Final agreement reached between SRSG, Mr Akashi and the Bosnian Serb civilian and military authorities, Belgrade, 23 April 1994

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Country/entity: Bosnia and Herzegovina
Yugoslavia (former)
Region: Europe and Eurasia
Agreement name: Final agreement reached between SRSG, Mr Akashi and the Bosnian Serb civilian and military authorities, Belgrade, 23 April 1994
Date: 23 Apr 1994
Agreement status: Unilateral document
Interim arrangement: Yes
Agreement/conflict level: Intrastate/intrastate conflict
Balkan Conflicts (1991 - 1995) (1998 - 2001)
Former Yugoslavia

The disintegration of former Yugoslavia post cold war saw conflicts which became mediated and produced peace agreements in Slovenia (where the brief independence conflict was mediated by the EC Troika in 1991), Croatia (between Croatian and Serb populations 1991-1995), in Bosnia (between Croatian, Serb and Bosniak populations 1992-1995), in Macedonia (where mediation played a key pre-emptive role in preventing large scale conflict in 2001), in Kosovo (between Kosovar Albanians and Serbian population and the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (FRY), but also between FRY and NATO, 1998-1999), and a conflict in the Presevo Valley (between Albanians in South Serbia and FRY, 2000-2001). The continued fall-out of the disintegration of former Yugoslavia also saw mediated agreement and ultimate dissolution of the Union between Serbia and Montenegro.

Bosnia-Herzegovina

In 1991, after nationalist parties won the first multi-party elections in the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, a violent process of disintegration commenced. With its mixed population, Bosnia-Herzegovina became the centre of the following civil war that began in 1992 between the newly formed army of the Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina (mostly Muslim Bosniacs), and the parastatal forces of self-declared Bosnian Croat (Herzeg-Bosnia) and Bosnian Serb (Republika Srpska) entities within Bosnia-Herzegovina, supported by Croatia and Serbia, with various, often short-lived, coalitions. The General Framework Agreement (Dayton Peace Agreement), signed in 1995, split the country into two ethno-federal entities, the Bosniak-Croat Federation and the Republika Srpska, and included continued peacekeeping and institutional administration by international actors.

Kosovo

The conflict between Serbs and Kosovar Albanians has a long history and always involved territorial disputes as well as ethno-political, cultural and linguistic factors. The most recent phase of the conflict began in November 1997 when the Albanian Kosovo Liberation Army (KLA or UCK) began their campaign for the independence of Kosovo from the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (FRY – then Serbia and Montenegro). The subsequent war lasted until the NATO intervention, which undertook bombing campaigns of Belgrade and other places in Serbia during spring 1999. The main agreements solving the conflict were internationally driven and, finally, a UNSC resolution imposed a post-conflict arrangement in the wake of what was essentially a NATO military victory. In February 2008, Kosovo’s parliament declared independence, but independence is still internationally disputed.
Stage: Ceasefire/related
Conflict nature: Government/territory
Peace process: Bosnia peace process
Parties: SRSG Mr Akashi; Bosnian Serb Civilian and Military Authorities
Third parties: -
Description: This agreement provides for an immediate and total cease-fire in and around the area of Gorazde, to be monitored by a UNPROFOR battalion. It also provides for immediate medical evacuations, complete freedom of movement for UNPROFOR personnel and humanitarian organisations, and the immediate start of negotiations.

Agreement document: BA_940423_Gorazde Cease-Fire Agreement.pdf (opens in new tab) | Download PDF

Groups

Children/youth: No specific mention.
Disabled persons: No specific mention.
Elderly/age: No specific mention.
Migrant workers: No specific mention.
Racial/ethnic/national group: No specific mention.
Religious groups: No specific mention.
Indigenous people: No specific mention.
Other groups: No specific mention.
Refugees/displaced persons: No specific mention.
Social class: No specific mention.

Gender

Women, girls and gender: No specific mention.
Men and boys: No specific mention.
LGBTI: No specific mention.
Family: No specific mention.

State definition

Nature of state (general): No specific mention.
State configuration: No specific mention.
Self determination: No specific mention.
Referendum: No specific mention.
State symbols: No specific mention.
Independence/secession: No specific mention.
Accession/unification: No specific mention.
Border delimitation: No specific mention.
Cross-border provision: No specific mention.

Governance

Political institutions (new or reformed): No specific mention.
Elections: No specific mention.
Electoral commission: No specific mention.
Political parties reform: No specific mention.
Civil society: Page 1, 4.
COMPLETE FREEDOM OF MOVEMENT FOR ALL PERSONNEL OF UNPROFOR AND HUMANITARIAN ORGANIZATIONS.
Traditional/religious leaders: No specific mention.
Public administration: No specific mention.
Constitution: No specific mention.

Power sharing

Political power sharing: No specific mention.
Territorial power sharing: No specific mention.
Economic power sharing: No specific mention.
Military power sharing: No specific mention.

Human rights and equality

Human rights/RoL general: No specific mention.
Bill of rights/similar: No specific mention.
Treaty incorporation: No specific mention.
Civil and political rights: No specific mention.
Socio-economic rights: No specific mention.

Rights related issues

Citizenship: No specific mention.
Democracy: No specific mention.
Detention procedures: No specific mention.
Media and communication: No specific mention.
Mobility/access: Page 1, 4.
COMPLETE FREEDOM OF MOVEMENT FOR ALL PERSONNEL OF UNPROFOR AND HUMANITARIAN ORGANIZATIONS.
Protection measures: No specific mention.
Other: No specific mention.

Rights institutions

NHRI: No specific mention.
Regional or international human rights institutions: No specific mention.

Justice sector reform

Criminal justice and emergency law: No specific mention.
State of emergency provisions: No specific mention.
Judiciary and courts: No specific mention.
Prisons and detention: No specific mention.
Traditional Laws: No specific mention.

Socio-economic reconstruction

Development or socio-economic reconstruction: No specific mention.
National economic plan: No specific mention.
Natural resources: No specific mention.
International funds: No specific mention.
Business: No specific mention.
Taxation: No specific mention.
Banks: No specific mention.

Land, property and environment

Land reform/rights: No specific mention.
Pastoralist/nomadism rights: No specific mention.
Cultural heritage: No specific mention.
Environment: No specific mention.
Water or riparian rights or access: No specific mention.

Security sector

Security Guarantees: No specific mention.
Ceasefire: Security sector→Ceasefire→Ceasefire provision
Page 1, 1.
AN IMMEDIATE AND TOTAL CEASE-FIRE IN AND AROUND THE AREA OF GORAZDE FROM 1200 HRS, 23 APRIL 1994.

Page 1, 2.
AS A FIRST STEP, URGENT DEPLOYMENT OF AN UNPROFOR BATTALION IN AN AREA OF THREE KILOMETRES FROM THE CENTRE OF GORAZDE, ON BOTH SIDES OF THE DRINA RIVER, FROM WHICH BOSNIAN SERB FORCES WILL BE REDEPLOYED BY MID-NIGHT ON 23 APRIL 1994, TO CLOSELY MONITOR, SUPERVISE AND REPORT ON THE OBSERVANCE OF THE CEASE-FIRE BY BOTH PARTIES. IN ADDITION, IMMEDIATELY AFTERWARDS, AND NOT LATER THAN MID-NIGHT 26 APRIL 1994, HEAVY WEAPONS WILL BE WITHDRAWN OUT OF A 20 KILOMETRE RADIUS OF THE CENTRE OF GORAZDE (BUT INSIDE THE TERRITORY OF BOSNIA-HERZEGOVINA) AND OUT OF RANGE SO AS NOT TO CONSTITUTE A THREAT TO THE GORAZDE SAFE AREA, WITHOUT PREJUDICE TO THE PROCEDURES TO BE SUBSEQUENTLY AGREED IN ACCORDANCE WITH RESOLUTION 913, PARAGRAPH 3.
Police: No specific mention.
Armed forces: No specific mention.
DDR: No specific mention.
Intelligence services: No specific mention.
Parastatal/rebel and opposition group forces: Page 1, 2.
AS A FIRST STEP, URGENT DEPLOYMENT OF AN UNPROFOR BATTALION IN AN AREA OF THREE KILOMETRES FROM THE CENTRE OF GORAZDE, ON BOTH SIDES OF THE DRINA RIVER, FROM WHICH BOSNIAN SERB FORCES WILL BE REDEPLOYED BY MID-NIGHT ON 23 APRIL 1994, TO CLOSELY MONITOR, SUPERVISE AND REPORT ON THE OBSERVANCE OF THE CEASE-FIRE BY BOTH PARTIES. IN ADDITION, IMMEDIATELY AFTERWARDS, AND NOT LATER THAN MID-NIGHT 26 APRIL 1994, HEAVY WEAPONS WILL BE WITHDRAWN OUT OF A 20 KILOMETRE RADIUS OF THE CENTRE OF GORAZDE (BUT INSIDE THE TERRITORY OF BOSNIA-HERZEGOVINA) AND OUT OF RANGE SO AS NOT TO CONSTITUTE A THREAT TO THE GORAZDE SAFE AREA, WITHOUT PREJUDICE TO THE PROCEDURES TO BE SUBSEQUENTLY AGREED IN ACCORDANCE WITH RESOLUTION 913, PARAGRAPH 3.
Withdrawal of foreign forces: No specific mention.
Corruption: No specific mention.
Crime/organised crime: No specific mention.
Drugs: No specific mention.
Terrorism: No specific mention.

Transitional justice

Transitional justice general: No specific mention.
Amnesty/pardon: No specific mention.
Courts: No specific mention.
Mechanism: No specific mention.
Prisoner release: No specific mention.
Vetting: No specific mention.
Victims: No specific mention.
Missing persons: No specific mention.
Reparations: No specific mention.
Reconciliation: No specific mention.

Implementation

UN signatory: MR AKASHI, SPECIAL REPRESENTATIVE OF THE SECRETARY-GENERAL FOR THE FORMER YUGOSLAVIA
Other international signatory: No specific mention.
Referendum for agreement: No specific mention.
International mission/force/similar: Page 1, 2.
AS A FIRST STEP, URGENT DEPLOYMENT OF AN UNPROFOR BATTALION IN AN AREA OF THREE KILOMETRES FROM THE CENTRE OF GORAZDE, ON BOTH SIDES OF THE DRINA RIVER, FROM WHICH BOSNIAN SERB FORCES WILL BE REDEPLOYED BY MID-NIGHT ON 23 APRIL 1994, TO CLOSELY MONITOR, SUPERVISE AND REPORT ON THE OBSERVANCE OF THE CEASE-FIRE BY BOTH PARTIES. IN ADDITION, IMMEDIATELY AFTERWARDS, AND NOT LATER THAN MID-NIGHT 26 APRIL 1994, HEAVY WEAPONS WILL BE WITHDRAWN OUT OF A 20 KILOMETRE RADIUS OF THE CENTRE OF GORAZDE (BUT INSIDE THE TERRITORY OF BOSNIA-HERZEGOVINA) AND OUT OF RANGE SO AS NOT TO CONSTITUTE A THREAT TO THE GORAZDE SAFE AREA, WITHOUT PREJUDICE TO THE PROCEDURES TO BE SUBSEQUENTLY AGREED IN ACCORDANCE WITH RESOLUTION 913, PARAGRAPH 3.

Page 1, 4.
COMPLETE FREEDOM OF MOVEMENT FOR ALL PERSONNEL OF UNPROFOR AND HUMANITARIAN ORGANIZATIONS.
Enforcement mechanism: No specific mention.
Related cases: No specific mention.
Source: ICTY Court Records, Karadzic trial, exhibit D03498
http://icr.icty.org/

FINAL AGREEMENT REACHED BETWEEN THE SRSG, MR AKASHI, AND THE BOSNIAN SERB CIVILIAN AND MILITARY AUTHORITIES, BELGRADE, 23 APRIL, 1994

GUIDED BY THE SPIRIT OF SECURITY COUNCIL RESOLUTION 913 OF 21 APRIL 1994.

THE SPECIAL REPRESENTATIVE OF THE SECRETARY-GENERAL FOR THE FORMER YUGOSLAVIA AND THE BOSNIAN SERB CIVILIAN AND MILITARY AUTHORITIES HAVE AGREED ON THE FOLLOWING:

1. AN IMMEDIATE AND TOTAL CEASE-FIRE IN AND AROUND THE AREA OF GORAZDE FROM 1200 HRS, 23 APRIL 1994.

2. AS A FIRST STEP, URGENT DEPLOYMENT OF AN UNPROFOR BATTALION IN AN AREA OF THREE KILOMETRES FROM THE CENTRE OF GORAZDE, ON BOTH SIDES OF THE DRINA RIVER, FROM WHICH BOSNIAN SERB FORCES WILL BE REDEPLOYED BY MID-NIGHT ON 23 APRIL 1994, TO CLOSELY MONITOR, SUPERVISE AND REPORT ON THE OBSERVANCE OF THE CEASE-FIRE BY BOTH PARTIES.

IN ADDITION, IMMEDIATELY AFTERWARDS, AND NOT LATER THAN MID-NIGHT 26 APRIL 1994, HEAVY WEAPONS WILL BE WITHDRAWN OUT OF A 20 KILOMETRE RADIUS OF THE CENTRE OF GORAZDE (BUT INSIDE THE TERRITORY OF BOSNIA-HERZEGOVINA) AND OUT OF RANGE SO AS NOT TO CONSTITUTE A THREAT TO THE GORAZDE SAFE AREA, WITHOUT PREJUDICE TO THE PROCEDURES TO BE SUBSEQUENTLY AGREED IN ACCORDANCE WITH RESOLUTION 913, PARAGRAPH 3.

3. GUARANTEE OF SECURE CONDITIONS FOR IMMEDIATE MEDICAL EVACUATIONS FROM GORAZDE.

4. COMPLETE FREEDOM OF MOVEMENT FOR ALL PERSONNEL OF UNPROFOR AND HUMANITARIAN ORGANIZATIONS.

5. IMMEDIATE START OF NEGOTIATIONS IN GOOD FAITH ON ALL MILITARY MATTERS IN ORDER TO REDUCE TENSIONS, ACHIEVE DISENGAGEMENT, CREATE SECURE AND PEACEFUL CONDITIONS AND PROVIDE FOR HUMANITARIAN NEEDS FOR THE CIVILIAN POPULATION.

6. IT IS INTENDED THAT THE IMPLEMENTATION OF THE ABOVE MEASURES WILL CONTRIBUTE TO INTENSIFYING EFFORTS TOWARDS ACHIEVING AN OVERALL POLITICAL SETTLEMENT AGREED BY ALL PARTIES.