Decision A/DEC.2/11/90 relating to the Adoption of an Ecowas Peace Plan for Liberia and the Entire West African Sub-region (Ecowas Peace Plan)

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Country/entity: Liberia
Region: Africa (excl MENA)
Agreement name: Decision A/DEC.2/11/90 relating to the Adoption of an Ecowas Peace Plan for Liberia and the Entire West African Sub-region (Ecowas Peace Plan)
Date: 28 Nov 1990
Agreement status: Unilateral document
Interim arrangement: Yes
Agreement/conflict level: Interstate/intrastate conflict(s)
Liberian Civil Wars (1989 - 1997) (1999 - 2005)
In 1989, the National Patriotic Front of Liberia (NPFL) attacked border posts as part of a campaign to oust the dictatorship of Samuel Doe. This triggered a violent civil war that by 1995 had killed around 150,000 and displaced an estimated 850,000 people. The outbreak of war is attributed to the domestic socio-economic and political environment in the country of the 1980s, such as poverty, discrimination and repression. However, its sustenance is also related to past discrimination against indigenous Liberians by ‘Americo-Liberians’, and deep ethnic divisions that resulted.

Peace negotiations began in 1992 and completed by 1997. However, the peace lasted only a short period and in 1999 there was renewed fighting against the elected president, Charles Taylor. The Guinea-backed organisation, Liberians United for Reconciliation and Democracy (LURD), together with the armed Movement for Democracy in Liberia (MODEL) controlled two thirds of the country by 2003 and besieged the capital Monrovia, forcing Charles Taylor into exile in Nigeria. In August that same year, the conflict parties signed the Accra Comprehensive Peace Agreement and in 2005 new general elections were held.
Stage: Framework/substantive - partial
Conflict nature: Government
Peace process: Liberia peace process
Parties: DONE AT BAMAKO, THIS 28TH DAY OF NOVEMBER, 1990.
H. E. ALHAJI SIR DAWDA KAIRABA JAWARA
CHAIRMAN
FOR THE AUTHORITY
Third parties: -
Description: A short agreement where the ECOWAS Peace plan for Liberia is adopted by the ECOWAS Authority.

Agreement document: LR_901128_ECOWAS Decision 2-11-90.pdf (opens in new tab) | Download PDF

Groups

Children/youth: No specific mention.
Disabled persons: No specific mention.
Elderly/age: No specific mention.
Migrant workers: No specific mention.
Racial/ethnic/national group: No specific mention.
Religious groups: No specific mention.
Indigenous people: No specific mention.
Other groups: No specific mention.
Refugees/displaced persons: No specific mention.
Social class: No specific mention.

Gender

Women, girls and gender: No specific mention.
Men and boys: No specific mention.
LGBTI: No specific mention.
Family: No specific mention.

State definition

Nature of state (general): No specific mention.
State configuration: No specific mention.
Self determination: No specific mention.
Referendum: No specific mention.
State symbols: No specific mention.
Independence/secession: No specific mention.
Accession/unification: No specific mention.
Border delimitation: No specific mention.
Cross-border provision: No specific mention.

Governance

Political institutions (new or reformed): Governance→Political institutions (new or reformed)→General references
Page 1, ARTICLE 1: In order to ensure the restoration of peace and security to Liberia and the entire sub-region, the following ECOWAS Peace Plan for Liberia is hereby adopted:
...c) the setting up of a broad-based Interim Government by a National Conference of Liberian political parties, warring parties and other interest groups;
d) the holding of free and fair elections within six (6) to nine (9) months to establish a democratically-elected government in Liberia;
Elections: Page 1, ARTICLE 1: In order to ensure the restoration of peace and security to Liberia and the entire sub-region, the following ECOWAS Peace Plan for Liberia is hereby adopted:
...d) the holding of free and fair elections within six (6) to nine (9) months to establish a democratically-elected government in Liberia;
e) the observation of the elections by ECOWAS;
Electoral commission: No specific mention.
Political parties reform: No specific mention.
Civil society: Page 1, ARTICLE 1: In order to ensure the restoration of peace and security to Liberia and the entire sub-region, the following ECOWAS Peace Plan for Liberia is hereby adopted:
...c) the setting up of a broad-based Interim Government by a National Conference of Liberian political parties, warring parties and other interest groups;
Traditional/religious leaders: No specific mention.
Public administration: No specific mention.
Constitution: No specific mention.

Power sharing

Political power sharing: No specific mention.
Territorial power sharing: No specific mention.
Economic power sharing: No specific mention.
Military power sharing: No specific mention.

Human rights and equality

Human rights/RoL general: No specific mention.
Bill of rights/similar: No specific mention.
Treaty incorporation: Page 1, Untitled Preamble, para 1: MINDFUL of Article 5 of the ECOWAS Treaty establishing the Authority of Heads of State and Government and defining its composition and functions;
Civil and political rights: No specific mention.
Socio-economic rights: No specific mention.

Rights related issues

Citizenship: No specific mention.
Democracy: Page 1, ARTICLE 1: In order to ensure the restoration of peace and security to Liberia and the entire sub-region, the following ECOWAS Peace Plan for Liberia is hereby adopted:
...d) the holding of free and fair elections within six (6) to nine (9) months to establish a democratically-elected government in Liberia;
Detention procedures: No specific mention.
Media and communication: No specific mention.
Mobility/access: No specific mention.
Protection measures: No specific mention.
Other: No specific mention.

Rights institutions

NHRI: No specific mention.
Regional or international human rights institutions: No specific mention.

Justice sector reform

Criminal justice and emergency law: No specific mention.
State of emergency provisions: No specific mention.
Judiciary and courts: No specific mention.
Prisons and detention: No specific mention.
Traditional Laws: No specific mention.

Socio-economic reconstruction

Development or socio-economic reconstruction: No specific mention.
National economic plan: No specific mention.
Natural resources: No specific mention.
International funds: Page 1, ARTICLE 1: In order to ensure the restoration of peace and security to Liberia and the entire sub-region, the following ECOWAS Peace Plan for Liberia is hereby adopted:
...f) the setting up of a Special Emergency Fund for ECOWAS Operations in Liberia. The initial capital of the Fund is put at USS50 million to be generated through voluntary contributions from ECOWAS Member States and third parties-donor governments and agencies.
Business: No specific mention.
Taxation: No specific mention.
Banks: No specific mention.

Land, property and environment

Land reform/rights: No specific mention.
Pastoralist/nomadism rights: No specific mention.
Cultural heritage: No specific mention.
Environment: No specific mention.
Water or riparian rights or access: No specific mention.

Security sector

Security Guarantees: No specific mention.
Ceasefire: Security sector→Ceasefire→Ceasefire provision
Page 1, ARTICLE 1: In order to ensure the restoration of peace and security to Liberia and the entire sub-region, the following ECOWAS Peace Plan for Liberia is hereby adopted:
a) observation of an immediate ceasefire by the warring parties;
b) the setting up of an ECOWAS Ceasefire Monitoring Group (ECOMOG) to keep the peace, restore law and order and ensure respect for the ceasefire; all Member States able and willing to do so are invited to contribute forces to the ECOWAS Ceasefire Monitoring Group in order to enlarge its peace-keeping capacity;
Police: No specific mention.
Armed forces: No specific mention.
DDR: No specific mention.
Intelligence services: No specific mention.
Parastatal/rebel and opposition group forces: No specific mention.
Withdrawal of foreign forces: No specific mention.
Corruption: No specific mention.
Crime/organised crime: No specific mention.
Drugs: No specific mention.
Terrorism: No specific mention.

Transitional justice

Transitional justice general: No specific mention.
Amnesty/pardon: No specific mention.
Courts: No specific mention.
Mechanism: No specific mention.
Prisoner release: No specific mention.
Vetting: No specific mention.
Victims: No specific mention.
Missing persons: No specific mention.
Reparations: No specific mention.
Reconciliation: No specific mention.

Implementation

UN signatory: No specific mention.
Other international signatory: DONE AT BAMAKO, THIS 28TH DAY OF NOVEMBER, 1990.
H. E. ALHAJI SIR DAWDA KAIRABA JAWARA
CHAIRMAN
FOR THE AUTHORITY
Referendum for agreement: No specific mention.
International mission/force/similar: Page 1, ARTICLE 1: In order to ensure the restoration of peace and security to Liberia and the entire sub-region, the following ECOWAS Peace Plan for Liberia is hereby adopted:
...b) the setting up of an ECOWAS Ceasefire Monitoring Group (ECOMOG) to keep the peace, restore law and order and ensure respect for the ceasefire; all Member States able and willing to do so are invited to contribute forces to the ECOWAS Ceasefire Monitoring Group in order to enlarge its peace-keeping capacity;
...e) the observation of the elections by ECOWAS;
......g) the appointment by the Executive Secretary of a Special Representative and other supporting staff for the ECOWAS operations in Liberia. The Special Representative shall work in close collaboration with the Forces Commander and assist in carrying out the ECOWAS operations in Liberia.
Enforcement mechanism: Page 1, ARTICLE 2: The ECOWAS Executive Secretary shall take all necessary measures to ensure, the implementation of this decision which shall come into effect upon signature and shall be published in the Official Journal of the Community and in the National Gazette of each Member State.
Related cases: No specific mention.
Source: The Official Journal of the ECOWAS, Vol. 21, Nov. 1991,

Decision A/DEC.2/11/90 relating to the Adoption of an ECOWAS Peace Plan for Liberia and the Entire West African Sub-region

MINDFUL of Article 5 of the ECOWAS Treaty establishing the Authority of Heads of State and Government and defining its composition and functions;

RECALLING Decision A/DEC.9/5/90 of 30 May, 1990 of the Authority of Heads of State and Government relating to the creation of the Community Standing Mediation Committee;

CONSIDERING the recommendation of the Community Standing Mediation Committee made at its second session held at Bamako on 26 and 27 November, 1990 relating to the adoption of an ECOWAS Peace Plan for Liberia and the entire West African sub-region;

DECIDES

ARTICLE 1

In order to ensure the restoration of peace and security to Liberia and the entire sub-region, the following ECOWAS Peace Plan for Liberia is hereby adopted:

observation of an immediate ceasefire by the warring parties;

the setting up of an ECOWAS Ceasefire Monitoring Group (ECOMOG) to keep the peace, restore law and order and ensure respect for the ceasefire;

all Member States able and willing to do so are invited to contribute forces to the ECOWAS Ceasefire Monitoring Group in order to enlarge its peace-keeping capacity;

the setting up of a broad-based Interim Government by a National Conference of Liberian political parties, warring parties and other interest groups;

the holding of free and fair elections within six (6) to nine (9) months to establish a democratically-elected government in Liberia;

the observation of the elections by ECOWAS;

the setting up of a Special Emergency Fund for ECOWAS Operations in Liberia.

The initial capital of the Fund is put at USS50 million to be generated through voluntary contributions from ECOWAS Member States and third parties-donor governments and agencies.

the appointment by the Executive Secretary of a Special Representative and other supporting staff for the ECOWAS operations in Liberia.

The Special Representative shall work in close collaboration with the Forces Commander and assist in carrying out the ECOWAS operations in Liberia.

ARTICLE 2

The ECOWAS Executive Secretary shall take all necessary measures to ensure, the implementation of this decision which shall come into effect upon signature and shall be published in the Official Journal of the Community and in the National Gazette of each Member State.

DONE AT BAMAKO, THIS 28TH DAY OF NOVEMBER, 1990.

H. E. ALHAJI SIR DAWDA KAIRABA JAWARA

CHAIRMAN

FOR THE AUTHORITY