-border provision: No specific mention.

Governance

Political institutions (new or reformed): Governance→Political institutions (new or reformed)→General references
Page 1, Also, the parties are agreed:
- To combat by all means to ensure that Azawad/North Malis is is finally governed by a legal status in conformity with its specificities in the higher interest of all its constituents.
[…]
Elections: No specific mention.
Electoral commission: No specific mention.
Political parties reform: No specific mention.
Civil society: No specific mention.
Traditional/religious leaders: No specific mention.
Public administration: No specific mention.
Constitution: No specific mention.

Power sharing

Political power sharing: No specific mention.
Territorial power sharing: No specific mention.
Economic power sharing: No specific mention.
Military power sharing: No specific mention.

Human rights and equality

Human rights/RoL general: No specific mention.
Bill of rights/similar: No specific mention.
Treaty incorporation: No specific mention.
Civil and political rights: No specific mention.
Socio-economic rights: No specific mention.

Rights related issues

Citizenship: No specific mention.
Democracy: No specific mention.
Detention procedures: No specific mention.
Media and communication: No specific mention.
Mobility/access: No specific mention.
Protection measures: No specific mention.
Other: No specific mention.

Rights institutions

NHRI: No specific mention.
Regional or international human rights institutions: No specific mention.

Justice sector reform

Criminal justice and emergency law: No specific mention.
State of emergency provisions: No specific mention.
Judiciary and courts: No specific mention.
Prisons and detention: No specific mention.
Traditional Laws: No specific mention.

Socio-economic reconstruction

Development or socio-economic reconstruction: No specific mention.
National economic plan: No specific mention.
Natural resources: No specific mention.
International funds: No specific mention.
Business: No specific mention.
Taxation: No specific mention.
Banks: No specific mention.

Land, property and environment

Land reform/rights: No specific mention.
Pastoralist/nomadism rights: No specific mention.
Cultural heritage: Land, property and environment→Cultural heritage→Other
Page 1,
[…]
The meeting took place in an atmosphere of frankness and openness of mind. At the end of the discussions, the parties have acknowledged:
- the legitimacy of the struggle of the people of the Azawad/North Mali for more than 50 years to enjoy a special status in conformity with its geographical, economic, security, social and cultural realities;
[…]
Environment: No specific mention.
Water or riparian rights or access: No specific mention.

Security sector

Security Guarantees: Page 1, Also the parties are agreed:
[…]
- To define later and in the shortest possible time, commissions of an ad-hoc committee that will work to the realization of the unity and stability of the Azawad/North Mali.
[…]
Ceasefire: Security sector→Ceasefire→General commitments
Page 1, Also the parties are agreed:
[…]
- Of the cessation of hostilities and any form of violence between all the children (lit: sons) of the Azawad/North Mali and undertake to promote a climate of peace and to consolidate it.
[…]
Police: No specific mention.
Armed forces: No specific mention.
DDR: No specific mention.
Intelligence services: No specific mention.
Parastatal/rebel and opposition group forces: [Summary: This agreement is signed by two Azawad movements and deals with their relations.]
Withdrawal of foreign forces: No specific mention.
Corruption: No specific mention.
Crime/organised crime: No specific mention.
Drugs: No specific mention.
Terrorism: No specific mention.

Transitional justice

Transitional justice general: No specific mention.
Amnesty/pardon: No specific mention.
Courts: No specific mention.
Mechanism: No specific mention.
Prisoner release: No specific mention.
Vetting: No specific mention.
Victims: No specific mention.
Missing persons: No specific mention.
Reparations: No specific mention.
Reconciliation: No specific mention.

Implementation

UN signatory: No specific mention.
Other international signatory: No specific mention.
Referendum for agreement: No specific mention.
International mission/force/similar: No specific mention.
Enforcement mechanism: No specific mention.
Related cases: No specific mention.
Source: Centre for Humanitarian Dialogue:

http://www.hdcentre.org/

Final declaration

A meeting was held on the 25, 26, 27 and 28 August 2014 in Ouagadougou (Republic of Burkina Faso) between:

a delegation of the politico-military movements of the Azawad/North Mali (MNLA, HCUA, MAA and CMFPR-ii) conducted by ALGHABASS AG INTALLA on the one hand, and a delegation of the movements the politico-military of the Azawad signatories of the Platform of Algiers of 14 June 2014 (MAA, CMFPR and CPA), conducted by the Pr Ahmed Ould Sidi Mohamed, on the other hand.

The day’s business focused, among other things, on the issues relating to the political and legal status to be negotiated for the Azawad/Northern Mali and the problem of the unity of the movements.

The meeting took place in an atmosphere of frankness and openness of mind.

At the end of the discussions, the parties have acknowledged:

- the legitimacy of the struggle of the people of the Azawad/North Mali for more than 50 years to enjoy a special status in conformity with its geographical, economic, security, social and cultural realities;

- that this fight has never led to a just, comprehensive and final solution;

Also, the parties are agreed:

- To combat by all means to ensure that Azawad/North Malis is is finally governed by a legal status in conformity with its specificities in the higher interest of all its constituents.

- Of the cessation of hostilities and any form of violence between all the children (lit:

sons) of the Azawad/North Mali and undertake to promote a climate of peace and to consolidate it.

- To define later and in the shortest possible time, commissions of an ad-hoc committee that will work to the realization of the unity and stability of the Azawad/North Mali.

Finally, the Parties welcome sincerely for this laudable not toward the search for what unites all the components of the people of the Azawad/North Mali.

The Parties thank the authorities of Burkina Faso, the Center HD and the MINUSMA for the efforts and support provided for the success of their work.

Done at Ouagadougou, 28 August 2014

For the coordination of movements the politico-military of the Azawad/North Mali (MNLA, HCUA, MAA and CMFPR2)

Algabass AG INTALLA

For the coordination of movements the politico-military of the Azawad signatories of the Platform of Algiers of 14 June 2014 (CPA, MAA and CMFPR)

Pr Ahmed Ould Sidi Mohamed