Agreement on Cessation of Hostilities and Peaceful Settlement of Conflict between the Armed Forces of Liberia, and The National Patriotic Front of Liberia, and the Independent National Patriotic Front of Liberia (Lome Ceasefire Agreement)

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Country/entity: Liberia
Region: Africa (excl MENA)
Agreement name: Agreement on Cessation of Hostilities and Peaceful Settlement of Conflict between the Armed Forces of Liberia, and The National Patriotic Front of Liberia, and the Independent National Patriotic Front of Liberia (Lome Ceasefire Agreement)
Date: 13 Feb 1991
Agreement status: Multiparty signed/agreed
Interim arrangement: Yes
Agreement/conflict level: Intrastate/intrastate conflict
Liberian Civil Wars (1989 - 1997) (1999 - 2005)
In 1989, the National Patriotic Front of Liberia (NPFL) attacked border posts as part of a campaign to oust the dictatorship of Samuel Doe. This triggered a violent civil war that by 1995 had killed around 150,000 and displaced an estimated 850,000 people. The outbreak of war is attributed to the domestic socio-economic and political environment in the country of the 1980s, such as poverty, discrimination and repression. However, its sustenance is also related to past discrimination against indigenous Liberians by ‘Americo-Liberians’, and deep ethnic divisions that resulted.

Peace negotiations began in 1992 and completed by 1997. However, the peace lasted only a short period and in 1999 there was renewed fighting against the elected president, Charles Taylor. The Guinea-backed organisation, Liberians United for Reconciliation and Democracy (LURD), together with the armed Movement for Democracy in Liberia (MODEL) controlled two thirds of the country by 2003 and besieged the capital Monrovia, forcing Charles Taylor into exile in Nigeria. In August that same year, the conflict parties signed the Accra Comprehensive Peace Agreement and in 2005 new general elections were held.
Stage: Ceasefire/related
Conflict nature: Government
Peace process: Liberia peace process
Parties: Done in Lome, Togolese Republic, this 13th day of February, 1991
(Signed):
Lt-General J. Hezekiah Bowen
For and on behalf of the Armed Forces of Liberia

Mr. Charles Ghankay Taylor
For and on behalf of the National Patriotic Front of Liberia

Mr. Prince Yeduo Johnson
For and on behalf of the Independent National Patriotic Front of Liberia
Third parties: Witnessed by:
His Excellency Alhaji Sir Dawda Kairaba Jawara, President of the Republic of The Gambia and Chairman of the Standing Mediation Committee
Description: This agreement details a ceasefire and its modalities between the Armed Forces of Liberia, The National Patriotic Front of Liberia, and the Independent National Patriotic Front of Liberia. The agreement also cites the ECOWAS Standing Mediation Committee and the decisions of the First Extra-ordinary Session of the Authority held in Bamako, Mali, from 27 to 28 November 1990, as providing an appropriate mechanism for conducting peace negotiations to end the conflict in Liberia.

Agreement document: LR_910213_Lome Agreement.pdf (opens in new tab) | Download PDF

Groups

Children/youth: No specific mention.
Disabled persons: No specific mention.
Elderly/age: No specific mention.
Migrant workers: No specific mention.
Racial/ethnic/national group: No specific mention.
Religious groups: No specific mention.
Indigenous people: No specific mention.
Other groups: No specific mention.
Refugees/displaced persons: Groups→Refugees/displaced persons→Rhetorical
Page 1, Untitled Preamble, Para 2: Recognising the loss of human lives and massive destruction of properties and the displacement of persons occasioned by the said conflict;
Groups→Refugees/displaced persons→Substantive
Page 4, Annex, Modalities for Monitoring the Implementation of the Cease-fire Agreement by the ECOMOG,7. Maintenance of the Cease-fire. The Cease-fire shall be supervised and maintained by ECOMOG forces through the following actions:
...(d) Provision of security escorts and transport by ECOMOG to move displaced persons into their places of abode;

Page 5, Annex A, 3. Event: Takeover of security at Robertsfield Airport, Buchanan Port and opening Liberian borders with Sierra Leone, Guinea and Côte d'Ivoire. Venue: Various locations. Remarks: Facilitate repatriation of Liberians and humanitarian, economic and improve the return to normalcy.
Social class: No specific mention.

Gender

Women, girls and gender: No specific mention.
Men and boys: No specific mention.
LGBTI: No specific mention.
Family: No specific mention.

State definition

Nature of state (general): Page 1, Untitled Preamble, Para 3: Considering the damage in various forms being caused by the armed conflict to the peace and security of the entire Liberian nation;
State configuration: No specific mention.
Self determination: No specific mention.
Referendum: No specific mention.
State symbols: No specific mention.
Independence/secession: No specific mention.
Accession/unification: No specific mention.
Border delimitation: No specific mention.
Cross-border provision: No specific mention.

Governance

Political institutions (new or reformed): No specific mention.
Elections: No specific mention.
Electoral commission: No specific mention.
Political parties reform: No specific mention.
Civil society: Page 4, Annex, Modalities for Monitoring the Implementation of the Cease-fire Agreement by the ECOMOG, 7. Maintenance of the Cease-fire: The Cease-fire shall be supervised and maintained by ECOMOG forces through the following actions:
...(e) Provision of security escorts by ECOMOG to humanitarian organisations in the distribution of relief materials;

Page 5, Annex A, 3. Event: Takeover of security at Robertsfield Airport, Buchanan Port and opening Liberian borders with Sierra Leone, Guinea and Côte d'Ivoire. Venue: Various locations. Remarks: Facilitate repatriation of Liberians and humanitarian, economic and improve the return to normalcy.
Traditional/religious leaders: No specific mention.
Public administration: No specific mention.
Constitution: No specific mention.

Power sharing

Political power sharing: No specific mention.
Territorial power sharing: No specific mention.
Economic power sharing: No specific mention.
Military power sharing: No specific mention.

Human rights and equality

Human rights/RoL general: No specific mention.
Bill of rights/similar: No specific mention.
Treaty incorporation: Page 1, Article 1 Cease-fire, 1: Each party hereby agrees to take immediately and as a contribution to the restoration and maintenance of peace and security throughout Liberia the following measures:
...(f) co-operate with all humanitarian agencies in their efforts to provide relief and assistance to the people of Liberia; and also agree to respect the Red Cross (Geneva) Conventions;
Civil and political rights: No specific mention.
Socio-economic rights: No specific mention.

Rights related issues

Citizenship: No specific mention.
Democracy: No specific mention.
Detention procedures: No specific mention.
Media and communication: Rights related issues→Media and communication→Media logistics
Page 3, Annex, Modalities for Monitoring the Implementation of the Cease-fire Agreement by the ECOMOG, 4. Method and Channel of Communication: The Cease-fire Agreement and its monitoring modality will enable ECOMOG troops to operate detachments in the areas held by the various warring parties. In this case communication shall be by:
(a) Contact through liaison personnel;
(b) Radio through agreed working channel.
Mobility/access: Page 4, Annex, Modalities for Monitoring the Implementation of the Cease-fire Agreement by the ECOMOG,7. Maintenance of the Cease-fire. The Cease-fire shall be supervised and maintained by ECOMOG forces through the following actions:
(a) Immediate takeover of the Roberts International Airport and the Buchanan port, and progressively to other ports and airfields;
(b) Establishment of road blocks and check points at selected strategic locations and border towns;
(c) Extensive patrolling of the countryside to ensure free flow of traffic;
(d) Provision of security escorts and transport by ECOMOG to move displaced persons into their places of abode;
(e) Provision of security escorts by ECOMOG to humanitarian organisations in the distribution of relief materials;
(f) Occasional air reconnaissance.

Page 5, Annex A, 3. Event: Takeover of security at Robertsfield Airport, Buchanan Port and opening Liberian borders with Sierra Leone, Guinea and Côte d'Ivoire. Venue: Various locations. Remarks: Facilitate repatriation of Liberians and humanitarian, economic and improve the return to normalcy.

Page 5, Annex A, 6. Event: Vigorous patrols by ECOMOG troops throughout Liberia including establishment of check points. Venue: All countries. Remarks: To allow for freedom of movement of goods, services and deter armed robbery.
Protection measures: No specific mention.
Other: No specific mention.

Rights institutions

NHRI: No specific mention.
Regional or international human rights institutions: No specific mention.

Justice sector reform

Criminal justice and emergency law: No specific mention.
State of emergency provisions: No specific mention.
Judiciary and courts: No specific mention.
Prisons and detention: No specific mention.
Traditional Laws: No specific mention.

Socio-economic reconstruction

Development or socio-economic reconstruction: Socio-economic reconstruction→Development or socio-economic reconstruction→Humanitarian assistance
Page 1, Article 1 Cease-fire, 1: Each party hereby agrees to take immediately and as a contribution to the restoration and maintenance of peace and security throughout Liberia the following measures:
...(f) co-operate with all humanitarian agencies in their efforts to provide relief and assistance to the people of Liberia; and also agree to respect the Red Cross (Geneva) Conventions;

Page 4, Annex, Modalities for Monitoring the Implementation of the Cease-fire Agreement by the ECOMOG, 6. Reception Centres: Reception centres shall be established at convenient places to receive troops. These centres will constitute the first stage of trying to rehabilitate the soldiers and would be largely approached in the following manner:
...(b) Humanitarian organisations to provide relief materials, medical services and food;

Page 5, Annex A, 3. Event: Takeover of security at Robertsfield Airport, Buchanan Port and opening Liberian borders with Sierra Leone, Guinea and Côte d'Ivoire. Venue: Various locations. Remarks: Facilitate repatriation of Liberians and humanitarian, economic and improve the return to normalcy.
National economic plan: No specific mention.
Natural resources: No specific mention.
International funds: No specific mention.
Business: No specific mention.
Taxation: No specific mention.
Banks: No specific mention.

Land, property and environment

Land reform/rights: No specific mention.
Pastoralist/nomadism rights: No specific mention.
Cultural heritage: No specific mention.
Environment: No specific mention.
Water or riparian rights or access: Page 1, Article 1 Cease-fire, 1: Each party hereby agrees to take immediately and as a contribution to the restoration and maintenance of peace and security throughout Liberia the following measures:
...(c) confine its troops to positions to be determined by the ECOWAS Cease-fire Monitoring Group (ECOMOG) in consultation with the parties, and agree that ECOMOG and two representatives of each of the parties may jointly inspect all ships calling at any Liberian port and all vehicles and aircraft entering through the land borders, airfields and other entry points of Liberia to ensure that the provisions of this Cease-fire Agreement are being respected and observed;

Security sector

Security Guarantees: No specific mention.
Ceasefire: Security sector→Ceasefire→Ceasefire provision
[Summary: The entire agreement provides for a ceasefire and its modalities. The ceasefire commences immediately (13/02/91) and is presumed to be permanent.]

Page 1, Article 1 Cease-fire, 1: Each party hereby agrees to take immediately and as a contribution to the restoration and maintenance of peace and security throughout Liberia the following measures:
(a) cease all hostilities of military and paramilitary nature, immediately upon the signature of this Agreement;
(b) refrain from importing or acquiring or assisting or encouraging the importation and acquisition of weapons or war materials;
(c) confine its troops to positions to be determined by the ECOWAS Cease-fire Monitoring Group (ECOMOG) in consultation with the parties, and agree that ECOMOG and two representatives of each of the parties may jointly inspect all ships calling at any Liberian port and all vehicles and aircraft entering through the land borders, airfields and other entry points of Liberia to ensure that the provisions of this Cease-fire Agreement are being respected and observed;
(d) assist ECOMOG in the drawing up of a buffer zone to separate the opposing forces and of standard operating procedures (SPOs) for check- point operations;
(e) release all hostages, political prisoners and prisoners of war;
(f) co-operate with all humanitarian agencies in their efforts to provide relief and assistance to the people of Liberia; and also agree to respect the Red Cross (Geneva) Conventions;
(g) fully co-operate with the ECOWAS Standing Mediation Committee, the ECOWAS Executive Secretariat and the ECOWAS Cease-fire Monitoring Group (ECOMOG) for the effective maintenance of the cease-fire and the restoration of peace;
(h) upon that formation of the future Interim Government, the said government shall take appropriate measures, with the assistance of ECOWAS, to being disarming the warring parties.

Page 2, Article 1 Cease-fire, 2: In order to arrive at a peaceful and lasting settlement of the dispute, the parties hereby accept the ECOWAS Cease-fire Monitoring Group (ECOMOG) established under the authority of the Chairman of the Authority of Heads of State and Government of ECOWAS and under the command of an ECOWAS Member State.

Page 2, Article 1 Cease-fire, 3: ECOMOG shall be as presently constituted and may include military contingents from Member States of ECOWAS able and willing to contribute.

Page 2, Article 2 Compliance with this Agreement: The parties undertake to observe strictly the terms of this Agreement and to abstain from any action likely to impede the mediation process or the return of Liberia to peace and stability.

Page 2, Article 3 Annex - Modalities for Monitoring the Implementation of the Cease-fire Agreement by ECOMOG: The Annex to this Agreement shall form an integral part of this Agreement.

Page 3, Annex, Modalities for Monitoring the Implementation of the Cease-fire Agreement by the ECOMOG, 1. Prerequisite for Effective Cease-fire Monitoring: The success of the implementation of the cease fire and its monitoring will hinge on the co-operation of every party with ECOMOG. It is therefore essential that every soldier from all the parties involved in the Liberian crisis is thoroughly briefed and educated on the following points:
(a) All aspects of the Cease-fire Agreement;
(b) Modalities to be agreed upon for monitoring the cease-fire by ECOMOG;
(c) The expected reaction to violation of any aspect of the Cease-fire Agreement by other parties;
(d) Thorough knowledge of ECOMOG soldiers by the soldiers of the warring parties.

Page 3, Annex, Modalities for Monitoring the Implementation of the Cease-fire Agreement by the ECOMOG, 2. Reporting Cease-fire Violation: The violation of any aspects of the Cease-fire Agreement constitute a very serious breach and must be reported promptly to ECOMOG with the following details:
(a) Time of violation;
(b) Parties involved;
(c) Locations of parties involved;
(d) Detailed description of type of violation;
(e) If weapon fired, state number of and type of ammunition fired;
(f) Type of weapon used and effect;
(g) Casualty and damage caused.

Page 3, Annex, Modalities for Monitoring the Implementation of the Cease-fire Agreement by the ECOMOG, 3: A logbook should be kept to record details of all incidences of cease-fire violation, and such reports will be investigated promptly by ECOMOG and resolved.

Page 3, Annex, Modalities for Monitoring the Implementation of the Cease-fire Agreement by the ECOMOG, 4. Method and Channel of Communication: The Cease-fire Agreement and its monitoring modality will enable ECOMOG troops to operate detachments in the areas held by the various warring parties. In this case communication shall be by:
(a) Contact through liaison personnel;
(b) Radio through agreed working channel.

Page 4, Annex, Modalities for Monitoring the Implementation of the Cease-fire Agreement by the ECOMOG,7. Maintenance of the Cease-fire. The Cease-fire shall be supervised and maintained by ECOMOG forces through the following actions:
(a) Immediate takeover of the Roberts International Airport and the Buchanan port, and progressively to other ports and airfields;
(b) Establishment of road blocks and check points at selected strategic locations and border towns;
(c) Extensive patrolling of the countryside to ensure free flow of traffic;
(d) Provision of security escorts and transport by ECOMOG to move displaced persons into their places of abode;
(e) Provision of security escorts by ECOMOG to humanitarian organisations in the distribution of relief materials;
(f) Occasional air reconnaissance.

Page 5, Annex, Modalities for Monitoring the Implementation of the Cease-fire Agreement by the ECOMOG, 9: Pending the setting up of the Interim Government, ECOMOG will be responsible for maintaining and monitoring the cease-fire in liaison with the Technical Committee. This monitoring will cover the whole territory including seaports, airports and all entry points into the country.

Page 5, Annex A, 1. Event: Meeting of warring parties to work out modalities for cease-fire. Venue: Executive Pavilion. Remarks: To work out the modalities for cease-fire and agree on programme implementation.

Page 5, Annex A, 4. Event: Move to reception centres in batches for disarmament, registration and encampment, recognition of ECOMOG soldiers by the soldiers of warring parties. Thorough education of troops on the cease-fire need and details. Provision of relief materials.
Police: No specific mention.
Armed forces: Page 1, Article 1 Cease-fire, 1: Each party hereby agrees to take immediately and as a contribution to the restoration and maintenance of peace and security throughout Liberia the following measures:
(a) cease all hostilities of military and paramilitary nature, immediately upon the signature of this Agreement;

Page 3, Annex, Modalities for Monitoring the Implementation of the Cease-fire Agreement by the ECOMOG, 1. Prerequisite for Effective Cease-fire Monitoring: The success of the implementation of the cease fire and its monitoring will hinge on the co-operation of every party with ECOMOG. It is therefore essential that every soldier from all the parties involved in the Liberian crisis is thoroughly briefed and educated on the following points:
(a) All aspects of the Cease-fire Agreement;
(b) Modalities to be agreed upon for monitoring the cease-fire by ECOMOG;
(c) The expected reaction to violation of any aspect of the Cease-fire Agreement by other parties;
(d) Thorough knowledge of ECOMOG soldiers by the soldiers of the warring parties.

Page 3, Annex, Modalities for Monitoring the Implementation of the Cease-fire Agreement by the ECOMOG, 5. Disarmament Exercise: In order to eliminate totally incidents of violations of the Cease-fire Agreement and to avoid indiscriminate spread of arms which can be used in crimes, all troops belonging to the parties in the Liberian conflict must be disarmed. While it is desirable to disarm all parties immediately, the exercise will be carried out in a flexible manner according to the security situation as determined by ECOMOG. However the following procedure is envisaged:
a. Concentration of Troops. Designated areas that are easily accessible and within operating distances of troops shall be earmarked in the AO of the three parties in the Liberian conflict to assemble their troops. Adequate information shall be mounted to educate troops about the locations of these assembly areas and time of exercise. Visible signposting to the assembly areas shall be provided. Assembly periods shall be restricted to the hours of daylight only. The following locations are envisaged for the concentration of troops:
(1) AFL BTC - Monrovia
Camp Scheifflin

Page 5, Annex, Modalities for Monitoring the Implementation of the Cease-fire Agreement by the ECOMOG, 10: The Technical Committee is composed of the ECOMOG Field Commander or his representative and a representative of each of the three (3) warring parties.

Page 5, Annex A, 2. Event: Confinement of troops. Venue: Units Concentration Areas. Remarks: Units and Formation Headquarters to enforce confinement.

Page 5, Annex A, 4. Event: Move to reception centres in batches for disarmament, registration and encampment, recognition of ECOMOG soldiers by the soldiers of warring parties. Thorough education of troops on the cease-fire need and details. Provision of relief materials.
DDR: Security sector→DDR→DDR programmes
Page 1, Article 1 Cease-fire, 1: Each party hereby agrees to take immediately and as a contribution to the restoration and maintenance of peace and security throughout Liberia the following measures:
...(h) upon that formation of the future Interim Government, the said government shall take appropriate measures, with the assistance of ECOWAS, to being disarming the warring parties.

Page 3, Annex, Modalities for Monitoring the Implementation of the Cease-fire Agreement by the ECOMOG, 1. Prerequisite for Effective Cease-fire Monitoring: The success of the implementation of the cease fire and its monitoring will hinge on the co-operation of every party with ECOMOG. It is therefore essential that every soldier from all the parties involved in the Liberian crisis is thoroughly briefed and educated on the following points:
(a) All aspects of the Cease-fire Agreement;
(b) Modalities to be agreed upon for monitoring the cease-fire by ECOMOG;
(c) The expected reaction to violation of any aspect of the Cease-fire Agreement by other parties;
(d) Thorough knowledge of ECOMOG soldiers by the soldiers of the warring parties.

Page 3, Annex, Modalities for Monitoring the Implementation of the Cease-fire Agreement by the ECOMOG, 5. Disarmament Exercise: In order to eliminate totally incidents of violations of the Cease-fire Agreement and to avoid indiscriminate spread of arms which can be used in crimes, all troops belonging to the parties in the Liberian conflict must be disarmed. While it is desirable to disarm all parties immediately, the exercise will be carried out in a flexible manner according to the security situation as determined by ECOMOG. However the following procedure is envisaged:
a. Concentration of Troops. Designated areas that are easily accessible and within operating distances of troops shall be earmarked in the AO of the three parties in the Liberian conflict to assemble their troops. Adequate information shall be mounted to educate troops about the locations of these assembly areas and time of exercise. Visible signposting to the assembly areas shall be provided. Assembly periods shall be restricted to the hours of daylight only. The following locations are envisaged for the concentration of troops:
(1) AFL BTC - Monrovia
Camp Scheifflin
(2) INPFL Caldwell Base - Monrovia
(3) NPFL Fire Stone (Bong way) Bong
Naama - Bong County
Salala (Bong County) Ganta - Nimba Gbarnga - Maj Mil Bong
Ijenta Teedi
Zwedru (4 Bn) Grand Gedeh
Toedi-Mesurado

b. Disarmament Programme. A timetable for the disarmament programme is attached as Annex A. Timetable covers reasonable and realistic periods that will allow the assembly of troops and their total disarmament.

c. Policy on Turning in of Weapons. All weapons and ammunitions of all categories shall be brought to the assembly areas and handed over to ECOMOG personnel by individual troops. Adequate storage facility shall be provided to protect weapons before evacuation.

d. Registration/Classification of Troops and Weapons. ECOMOG reception centres shall be created near each assembly point to carry out documentation exercise. Reception centres should be equipped to provide some form of entertainment to troops and with adequate staff to carry out:
(1) Registration of troops and surrendered weapons;
(2) Classification of troops i.e. wounded, sick, etc.;
(3) Transportation of troops to reception centres and weapons to holding centres.

Page 4, Annex, Modalities for Monitoring the Implementation of the Cease-fire Agreement by the ECOMOG, 6. Reception Centres: Reception centres shall be established at convenient places to receive troops. These centres will constitute the first stage of trying to rehabilitate the soldiers and would be largely approached in the following manner:
(a) Initial sorting-out exercise to determine those to go back to school and those requiring vocational training;
(b) Humanitarian organisations to provide relief materials, medical services and food;
(c) Provision of adequate transportation to move personnel to their various places of residence.

Page 5, Annex A, 2. Event: Confinement of troops. Venue: Units Concentration Areas. Remarks: Units and Formation Headquarters to enforce confinement.

Page 5, Annex A, 4. Event: Move to reception centres in batches for disarmament, registration and encampment, recognition of ECOMOG soldiers by the soldiers of warring parties. Thorough education of troops on the cease-fire need and details. Provision of relief materials.

Page 5, Annex A, 5. Event: Documentation of troops to plan recreation and entertainment and balanced feeding as well as detailed documentation of arms for safekeeping. Venue: Respective concentration areas. Remarks: Troops to be classified into fit, unfit, wounded, sick, etc. while weapons will be classified by calibres.
Intelligence services: No specific mention.
Parastatal/rebel and opposition group forces: Page 1, Article 1 Cease-fire, 1: Each party hereby agrees to take immediately and as a contribution to the restoration and maintenance of peace and security throughout Liberia the following measures:
(a) cease all hostilities of military and paramilitary nature, immediately upon the signature of this Agreement;

Page 3, Annex, Modalities for Monitoring the Implementation of the Cease-fire Agreement by the ECOMOG, 5. Disarmament Exercise: In order to eliminate totally incidents of violations of the Cease-fire Agreement and to avoid indiscriminate spread of arms which can be used in crimes, all troops belonging to the parties in the Liberian conflict must be disarmed. While it is desirable to disarm all parties immediately, the exercise will be carried out in a flexible manner according to the security situation as determined by ECOMOG. However the following procedure is envisaged:
a. Concentration of Troops. Designated areas that are easily accessible and within operating distances of troops shall be earmarked in the AO of the three parties in the Liberian conflict to assemble their troops. Adequate information shall be mounted to educate troops about the locations of these assembly areas and time of exercise. Visible signposting to the assembly areas shall be provided. Assembly periods shall be restricted to the hours of daylight only. The following locations are envisaged for the concentration of troops:
...(2) INPFL Caldwell Base - Monrovia
(3) NPFL Fire Stone (Bong way) Bong
Naama - Bong County
Salala (Bong County) Ganta - Nimba Gbarnga - Maj Mil Bong
Ijenta Teedi
Zwedru (4 Bn) Grand Gedeh
Toedi-Mesurado

Page 5, Annex, Modalities for Monitoring the Implementation of the Cease-fire Agreement by the ECOMOG, 10: The Technical Committee is composed of the ECOMOG Field Commander or his representative and a representative of each of the three (3) warring parties.

Page 5, Annex A, 2. Event: Confinement of troops. Venue: Units Concentration Areas. Remarks: Units and Formation Headquarters to enforce confinement.

Page 5, Annex A, 4. Event: Move to reception centres in batches for disarmament, registration and encampment, recognition of ECOMOG soldiers by the soldiers of warring parties. Thorough education of troops on the cease-fire need and details. Provision of relief materials.
Withdrawal of foreign forces: No specific mention.
Corruption: Page 3, Annex, Modalities for Monitoring the Implementation of the Cease-fire Agreement by the ECOMOG,
5. Disarmament Exercise: In order to eliminate totally incidents of violations of the Cease-fire Agreement and to avoid indiscriminate spread of arms which can be used in crimes, all troops belonging to the parties in the Liberian conflict must be disarmed. While it is desirable to disarm all parties immediately, the exercise will be carried out in a flexible manner according to the security situation as determined by ECOMOG. However the following procedure is envisaged:

Page 5, Annex A, 6. Event: Vigorous patrols by ECOMOG troops throughout Liberia including establishment of check points. Venue: All countries. Remarks: To allow for freedom of movement of goods, services and deter armed robbery.
Crime/organised crime: No specific mention.
Drugs: No specific mention.
Terrorism: No specific mention.

Transitional justice

Transitional justice general: No specific mention.
Amnesty/pardon: No specific mention.
Courts: No specific mention.
Mechanism: No specific mention.
Prisoner release: Page 1, Article 1 Cease-fire, 1: Each party hereby agrees to take immediately and as a contribution to the restoration and maintenance of peace and security throughout Liberia the following measures:
...(e) release all hostages, political prisoners and prisoners of war;
Vetting: No specific mention.
Victims: Page 1, Untitled Preamble, Para 2: Recognising the loss of human lives and massive destruction of properties and the displacement of persons occasioned by the said conflict;
Missing persons: No specific mention.
Reparations: No specific mention.
Reconciliation: No specific mention.

Implementation

UN signatory: No specific mention.
Other international signatory: Witnessed by:
His Excellency Alhaji Sir Dawda Kairaba Jawara, President of the Republic of The Gambia and Chairman of the Standing Mediation Committee
Referendum for agreement: No specific mention.
International mission/force/similar: Page 1, Article 1 Cease-fire, 1: Each party hereby agrees to take immediately and as a contribution to the restoration and maintenance of peace and security throughout Liberia the following measures:
...(c) confine its troops to positions to be determined by the ECOWAS Cease-fire Monitoring Group (ECOMOG) in consultation with the parties, and agree that ECOMOG and two representatives of each of the parties may jointly inspect all ships calling at any Liberian port and all vehicles and aircraft entering through the land borders, airfields and other entry points of Liberia to ensure that the provisions of this Cease-fire Agreement are being respected and observed;
...(g) fully co-operate with the ECOWAS Standing Mediation Committee, the ECOWAS Executive Secretariat and the ECOWAS Cease-fire Monitoring Group (ECOMOG) for the effective maintenance of the cease-fire and the restoration of peace;

Page 2, Article 1 Cease-fire, 2: In order to arrive at a peaceful and lasting settlement of the dispute, the parties hereby accept the ECOWAS Cease-fire Monitoring Group (ECOMOG) established under the authority of the Chairman of the Authority of Heads of State and Government of ECOWAS and under the command of an ECOWAS Member State.

Page 2, Article 1 Cease-fire, 3: ECOMOG shall be as presently constituted and may include military contingents from Member States of ECOWAS able and willing to contribute.

Page 3, Annex, Modalities for Monitoring the Implementation of the Cease-fire Agreement by the ECOMOG, 1. Prerequisite for Effective Cease-fire Monitoring: The success of the implementation of the cease fire and its monitoring will hinge on the co-operation of every party with ECOMOG. It is therefore essential that every soldier from all the parties involved in the Liberian crisis is thoroughly briefed and educated on the following points:
(a) All aspects of the Cease-fire Agreement;
(b) Modalities to be agreed upon for monitoring the cease-fire by ECOMOG;
(c) The expected reaction to violation of any aspect of the Cease-fire Agreement by other parties;
(d) Thorough knowledge of ECOMOG soldiers by the soldiers of the warring parties.

Page 3, Annex, Modalities for Monitoring the Implementation of the Cease-fire Agreement by the ECOMOG, 2. Reporting Cease-fire Violation: The violation of any aspects of the Cease-fire Agreement constitute a very serious breach and must be reported promptly to ECOMOG with the following details:
(a) Time of violation;
(b) Parties involved;
(c) Locations of parties involved;
(d) Detailed description of type of violation;
(e) If weapon fired, state number of and type of ammunition fired;
(f) Type of weapon used and effect;
(g) Casualty and damage caused.

Page 3, Annex, Modalities for Monitoring the Implementation of the Cease-fire Agreement by the ECOMOG, 3: A logbook should be kept to record details of all incidences of cease-fire violation, and such reports will be investigated promptly by ECOMOG and resolved.

Page 3, Annex, Modalities for Monitoring the Implementation of the Cease-fire Agreement by the ECOMOG, 4. Method and Channel of Communication: The Cease-fire Agreement and its monitoring modality will enable ECOMOG troops to operate detachments in the areas held by the various warring parties. In this case communication shall be by:
(a) Contact through liaison personnel;
(b) Radio through agreed working channel.

Page 3, Annex, Modalities for Monitoring the Implementation of the Cease-fire Agreement by the ECOMOG, 5. Disarmament Exercise: In order to eliminate totally incidents of violations of the Cease-fire Agreement and to avoid indiscriminate spread of arms which can be used in crimes, all troops belonging to the parties in the Liberian conflict must be disarmed. While it is desirable to disarm all parties immediately, the exercise will be carried out in a flexible manner according to the security situation as determined by ECOMOG. However the following procedure is envisaged:
...c. Policy on Turning in of Weapons. All weapons and ammunitions of all categories shall be brought to the assembly areas and handed over to ECOMOG personnel by individual troops. Adequate storage facility shall be provided to protect weapons before evacuation.
d. Registration/Classification of Troops and Weapons. ECOMOG reception centres shall be created near each assembly point to carry out documentation exercise. Reception centres should be equipped to provide some form of entertainment to troops and with adequate staff to carry out:
(1) Registration of troops and surrendered weapons;
(2) Classification of troops i.e. wounded, sick, etc.;
(3) Transportation of troops to reception centres and weapons to holding centres.

Page 4, Annex, Modalities for Monitoring the Implementation of the Cease-fire Agreement by the ECOMOG,7. Maintenance of the Cease-fire. The Cease-fire shall be supervised and maintained by ECOMOG forces through the following actions:
(a) Immediate takeover of the Roberts International Airport and the Buchanan port, and progressively to other ports and airfields;
(b) Establishment of road blocks and check points at selected strategic locations and border towns;
(c) Extensive patrolling of the countryside to ensure free flow of traffic;
(d) Provision of security escorts and transport by ECOMOG to move displaced persons into their places of abode;
(e) Provision of security escorts by ECOMOG to humanitarian organisations in the distribution of relief materials;
(f) Occasional air reconnaissance.

Page 5, Annex, Modalities for Monitoring the Implementation of the Cease-fire Agreement by the ECOMOG, 9: Pending the setting up of the Interim Government, ECOMOG will be responsible for maintaining and monitoring the cease-fire in liaison with the Technical Committee. This monitoring will cover the whole territory including seaports, airports and all entry points into the country.

Page 5, Annex, Modalities for Monitoring the Implementation of the Cease-fire Agreement by the ECOMOG, 10: The Technical Committee is composed of the ECOMOG Field Commander or his representative and a representative of each of the three (3) warring parties.

Page 5, Annex A, 4. Event: Move to reception centres in batches for disarmament, registration and encampment, recognition of ECOMOG soldiers by the soldiers of warring parties. Thorough education of troops on the cease-fire need and details. Provision of relief materials.

Page 5, Annex A, 6. Event: Vigorous patrols by ECOMOG troops throughout Liberia including establishment of check points. Venue: All countries. Remarks: To allow for freedom of movement of goods, services and deter armed robbery.
Enforcement mechanism: No specific mention.
Related cases: No specific mention.
Source: UN Peacemaker: http://peacemaker.un.org/

Agreement on Cessation of Hostilities and Peaceful Settlement of Conflict Between The Armed Forces of Liberia Represented by Lt-General J. Hezekiah Bowen, of the First Part, and The National Patriotic Front of Liberia Represented by Mr. Charles Ghankay Taylor, of the Second Part, and The Independent National Patriotic Front of Liberia Represented by Mr. Prince Yeduo Johnson, of the Third Part, Lome, Togo, 13 February 1991

Aware of the armed conflict between the parties to the conflict;

Recognising the loss of human lives and massive destruction of properties and the displacement of persons occasioned by the said conflict;

Considering the damage in various forms being caused by the armed conflict to the peace and security of the entire Liberian nation;

Determined to arrive at a peaceful and lasting settlement to the dispute through negotiations and to put an end to the situation which is seriously disrupting the normal life of the peaceful people of Liberia;

and

Convinced that the ECOWAS Standing Mediation Committee established by the Authority of Heads of State and Government of the Economic Community of West African States at its Thirteenth Session held from 28 to 30 May 1990 in Banjul, The Gambia, and the decisions of the First Extra-ordinary Session of the Authority held in Bamako, Mali, from 27 to 28 November 1990, provide an appropriate mechanism for conducting such peace negotiations.

Hereby agrees as follows:

Article 1

Cease-fire

1. Each party hereby agrees to take immediately and as a contribution to the restoration and maintenance of peace and security throughout Liberia the following measures:

cease all hostilities of military and paramilitary nature, immediately upon the signature of this Agreement;

refrain from importing or acquiring or assisting or encouraging the importation and acquisition of weapons or war materials;

confine its troops to positions to be determined by the ECOWAS Cease-fire Monitoring Group (ECOMOG) in consultation with the parties, and agree that ECOMOG and two representatives of each of the parties may jointly inspect all ships calling at any Liberian port and all vehicles and aircraft entering through the land borders, airfields and other entry points of Liberia to ensure that the provisions of this Cease-fire Agreement are being respected and observed;

assist ECOMOG in the drawing up of a buffer zone to separate the opposing forces and of standard operating procedures (SPOs) for check- point operations;

release all hostages, political prisoners and prisoners of war;

co-operate with all humanitarian agencies in their efforts to provide relief and assistance to the people of Liberia;

and also agree to respect the Red Cross (Geneva) Conventions;

fully co-operate with the ECOWAS Standing Mediation Committee, the ECOWAS Executive Secretariat and the ECOWAS Cease-fire Monitoring Group (ECOMOG) for the effective maintenance of the cease-fire and the restoration of peace;

upon that formation of the future Interim Government, the said government shall take appropriate measures, with the assistance of ECOWAS, to being disarming the warring parties.

2. In order to arrive at a peaceful and lasting settlement of the dispute, the parties hereby accept the ECOWAS Cease-fire Monitoring Group (ECOMOG) established under the authority of the Chairman of the Authority of Heads of State and Government of ECOWAS and under the command of an ECOWAS Member State.

3. ECOMOG shall be as presently constituted and may include military contingents from Member States of ECOWAS able and willing to contribute.

Article 2

Compliance with this Agreement

The parties undertake to observe strictly the terms of this Agreement and to abstain from any action likely to impede the mediation process or the return of Liberia to peace and stability.

Article 3

Annex - Modalities for Monitoring the Implementation of the Cease-fire Agreement by ECOMOG

The Annex to this Agreement shall form an integral part of this Agreement.

Article 4

Entry into Force

This Agreement is done in four original copies in the English and French languages, each copy being equally authentic.

It shall enter into force upon signature by the duly mandated representatives of the parties hereto.

Done in Lome, Togolese Republic, this 13th day of February, 1991

(Signed):

Lt-General J. Hezekiah Bowen

For and on behalf of the Armed Forces of Liberia

Mr. Charles Ghankay Taylor

For and on behalf of the National Patriotic Front of Liberia

Mr. Prince Yeduo Johnson

For and on behalf of the Independent National Patriotic Front of Liberia

Witnessed by:

His Excellency Alhaji Sir Dawda Kairaba Jawara, President of the Republic of The Gambia and Chairman of the Standing Mediation Committee

Annex

Modalities for Monitoring the Implementation of the Cease-fire Agreement by the ECOMOG:

1. Prerequisite for Effective Cease-fire Monitoring:

The success of the implementation of the cease fire and its monitoring will hinge on the co-operation of every party with ECOMOG.

It is therefore essential that every soldier from all the parties involved in the Liberian crisis is thoroughly briefed and educated on the following points:

All aspects of the Cease-fire Agreement;

Modalities to be agreed upon for monitoring the cease-fire by ECOMOG;

The expected reaction to violation of any aspect of the Cease-fire Agreement by other parties;

Thorough knowledge of ECOMOG soldiers by the soldiers of the warring parties.

2. Reporting Cease-fire Violation.

The violation of any aspects of the Cease-fire Agreement constitute a very serious breach and must be reported promptly to ECOMOG with the following details:

Time of violation;

Parties involved;

Locations of parties involved;

Detailed description of type of violation;

If weapon fired, state number of and type of ammunition fired;

Type of weapon used and effect;

Casualty and damage caused.

3. A logbook should be kept to record details of all incidences of cease-fire violation, and such reports will be investigated promptly by ECOMOG and resolved.

4. Method and Channel of Communication.

The Cease-fire Agreement and its monitoring modality will enable ECOMOG troops to operate detachments in the areas held by the various warring parties.

In this case communication shall be by:

Contact through liaison personnel;

Radio through agreed working channel.

5. Disarmament Exercise.

In order to eliminate totally incidents of violations of the Cease-fire Agreement and to avoid indiscriminate spread of arms which can be used in crimes, all troops belonging to the parties in the Liberian conflict must be disarmed.

While it is desirable to disarm all parties immediately, the exercise will be carried out in a flexible manner according to the security situation as determined by ECOMOG.

However the following procedure is envisaged:

a. Concentration of Troops.

Designated areas that are easily accessible and within operating distances of troops shall be earmarked in the AO of the three parties in the Liberian conflict to assemble their troops.

Adequate information shall be mounted to educate troops about the locations of these assembly areas and time of exercise.

Visible signposting to the assembly areas shall be provided.

Assembly periods shall be restricted to the hours of daylight only.

The following locations are envisaged for the concentration of troops:

(1) AFL BTC - Monrovia

Camp Scheifflin

(2) INPFL Caldwell Base - Monrovia

(3) NPFL Fire Stone (Bong way) Bong

Naama - Bong County

Salala (Bong County) Ganta - Nimba Gbarnga - Maj Mil Bong

Ijenta Teedi

Zwedru (4 Bn) Grand Gedeh

Toedi-Mesurado

b. Disarmament Programme.

A timetable for the disarmament programme is attached as Annex A. Timetable covers reasonable and realistic periods that will allow the assembly of troops and their total disarmament.

c. Policy on Turning in of Weapons.

All weapons and ammunitions of all categories shall be brought to the assembly areas and handed over to ECOMOG personnel by individual troops.

Adequate storage facility shall be provided to protect weapons before evacuation.

d. Registration/Classification of Troops and Weapons.

ECOMOG reception centres shall be created near each assembly point to carry out documentation exercise.

Reception centres should be equipped to provide some form of entertainment to troops and with adequate staff to carry out:

Registration of troops and surrendered weapons;

Classification of troops i.e. wounded, sick, etc.;

Transportation of troops to reception centres and weapons to holding centres.

6. Reception Centres.

Reception centres shall be established at convenient places to receive troops.

These centres will constitute the first stage of trying to rehabilitate the soldiers and would be largely approached in the following manner:

Initial sorting-out exercise to determine those to go back to school and those requiring vocational training;

Humanitarian organisations to provide relief materials, medical services and food;

Provision of adequate transportation to move personnel to their various places of residence.

7. Maintenance of the Cease-fire.

The Cease-fire shall be supervised and maintained by ECOMOG forces through the following actions:

Immediate takeover of the Roberts International Airport and the Buchanan port, and progressively to other ports and airfields;

Establishment of road blocks and check points at selected strategic locations and border towns;

Extensive patrolling of the countryside to ensure free flow of traffic;

Provision of security escorts and transport by ECOMOG to move displaced persons into their places of abode;

Provision of security escorts by ECOMOG to humanitarian organisations in the distribution of relief materials;

Occasional air reconnaissance.

8. The provisions of Paragraph 7 above will be implemented as soon as the Interim Government is formed at the National Conference to be held on 15 March 1991.

9. Pending the setting up of the Interim Government, ECOMOG will be responsible for maintaining and monitoring the cease-fire in liaison with the Technical Committee.

This monitoring will cover the whole territory including seaports, airports and all entry points into the country.

10. The Technical Committee is composed of the ECOMOG Field Commander or his representative and a representative of each of the three (3) warring parties.

Annex A

1. Event:

Meeting of warring parties to work out modalities for cease-fire.

Venue:

Executive Pavilion.

Remarks:

To work out the modalities for cease-fire and agree on programme implementation.

2. Event:

Confinement of troops.

Venue:

Units Concentration Areas.

Remarks:

Units and Formation Headquarters to enforce confinement.

3. Event:

Takeover of security at Robertsfield Airport, Buchanan Port and opening Liberian borders with Sierra Leone, Guinea and Côte d'Ivoire.

Venue:

Various locations.

Remarks:

Facilitate repatriation of Liberians and humanitarian, economic and improve the return to normalcy.

4. Event:

Move to reception centres in batches for disarmament, registration and encampment, recognition of ECOMOG soldiers by the soldiers of warring parties.

Thorough education of troops on the cease-fire need and details.

Provision of relief materials.

5. Event:

Documentation of troops to plan recreation and entertainment and balanced feeding as well as detailed documentation of arms for safekeeping.

Venue:

Respective concentration areas.

Remarks:

Troops to be classified into fit, unfit, wounded, sick, etc.

while weapons will be classified by calibres.

6. Event:

Vigorous patrols by ECOMOG troops throughout Liberia including establishment of check points.

Venue:

All countries.

Remarks:

To allow for freedom of movement of goods, services and deter armed robbery.